Clinicopathological characteristics of odontogenic carcinosarcoma: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present systematic review was to summarize evidence on odontogenic carcinosarcoma, analyzing clinical, epidemiological, imaging, histopathological, immunohistochemical, therapeutic, and prognostic features of this tumor. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Searches were performed in the Ovid MEDLINE (Wolters Kluwer), PubMed (National Library of Medicine), Web of Science (Thomson Reuters), Scopus (Elsevier), and LILACS (Latin American and Caribbean Center on Health Sciences Information) databases, without publication date or language restrictions. Case reports or case series of OCS reporting clinical, radiological, and histopathological data that confirmed the diagnosis were selected. The Joanna Briggs Institute-University of Adelaide tool was used for critical appraisal of the included articles. RESULTS: Odontogenic carcinosarcoma is a rare, aggressive tumor associated with high mortality; however, the metastasis rate is low. The tumor has a male predilection. The mean patient age is 40 years, but there is no predilection for age. The left posterior mandible is the most affected site, but no specific radiographic features have been reported. CONCLUSION: Given its rarity, dentists, oral-maxillofacial surgeons, and physicians need to be aware of odontogenic carcinosarcoma in order to increase the diagnostic potential, preventing delays in diagnosis and treatment and thus contributing to lower morbidity of the tumor.

Morphological Study of Root Canals of Maxillary Molars by Cone-Beam Computed Tomography.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the root canal morphology of permanent maxillary molars by cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) using the classifications of Weine et al. and Vertucci and to correlate the findings with sex, age, position in the dental arch, and prevalence of a second canal in the mesiobuccal root (MB2). A total of 414 scans were evaluated, corresponding to 1,000 teeth. The assessment consisted of coronal, axial, and sagittal reconstructions using i-CAT Workstation®. Type 0 was assigned when neither classification could be applied. The data were entered into an Excel spreadsheet and analyzed using SPSS. The chi-squared test or Fisher's exact test was used to compare the distribution of root canal morphology classified using the two systems. Analysis of the distribution of Weine types showed a predominance of type III in mesiobuccal roots, while type 0 predominated in distobuccal and palatal roots. Vertucci type IV predominated in mesiobuccal and distobuccal roots and type VII in palatal roots. There was no difference in the distribution of morphological canal types in permanent maxillary molars evaluated by CBCT according to sex, age group, or position in the dental arch of the patients. MB2 canals were identified in 68.4% of the teeth evaluated.

Scope of Preparation of Oval and Long-Oval Root Canals: A Review of the Literature.

Successful endodontic treatment depends on cleaning and disinfecting the root canals, in order to provide conditions for three-dimensional filling, which should prevent root canal reinfection. However, anatomical complexities pose a challenge during endodontic treatment. The present study was a literature review carried out in the following databases: PubMed, SciELO, and MEDLINE, which were searched for articles published from 2017 to 2021. Micro-CT studies published in English, which analysed the capacity for preparation of oval and long-oval root canals, were included. The following keywords were used: "oval-shaped canals," "long-oval-shaped canals," "endodontics," and "micro-CT." The aim of this study was to carry out a literature review of micro-CT studies on the scope of the capacity for preparation performed in oval and long-oval root canals with rotary and reciprocating instruments.

Tooth autotransplantation using an interdisciplinary approach to rehabilitation in a young patient: Case report with 7-year follow-up.

This case report demonstrates the possibility of functional and aesthetic rehabilitation using an interdisciplinary approach in a child following avulsion of a tooth. Autotransplantation after the development of calcific metamorphosis of the pulp and acute apical periodontitis provided satisfactory repair after root canal treatment. A 7-year-old white boy avulsed the right maxillary central incisor (tooth 11). The extra-alveolar time exceeded 60 minutes, and this triggered external replacement resorption of the avulsed tooth. At 11 years of age, the child underwent tooth autotransplantation. After 4 years of follow-up, intraoral clinical and radiographic examination led to the diagnosis of calcific metamorphosis of the pulp and acute apical periodontitis. The patient had minimally invasive root canal treatment, orthodontic treatment and esthetic rehabilitation with a porcelain crown. Control periapical radiography and tomography of the autotransplanted tooth after 7 years revealed bone repair in the periapical region. This case report indicates that tooth autotransplantation can be used to replace anterior teeth after avulsion followed by replacement resorption. Interdisciplinary management helped to maintain the esthetics and function of the rehabilitated area.

Reciproc and Reciproc Blue in the removal of bioceramic and resin-based sealers in retreatment procedures.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the remaining root canal filling material, dentin removal, apical transportation, and apical extrusion of debris after the retreatment of canals filled with bioceramic or resin-based sealers using the Reciproc or Reciproc Blue instruments. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty mandibular molars with severely curved mesial roots were selected. The samples were initially instrumented with Reciproc (R25) and then divided into four experimental groups according to the endodontic sealer and retreatment instrument (n = 15): BC Sealer/Reciproc (BCRC), BC Sealer/Reciproc Blue (BCRB), AH Plus/Reciproc (AHRC), and AH Plus/Reciproc Blue (AHRB). The procedure time was measured, and an Eppendorf tube was used in each root canal to store the debris extrusion. The samples were scanned by micro-CT before and after retreatment. The apical transportation, volume of dentin, and filling material were evaluated. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the reduction of the volume of obturator material or dentin removal between groups (p > .05). There were also no differences in the amount of extruded material or apical transportation (p > .05). The retreatment time for the AHRC group was significantly lower than that for the other groups (p = .004). CONCLUSIONS: All tested instruments obtained similar efficacy in filling material removal procedures, although no system completely removed the filling material. Retreatment of canals filled with bioceramic BC Sealer may be more time consuming. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study reported that Reciproc and Reciproc Blue can be indicated in retreatment of severely curved root canals filled either with bioceramic or resin-based sealers.

The Role of the Dental Surgeon in Controlling the Dissemination of COVID-19: A Literature Review.

As early as December 2019 in the province of Hubei, China, contamination of patients with pneumonia of an unknown etiology occurred. These patients presented with symptoms such as coughing, sore throat, malaise, diarrhea, high fever, and dyspnea. This emerging disease was named COVID-19 due to being part of the group of coronaviruses (CoVs) belonging to the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae, in the Coronaviridae family and in the Nidovirales order. COVID-19 is most commonly transmitted through speech, coughing, sneezing, and salivary sputum. Because dental professionals work closely with the oral cavity, it is imperative that infection prevention controls are strictly adhered to. It is important that the dental profession treats patients while also limiting the possible contamination through the production of aerosol in the dental environment. Furthermore, the dental professional also has a key role in raising awareness and guidance amongst the population concerning COVID-19 related biosafety measures. This literature review aims to inform dental professionals about the COVID-19 pandemic and to present the implications of the virus to the dentist. Dental professionals are considered to be at high risk for contracting SARS-CoV-2.

Influence of Temperature on the Cyclic Fatigue Resistance of Reciproc Blue Instruments.

AIM: To evaluate the cyclic fatigue resistance of Reciproc blue (RB) 40/0.06 instruments tested at room temperature (20° ± 0.5°C) and at body temperature (37° ± 0.5°C) in a simulated stainless steel canal. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-four new RB 40/0.06 instruments were randomly divided into two groups (n = 12) according to the temperature used. Dynamic fatigue testing was performed using an artificial stainless steel canal with a 60° curvature angle and a 5-mm radius of curvature. The temperature was controlled throughout the experiment with an underwater thermometer and a thermostat. The data were analyzed descriptively using the IBM SPSS 23.0 program, considering p < 0.05. RESULTS: The time to fracture of the RB instruments differed significantly between the two temperatures (1083.82 seconds at 20°C and 403.80 seconds at 37°C). No significant differences were found in fragment size. CONCLUSION: An increase in temperature reduces the cyclic fatigue resistance of RB 40/0.06 instruments. The results of the study suggest that an intracanal cooling system can be favorable to the fracture resistance of the tested instruments. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: A cooling system of the root canal system is important in endodontic as it favors the cyclic fatigue resistance of Ni-Ti instruments.

Microcomputed Tomography Studies of the Effectiveness of XP-endo Shaper in Root Canal Preparation: A Review of the Literature.

The aim of this study was to undertake a literature review on the use of XP-endo Shaper (FKG Dentaire SA, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland) for root canal preparation evaluated using microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) technology, with emphasis on the analysis of untouched canal walls. We searched the PubMed, Science Direct, SciELO, and MEDLINE databases for articles published from 2017 to 2019 using the following keywords: micro-CT, untouched walls, XP shaper, and XP endo. Articles without an abstract were excluded. Five papers were selected. Few studies on this topic are available. The studies published so far show that the XP-endo® Shaper system performs well in terms of canal preparation but leaves untouched walls.

Influence of Temperature on the Cyclic Fatigue of Nickel-Titanium Instruments with Different Heat Treatments on Severely Curved Canals.

AIM: This study aims to investigate the influence of temperatures of 20 °C and 37 °C on the resistance to cyclic fatigue of NiTi instruments with different heat treatments, as tested in severely curved simulated canals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy-two instruments were distributed according to the temperature used (20 °C and 37 °C): XP-endo Shaper (30/0.01), ProDesign Logic (30/0.05), and iRaCe (30/0.04). The instruments were rotated freely until the occurrence of fracture inside an artificial severely curved stainless steel canal, which had a 90° angle of curvature and a curvature radius of 5 mm. Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Wilcoxon, ANOVA, and Kruskal-Wallis tests were performed. A p value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: XP-endo Shaper instruments presented higher NCF values and time to failure compared with ProDesign Logic and iRaCe instruments at 20 °C and 37 °C (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of this study, the results show that the body temperature (37 °C) significantly lowers the resistance to cyclic fatigue of all instruments compared with 20 °C. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Body temperature is an important factor in the results of cyclic fatigue tests.

Occurence of dentinal defects after root canal preparation with R-phase, M-Wire and Gold Wire instruments: a micro-CT analysis.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to evaluate the frequency of dentinal defects after root canal preparation with the ProTaper NEXT, K3XF and WaveOne GOLD systems using microcomputed tomography. METHODS: Sixty permanent mandibular incisors with a single canal were selected. Inspection of the teeth was performed under a stereomicroscope (15x) to observe the presence of pre-existing cracks and fractures lines. Samples were divided into three experimental groups (n = 20): ProTaper NEXT (PTN), K3XF (K3XF) and WaveOne GOLD (WOG). Specimens were scanned through high-resolution microcomputed tomography before and after the preparation of the root canal. Subsequently, all the axial images were examined by two different methods to find possible dentinal defects. Furthermore, an analysis of each millimeter of ten apical millimeters was also performed. The absence or presence of dentinal defects was screened by 3 pre-calibrated blinded examiners. RESULTS: After analysing all 45,720 slices, dentinal defects were observed in 48,33% (22096 slices). PTN, K3XF and WOG groups represented 11,11% (5079 slices), 17,22% (7873 slices) and 20% (n = 9144) of the cross-sectional images, respectively. At 10 apical millimeters (600 slices), 33,33% (200 slices) presented some dentinal defects, representing 7,22% (43 slices), 13,33% (80 slices) and 12,77% (77 slices) of the cross-sectional images in the PTN, K3XF and WOG groups, respectively. All the dentinal defects presented in the postoperative images existed in the images prior to instrumentation. CONCLUSIONS: There was no correlation between the preparation of a root canal using the PTN, K3XF and WOG systems and the formation of new dentinal defects.

Analysis of Dental Enamel Surface Submitted to Fruit Juice Plus Soymilk by Micro X-Ray Fluorescence: In Vitro Study.

OBJECTIVE: This paper aimed to analyze the in vitro industrialized fruit juices effect plus soy to establish the erosive potential of these solutions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy bovine incisors were selected after being evaluated under stereomicroscope. Their crowns were prepared and randomly divided into 7 groups, using microhardness with allocation criteria. The crowns were submitted to the fruit juice plus soy during 15 days, twice a day. The pH values, acid titration, and Knoop microhardness were recorded and the specimens were evaluated using X-ray microfluorescence (µXRF). RESULTS: The pH average for all juices and after 3 days was significantly below the critical value for dental erosion. In average, the pH value decreases 14% comparing initial time and pH after 3 days. Comparing before and after, there was a 49% microhardness decrease measured in groups (p < 0.05). Groups G1, G2, G5, and G6 are above this average. The analysis by µXRF showed a decrease of approximately 7% Ca and 4% P on bovine crowns surface. Florida (FL) statistical analysis showed a statistically significant 1 difference between groups. Thus, a tooth chance to suffer demineralization due to industrialized fruit juices plus soy is real.

Detection of vertical root fractures in endodontically treated teeth in the absence and in the presence of metal post by cone-beam computed tomography.

BACKGROUND: Aim of this study was to investigate the influence of gutta-percha and metallic posts on the efficiency of Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) in diagnosing Vertical Root Fracture (VRF). METHODS: Forty-eight teeth were divided into 3 experimental and 3 control groups. The teeth of the first experimental group and the first control group received neither gutta-percha nor metal posts. The teeth of the second experimental group and the second control group were filled with gutta-percha, and the teeth of the third experimental group and the third control group were filled with the metal posts. The teeth of the experimental groups were artificially fractured. The teeth were evaluated through images taken by a Prexion scanner with a 0.1 mm resolution. Fisher's exact test was used to measure the following values: sensitivity, false negative, specificity, false positive and accuracy for the VRF detection through the scanner. Three observers calibrated and blinded to the protocol evaluated the images. RESULTS: The inter-observer Kappa coefficient was 0.83. The presence of posts and gutta-percha reduced the sensitivity and the accuracy in detecting the VRF. Regarding to the sensitivity (p = 0.837, p = 0.304, p = 0.837 for evaluator 1, 2 and 3, respectively) and specificity (p = 0.162, p = 0.056, p = 0.062 for evaluator 1, 2 and 3, respectively), Fisher's exact test showed no statistically significant difference among the evaluated groups. However, a significant difference was observed in relation to the accuracy in the results of evaluator 2 (p = 0.03), which showed a much lower accuracy for the post group (50 %) than for the Nonfilled group (93.8 %). CONCLUSIONS: The Prexion tomograph was precise in detecting vertical root fractures and the CBCT diagnostic ability was not influenced by the presence of posts or gutta-percha.

Apical Extrusion of Debris Produced during Continuous Rotating and Reciprocating Motion.

This study aimed to analyse and compare apical extrusion of debris in canals instrumented with systems used in reciprocating and continuous motion. Sixty mandibular premolars were randomly divided into 3 groups (n = 20): the Reciproc (REC), WaveOne (WO), and HyFlex CM (HYF) groups. One Eppendorf tube per tooth was weighed in advance on an analytical balance. The root canals were instrumented according to the manufacturer's instructions, and standardised irrigation with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite was performed to a total volume of 9 mL. After instrumentation, the teeth were removed from the Eppendorf tubes and incubated at 37°C for 15 days to evaporate the liquid. The tubes were weighed again, and the difference between the initial and final weight was calculated to determine the weight of the debris. The data were statistically analysed using the Shapiro-Wilk, Wilcoxon, and Mann-Whitney tests (α = 5%). All systems resulted in the apical extrusion of debris. Reciproc produced significantly more debris than WaveOne (p < 0.05), and both systems produced a greater apical extrusion of debris than HyFlex CM (p < 0.001). Cross section and motion influenced the results, despite tip standardization.

IS GUTTACORE MORE EASILY REMOVED FROM THE ROOT CANAL THAN THERMAFIL? AN EX-VIVO STUDY.

GuttaCore is a new cross-linked gutta-percha carrier. Its handling time and ease of removal were compared with those of a plastic carrier (Thermafil) and the continuous wave of condensation technique (control). Forty-five maxillary central incisors were randomly divided 3 groups according to filling technique and retreatment was carried out in all samples with NiTi rotary files, hand files and ultrasonic inserts. Time required for filling removal was recorded. Roots were then split longitudinally and photographed under 5x magnification, and residual filling material was quantified. Removal time was significantly longer for Thermafil (7.10 minutes) than GuttaCore (2.91 minutes) and the control group (1.93 minutes) (p < 0.001). The amount of residual filling material did not differ among the groups: Thermafil 8.31%, GuttaCore 6.27 and control 8.68% (p > 0.05). In conclusion, replacing plastic core with cross-linked gutta-percha allows easier removal of carrier from the root canal. The remnants of filling material in all samples illustrate that retreatment remains a challenge in endodontics.

Morphological changes of the apical foramen after enlargement: A scoping review of in vitro studies.

Background: To outline the current evidence on root morphological changes after enlarging the apical foramen with NiTi instruments. Material and Methods: A search was performed in the Virtual Health Library, PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct and SciELO databases, in addition to a manual search in Google Scholar, between January 2017 and October 2023. Articles published in English that describe in vitro studies investigating root morphological changes after instrumentation 1 mm beyond the major apical foramen were included. The quality of evidence in the included studies was also analyzed. Results: The search retrieved 367 articles. Of these, four studies were eligible for data synthesis and analysis, all of them in vitro studies. Synthesis of the results of these in vitro studies showed a larger number of root morphological changes such as experimental dentinal microcraks in samples submitted to instrumentation beyond the apical foramen when compared to micro-CT images obtained before preparation. Conclusions: The in vitro studies analyzed in this scoping review indicate that instrumentation beyond the major foramen of the root canal, promotes morphological changes in this area and that the adoption of standardized methodologies would not only increase the accurate detection and characterization of these changes but also facilitate the application of these findings in clinical trials and patient care. Key words:Endodontics, apical morphology, root canal preparation.

Pulp Canal Obliteration Following Traumatic Dental Injury in an Upper Lateral Incisor: A Case Report with 3-year Follow-up.

Endodontic management of teeth afflicted with pulp canal obliteration faces a challenge due to the heightened risk of complications including excessive wear, perforation, and suboptimal chemomechanical preparation. This report aims to elucidate the clinical endodontic strategy employed in addressing pulp canal obliteration after a history of dental trauma and an associated periradicular lesion in an upper lateral incisor. A patient visited the dental emergency department with symptoms of apical swelling, acute persistent pain, and discoloration of tooth 22. Following comprehensive clinical evaluation and cone-beam computed tomography, the diagnosis of pulp canal obliteration involving the cervical and middle thirds of the tooth, alongside an acute periradicular abscess was established. Root canal was accessed using tomographic image planning, augmented by loupe magnification and ultrasonic instrumentation. Precise identification of the access cavity was radiographically confirmed, preceded by thorough irrigation with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite and subsequent cervical and middle third preparation. Verification of the working length by an electronic apex locator ensured precise apical preparation, followed by passive ultrasonic irrigation to optimize disinfection and to enhance penetrability of intracanal calcium hydroxide medication, administered for 15 days to eliminate microbial invasion. Upon resolution of symptoms, root canal obturation employing thermo-mechanical compaction and coronal sealing with composite resin was accomplished. Radiographic assessment after a one-year interval presented evidence of lesion regression and bone repair. Subsequent cone-beam computed tomography imaging at the three-year follow-up confirmed complete healing of the periradicular tissues, attesting to the efficacy of the endodontic intervention.

Nonsurgical Endodontic Treatment of Type II Dens Invaginatus in A Maxillary Lateral Incisor: A Case Report.

Dens invaginatus (DI) is one of the developmental dental anomalies that results in an invagination of the enamel organ into the dental papila during odontogenesis. The purpose of this study is to report a case of nonsurgical endodontic treatment of an Oehlers type II DI in a right maxillary lateral incisor with an extensive periapical damage, along with the two-year clinical and tomographic follow-up. A 30-year-old patient was referred for endodontic treatment of tooth #12. On clinical examination, a change in the shape and color of the crown was observed. The tooth responded negative to pulp sensibility, percussion, palpation and mobility tests. After tomographic evaluation, an Oehlers type II DI was visualized, in addition to an extensive periradicular lesion. The diagnosis was asymptomatic apical periodontitis. The treatment was carried out in two sessions, through intense enhancement of the auxiliary chemical substance with passive ultrasonic irrigation, XP-Endo Finisher and the use of hydroxide-based intracanal medication. Appropriate treatment in cases with anatomic variations requires an accurate and early diagnosis based on clinical examination and radiographic images. A two-year follow-up of the present case showed that the correct diagnosis associated with appropriate instrumentation techniques, supplementary disinfection, and adequate three-dimensional sealing of the canal with filling material, resulted in regression of the periradicular lesion and bone repair.

Endodontic and Surgical Management of an Invasive Cervical Resorption in a Maxillary Central Incisor: A Case Report.

The current study aims to report a case of invasive cervical resorption in a maxillary left central incisor with a history of dental trauma. After thorough clinical and tomographic evaluations, cervical cavitation, an irregularity in the gingival contour and crown discoloration were observed. Furthermore, presence of an extensive and well-defined area of invasive cervical resorption with pulp communication was discovered. The suggested diagnosis was asymptomatic irreversible pulpitis. The resorption area was treated with the complete removal of granulation tissue, sealed with light-curing glass ionomer cement. Then, the chemo-mechanical preparation and obturation of the root canal were performed. After two years of clinical follow-up and cone-beam computed tomography examination, there were no clinical signs and symptoms, the filling of the resorption area remained intact, and no hypodense image in the cervical region of tooth #21 could be detected. The management reported in this case presented a possible viable treatment for invasive cervical resorption, provided that correct diagnosis is made.

Water activity influence on the simultaneous production of DON, 3-ADON and 15-ADON by a strain of Fusarium graminearum ss of 15-ADON genotype.

The influence of aw on DON and its acetyl derivatives biosynthesis by a strain of Fusarium graminearum s.s. (ITEM 4606) which produces DON, 3-ADON and 15-ADON was evaluated. Trichothecene production was studied on agar wheat 2% at 0.95 and 0.99 aw at different temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 °C) and incubation times (7, 14, 21 and 28 days). Statistical analysis (ANOVA) showed that aw, temperature, incubation time and their interactions were significant on the production of DON, 3-ADON and 15-ADON (p < 0.0001). The pattern of toxin production was influenced by aw, showing differences for the three toxins. The maximum accumulation of DON occurred at 30 °C at 0.99 aw (14 d) and at 25 °C at 0.95 aw (7 and 21 d). The highest concentration of 3-ADON at 0.95 aw was observed at 25 °C and 7 days, and it was significantly higher than all the other values registered. At 0.99 aw, the maximum occurred at 30 °C and 21 days, but another significantly high accumulation was observed at 28 days at the same temperature. For 15-ADON, at 0.95 aw, the highest amount of toxin was accumulated at 10 °C, both at 7 and 28 days. At 0.99 aw, a maximum was observed at 10 °C and 7 days, significantly different from the values observed at the other conditions. The toxin accumulated at a higher concentration at 0.95 aw was 15-ADON (173.2 µg/g) and at 0.99 aw, 3-ADON (370.6 µg/g). A marked influence of aw on the maximum toxin accumulation with respect to temperature and time was observed for trichothecene production. This is an important fact to consider when designing predictive models to prevent toxin contamination, both in the field and during storage, especially in intermediate drying stages.

Can discrepancies between Fusarium graminearum trichothecene genotype and chemotype be explained by the influence of temperature in the relative production of 3-ADON and 15-ADON?

Wheat is one of the most important crops in Argentina and worldwide. One of the major diseases affecting the crop is the Fusarium Head Blight (FHB). It is an endemic disease caused mainly by Fusarium graminearum, the most common agent of FHB around the world. The infection is strongly influenced by environmental parameters and occurs mostly when there are favourable conditions of moisture and temperature during wheat anthesis or flowering. This destructive disease affects wheat, barley and other small grains and has the capability of destroying crops, causing great economic losses due to reduced grain quality, and the accumulation of significant levels of mycotoxins such as trichothecenes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of temperature on mycotoxin biosynthesis, on three strains of F. graminearum of 15-ADON genotype and one of 3-ADON genotype, with different capacity of synthesizing DON, 3-ADON and 15-ADON. Trichothecene production of the strains at different temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 °C) was evaluated after 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 d of incubation. The optimum temperature to produce DON and 3-ADON was between 25 and 30 °C, but the maximum production of 15-ADON occurred at a lower temperature (10 °C) for all the strains. Conversely, the minimum production of DON and 3-ADON was recorded between 5 and 10 °C and of 15-ADON between 30 and 35 °C. A possible explanation for the similar accumulation of both acetyl derivatives by strains of different chemotype and genotypes could be that the acetyl derivatives biosynthesis is regulated by temperature.