Different patterns of dermatological presentations in patients co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus (HCV), and those infected with HCV alone.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) share the same transmission routes. About 30% of HIV-positive patients are co-infected with HCV. Of the various HCV-related extrahepatic events, those involving the skin may be the first sign of infection. AIM: To specify the skin presentations in patients co-infected with HIV and HCV (co-infected patients; CP) and compare them with those found in patients with HCV mono-infection (mono-infected patients; MP). METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study, in which the studied population consisted of MP and CP from a tertiary hospital in the South of Brazil, who underwent complete skin examination and laboratory tests. RESULTS: In total, 201 patients were assessed, of whom 108 were CP, and 93 were MP. Pruritus tended to be more common in MP. MP also had significantly more dermatological conditions (mean of 5.2) than CP (mean of 4.5). In total, 104 different skin diseases were identified. There was a higher prevalence of infectious diseases and pigmentation disorders, such as verruca vulgaris and facial melasma, in CP, whereas trunk and facial telangiectasias, palmar erythema, and varicose veins were more common in MP. CONCLUSION: We found a high prevalence of skin conditions both in MP and in CP; however, the patterns of the dermatological conditions were different. CP were found to have significantly fewer skin lesions than MP, but had a higher prevalence of infectious and pigmentation disorders. By contrast, vascular conditions were more common in MP.

S-Nitroso-N-acetylcysteine induces de-differentiation of activated hepatic stellate cells and promotes antifibrotic effects in vitro.

Nitric oxide (NO) has been shown to act as a potent antifibrogenic agent by decreasing myofibroblast differentiation. S-Nitroso-N-acetylcysteine (SNAC), a NO donor, attenuates liver fibrosis in rats, but the cellular and molecular mechanisms on liver myofibroblast-like phenotype still remain unknown. Here, we investigate the antifibrotic effects of SNAC on hepatic stellate cells, the major fibrogenic cell type in the liver. A murine GRX cell line was incubated with SNAC (100µM) or vehicle (control group) for 72h. Cell viability was measured by MTT colorimetric assay and the conversion of myofibroblast into quiescent fat-storing cell phenotype was evaluated by Oil-Red-O staining. TGFß-1, TIMP-1, and MMP-13 levels were measure in the supernatant by ELISA. Profibrogenic- and fibrolytic-related gene expression was quantified using real-time qPCR. SNAC induced phenotype conversion of myofibroblast-like phenotype into quiescent cells. SNAC decreased gene and protein expression of TGFß-1 and MMP-2 compared to control groups. Besides, SNAC down-regulated profibrogenic molecules and up-regulated MMP-13 gene expression, which plays a key role in the degradation of interstitial collagen in liver fibrosis. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that SNAC efficiently can modulate the activation and functionality of murine hepatic stellate cells and could be considered as an antifibrotic treatment to human liver fibrosis.

Evolution of Biomarkers of Atherogenic Risk in Liver Transplantation Recipients.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease is a major contributing factor to long-term mortality after liver transplantation (LT). METHODS: This study evaluated the evolution of atherogenic risk in liver transplant recipients (LTRs). Thirty-six subjects were prospectively enrolled at 12 months and followed for 48 months after liver transplantation. Serum biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction (sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1), chronic inflammation (serum amyloid A), and oxidative stress (myeloperoxidase) were measured at 12 and 48 months after LT. Additionally, at 12 months all patients underwent a cardiac computed tomography (CT) scan and a coronary artery calcium score (CACS). RESULTS: The prevalence of risk factors of metabolic syndrome (MS) increased over the course of the study. The patients' sVCAM-1 and sICAM-1 increased from 1.82 ± 0.44 ng/mL to 9.10 ± 5.82 ng/mL (P < .001) and 0.23 ± 0.09 ng/mL to 2.7 ± 3.3 ng/mL, respectively from month 12 to 48. Serum myeloperoxidase increased from 0.09 ± 0.07 ng/mL to 3.46 ± 3.92 ng/mL (P < .001) over the course of the study. Serum amyloid A also increased from 21.4 ± 40.7 ng/mL at entry to 91.5 ± 143.6 ng/mL at end of study (P < .001). CONCLUSION: No association between these biomarkers and MS was noted. The cardiac CT revealed mild and moderate disease in 19% and 25% of the cohort, respectively. No association between serum biomarkers and CACS was noted. Serum biomarkers of atherogenic risk increase rapidly in LTRs and precede coronary plaques.

Hepatic reperfusion in rats: a new model with portal arterialization in studying early ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Isolated liver perfusion has been used to evaluate the beneficial effects of several agents. In the present study, we developed a model using a recipient rat to reperfuse harvested livers in an ex situ, in vivo recirculating system. A total of 25 reperfusion procedures using adult male Wistar rats as donors and recipients were done. The preservation of the livers was performed with University of Wisconsin solution for 6 hours. Thereafter, the liver was reperfused with blood from another rat. We believe that the model presented herein offers an alternative method to evaluate early hepatocellular damage or hepatic microcirculation.

One Hundred Consecutive Liver Transplants Using Institutes Georges Lopez-1 Preservation Solution: Outcomes and Prognostic Factors.

BACKGROUND: There are only 4 prior studies reporting on outcomes of liver transplantation (LT) using Institutes Georges Lopez-1 (IGL-1) preservation solution. Detection of negative predictors of LT using IGL-1 may help finding strategies to protect selected recipients at higher risk of graft failure and death. METHODS: Review of all consecutive adult patients who underwent a first whole-graft LT using IGL-1 at authors' institution from 2013 to 2016. Primary end point was graft failure within the first 90 postoperative days (PODs). Graft losses due to any cause (including all deaths with a functioning graft) were recorded as graft failures. RESULTS: Of all 100 patients included in this study, 37 were women; median age was 58 years (range 18-71). There were 12 graft losses during the first 90 PODs (including 3 cases of primary nonfunction of the liver allograft), and 10 of the 12 graft losses occurred on first 30 PODs. All 12 patients who experienced graft loss (including 1 patient who underwent liver retransplantation) died within the first 90 PODs. Of the total 100 patients, 14 experienced biliary complications. Univariate analysis revealed prolonged warm ischemic time (WIT) as the only predictor of 90-day graft failure (odds ratio = 23.5, confidence interval = 1.29-430.18, P = .03). The cutoff by receiver operating characteristic curve for WIT was 38 minutes (area under the curve = 0.70). Positive predictive value for WIT >38 minutes was 94.3%. CONCLUSIONS: LT using IGL-1 can be performed safely. Similar to prior reports on LT using other preservation solutions, prolonged WIT was associated with adverse outcomes.

A comparison between topical and infiltrative bupivacaine and intravenous meperidine for postoperative analgesia after inguinal herniorrhaphy.

The purpose of the present study is to compare postoperative analgesia offered by the simple instillation of local anesthetic on the surgical wound, its infiltration with the same local anesthetic, and the use of an intravenous opioid. Sixty patients were divided into the three analgesia groups to be studied: instillation of local anesthetic (Group I), injection of local anesthetic (Group II), and intravenous opioid (Group III). The pain was quantified using the visual analogue scale. It was observed that there was better analgesia in Groups I and II during the first 6 hours postoperatively as compared with Group III (P < 0.0001). At the end of the 12 hours the three modes of analgesia proved comparable. However, after 24 hours there was better analgesic development in Group I, whereas Group II had greater postoperative morbidity. We conclude that the instillation of local anesthesia provides analgesia during the immediate postoperative period comparable to local infiltration using the same anesthetic. Both regional analgesia methods are more effective analgesics during the first 6 hours than are intravenous opioids. Furthermore the simple instillation of local anesthetic allows better analgesic evolution of the surgical wound after the first 24 hours considering the lower rate of resulting complications.

The role of liver transplantation in patients with Caroli's disease.

Caroli's disease, characterized by segmental or diffuse dilation of the intrahepatic biliary ducts, is a rare disease which is difficult to treat. The course of the disorder is characterized by recurrent episodes of cholangitis and hospital stays, with a consequent loss of quality-of-life and productive capacity, often ending in death due to uncontrolled infection. Endoscopic drainage of the bile duct, percutaneously or surgically, is palliative, and presents bad results in the follow-up of these patients. Orthotopic liver transplantation appears to be an effective curative option for the treatment of patients with Caroli's disease associated to complications. The authors present the course of two cases of this disease, associated with congenital fibrosis of the liver worsened by repeated episodes of cholangitis, submitted to orthotopic liver transplantation.

Comparative post-operative study of prostheses, with and without an anti-reflux valve system, in the palliative treatment of esophageal carcinoma.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Palliative treatment of advanced esophageal carcinoma by esophageal tunnelization with a prosthesis allows immediate relief of dysphagia. However, the procedure is subject to a high rate of morbidity, including gastroesophageal reflux (GER) present in all patients with a prosthesis positioned through the gastroesophageal junction, resulting in complications (pyrosis, aspiration pneumonias, sleep disorders) and reduced quality of life in these patients who already have a lower rate of survival. In an attempt to reduce GER and its complications, the authors created a surgical prosthesis coupled to an anti-reflux valve system, comparing it to the use of an esophageal prosthesis without an anti-reflux valve mechanism. METHODOLOGY: Twenty-two patients were allocated to 2 tunnelization groups: esophageal prosthesis without an anti-reflux valve mechanism (group 1) and surgical prosthesis coupled to an anti-reflux valve system (group 2). The GER was quantified measuring esophageal-gastric pH, and using fluoroscopy, contrast radiographs and esophageal emptying scintigraphy. Initially, the pH of secretions in S1 (esophagus) and S2 (stomach) was determined using reagent strips after aspirating their contents with different syringes. First with the patient seated at rest in bed, later performing a Valsalva maneuver, deep breathing and forced coughing. The same procedure was performed with the patient in left lateral decubitus, right lateral decubitus, and dorsal decubitus with the head of the bed lowered to 20 degrees. After finishing these maneuvers, 15 ml of 1 molar acetic acid were infused through the catheter positioned in the antrum, and, after 5 min, S1 and S2 material sampling was repeated in the same positions as mentioned above. RESULTS: The pH values between the various positions and maneuvers performed in each group separately were not significantly different, but, if we compare the 2 groups, and the secretions obtained in S1 and S2, there was a significant difference in pH measures in all positions. In the patients in group 1, S1 presented a mean pH ranging from 2.87-3.62 in the initial measures, and between 2.17 and 3.5 after the infusion of 15 ml of 1 molar acetic acid. On the other hand, in group 2, the mean pH of S1 remained between 6.34 and 8.32 in the initial measures and between 4.99 and 7.33 in the presence of acid infusion. At the level of S2, the pH remained unchanged between 2 and 2.7, in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: The authors conclude that the association of an esophageal prosthesis with a valve system significantly reduces GER, as compared with its use alone. Furthermore, it allows marked reduction of the symptoms and resulting complications, and does not interfere clinically with esophageal emptying. It thus significantly improves the quality of life of these patients.

Effects of hepatitis C virus on cardiovascular risk in infected patients: a comparative study.

The role of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events is unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the direct effect of HCV on cardiovascular risk and correlate it with pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines in patients with HCV. HCV monoinfected patients, genotype 1, naive, non-obese (BMI<30) and non-diabetics were included and compared to controls (blood donors). Patients with prior diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, chronic renal failure, cancer and chronic use of lipid-lowering drugs or immunosuppressants were excluded. Age, BMI, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic (DBP), fasting glucose and lipid levels were determined. Serum cytokines (IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α) and Framingham score were also evaluated. 62 HCV patients, 34 (54.8%) were males and none of them was smoking. The Framingham scores (median and 25th and 75th percentiles) were 12% (6.5-14%), showing an intermediate cardiovascular risk in patients with HCV. There was significant direct correlation between Framingham and total cholesterol (p=0.043) and DBP (p=0.007). HDL-C (p=0.002) was inversely correlated with the Framingham score. HCV patients had higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) compared to controls (p<0.0001) and the relation of proinflammatory/anti-inflammatory TNF-α/IL10 and IL-6/IL10 were higher in HCV patients (p<0.01). The Framingham score was directly correlated to IL-6 and TNF-α, but differences were not statistically significant. Patients with HCV monoinfected, nonobese, naïve and non diabetic have an intermediate cardiovascular risk, as measured by the Framingham score and high levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF).

Fructose 1-6 bisphosphate versus University of Wisconsin solution for rat liver preservation: does FBP prevent early mitochondrial injury?

BACKGROUND: Fructose 1,6-biphosphate (FBP) has been shown to exert therapeutic effects in models of ischemia-reperfusion in organs other than the liver. This study compared FBP and University of Wisconsin (UW) solution during cold storage and reperfusion, among mitochondria of adult male Wistar rat livers. METHODS: Adult male Wistar rats were assigned to two groups according to the preservation solution used; UW or FBP Aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transferase (ALT); and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured in samples of the storage solution obtained at 2, 4 and 6 hours of preservation. After 6 hours of cold storage, we reperfused the liver, taking blood samples to measure AST, ALT, LDH, and throbarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Hepatic fragments were processed for histologic analysis; for determinations of TBARS, catalase, and nitric oxide as well as for mitochondrial evaluation by infrared spectroscopy. RESULTS: During cold preservation, levels of AST and LDH in the storage solution were lower among the FBP group, but after reperfusion, serum levels of AST, ALT, and LDH were higher in this group, as was catalase activity. TBARS and nitric oxide were comparable between the groups. In the UW group there was a higher amide I/amide II ratio than in the FBP group, suggesting an abnormal protein structure of the mitochondrial membrane. No signs of preservation injury were observed in any liver biopsy, but sinusoidal congestion was present in livers preserved with FBP. CONCLUSION: FBP showed a protective effect for preservation during cold storage seeming to protect the mitochondrial membrane although it did not prevent reperfusion injury.

Relationship between ischemia/reperfusion injury and the stimulus of fibrogenesis in an experimental model: comparison among different preservation solutions.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) has been the standard treatment for end-stage acute and chronic liver disease. Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is one of the major causes of poor graft function early after OLT, and adversely influencing graft and patient survivals. It is unknown whether I/R injury influences liver fibrogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Livers from 25 adult male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into 5 experimental groups according to the preservation solution: saline solution (SS); University of Wisconsin (UW) solution; Fructose 1, 6-biphosphate (FBP); S-Nitroso-N-Acetylcysteine (SNAC): or UW+SNAC (SNAC+UW). Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) were determined in preservation solution samples at 2, 4, and 6 hours. After 6 hours of cold ischemia, ex situ reperfusion was applied to the liver for 15 minutes. Serum AST, ALT, LDH, and renin levels were determined. Fresh liver slices were processed for histological studies, determination of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, catalase, and glutathione, and expression of TGF-ß1 and angiotensin II AT1 receptor. RESULTS: AST was significantly lower during cold storage with UW than with the older media (P=.001); ALT was lower in the FBP group (P=.023) and LDH was lower in the FBP and SNAC groups (P=.007). After reperfusion, serum AST, ALT, LDH, and TBARS showed no significant differences among the groups. Catalase was significantly lower in the SS and FBP groups (P=.008 and P=.006, respectively). Compared with UW, glutathione concentrations were significantly higher in SS, FBP, and SNAC 200 (P=.004). Renin levels were significantly lower in the FBP group (P=.022). No histological signs of preservation injury were observed in the hepatic sample. No expressions were detected of TGF-ß1 or AT1 receptor. CONCLUSION: In this experimental model of early reperfusion injury, preservation changes related to higher levels of renin, which suggest its role in fibrogenesis. FBP was associated with lower renin levels than other solutions including UW.

S-nitroso-N-acetylcysteine: a promising drug for early ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat liver.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is among the major causes of poor graft function early after liver transplantation that adversely influences patient survival. A variety of mediators have been implicated in the pathogenesis of I/R vascular injury, including nitric oxide (NO). Because of the beneficial effects of NO during preconditioning and reperfusion, strategies to prevent or ameliorate I/R injury through the stimulation of hepatic NO production are an area of significant clinical interest. We evaluated the role of S-nitroso-N-acetylcysteine (SNAC) as an NO donor in the prevention of liver I/R injury in an animal model. METHODS: Adult male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to 3 experimental groups containing 5 animals each: the University of Wisconsin (UW) solution group; SNAC solution group; and SNAC-containing UW solution (SNAC+UW) group. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were determined in samples of the cold storage solution at 2, 4, and 6 hours of preservation. After 6 hours of cold storage, We applied a 15-minute reperfusion period. Thereafter, the reperfusion was interrupted with blood samples obtained to measure AST, ALT, LDH, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Hepatic fragments were processed for histologic analysis, and to determine of TBARS, catalase, and glutathione levels. RESULTS: During cold preservation, AST and LDH were significantly lower among the SNAC than the UW group or the SNAC+UW group (P = .004 and P = .03, respectively). ALT was comparable among the groups (P = .3). After reperfusion, serum levels of AST, ALT, and LDH, as well as of hepatic TBARS and catalase showed no differences among the groups. Glutathione concentration was lower in the SNAC and SNAC+UW group (P < .001) compared with the UW group. We did not observe histologic signs of preservation injury. CONCLUSION: The SNAC solution showed a greater protective effect to preserve rat livers during cold storage, but it was comparable with UW.

Occult hepatitis B in renal transplant patients.

BACKGROUND: Occult hepatitis B (HB) is characterized by the presence of HBV-DNA in patients who do not have HB surface antigen (HBsAg) detectable in sera, and is frequently described in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. These viral liver diseases are common and may have a negative impact on the survival of renal transplant patients, especially if they are both present. In this study we aimed to evaluate the prevalence of occult HB in renal transplant patients either with or without HCV infection. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a cross-sectional survey 101 HbsAg-negative renal transplant patients were evaluated; 51 were anti-HCV positive. Sera were analyzed for the presence of the S and core genes of the HBV-DNA by a nested polymerase chain reaction technique. Markers of HBV infection and liver function tests were also analyzed. RESULTS: The core gene was identified in 1 HCV-infected patient and 1 anti-HCV-negative patient who also presented the S gene (prevalence: 2% and 1% for each gene, respectively). HCV-infected patients had longer pre-transplant dialysis time (50.8 +/- 34.6 vs. 32.0 +/- 20.9; P < 0.001). Liver function tests were also increased in the HCV-infected group: alanine aminotransferase (P < 0.001), aspartate aminotransferase (P < 0.05), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (P<0.02), and alkaline phosphatase (P < 0.04). Multivariate analysis revealed that HCV infection was the only determinant of the altered results of the liver function tests. CONCLUSION: We found that occult HB is a condition present in our population of renal transplant patients and that HCV infection does not seem to be associated with occult HB infection in this setting.

Acute hepatitis C complicated by pancreatitis: another extrahepatic manifestation of hepatitis C virus?

In hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection a number of extrahepatic manifestations have been described, generally caused by immune phenomena. Here we report a case of acute pancreatitis, detected during an acute hepatitis C infection, in an elderly female patient.