Images from galileo of the venus cloud deck.

Images of Venus taken at 418 (violet) and 986 [near-infrared (NIR)] nanometers show that the morphology and motions of large-scale features change with depth in the cloud deck. Poleward meridional velocities, seen in both spectral regions, are much reduced in the NIR In the south polar region the markings in the two wavelength bands are strongly anticorrelated. The images follow the changing state of the upper cloud layer downwind of the subsolar point, and the zonal flow field shows a longitudinal periodicity that may be coupled to the formation of large-scale planetary waves. No optical lightning was detected.

First images of asteroid 243 ida.

The first images of the asteroid 243 Ida from Galileo show an irregular object measuring 56-kilometers by 24 kilometers by 21 kilometers. Its surface is rich in geologic features, including systems of grooves, blocks, chutes, albedo features, crater chains, and a full range of crater morphologies. The largest blocks may be distributed nonuniformly across the surface; lineaments and dark-floored craters also have preferential locations. Ida is interpreted to have a substantial regolith. The high crater density and size-frequency distribution (-3 differential power-law index) indicate a surface in equilibrium with saturated cratering. A minimum model crater age for Ida-and therefore for the Koronis family to which Ida belongs-is estimated at 1 billion years, older than expected.

Lunar impact basins and crustal heterogeneity: new Western limb and far side data from galileo.

Multispectral images of the lunar western limb and far side obtained from Galileo reveal the compositional nature of several prominent lunar features and provide new information on lunar evolution. The data reveal that the ejecta from the Orientale impact basin (900 kilometers in diameter) lying outside the Cordillera Mountains was excavated from the crust, not the mantle, and covers pre-Orientale terrain that consisted of both highland materials and relatively large expanses of ancient mare basalts. The inside of the far side South Pole-Aitken basin (>2000 kilometers in diameter) has low albedo, red color, and a relatively high abundance of iron- and magnesium-rich materials. These features suggest that the impact may have penetrated into the deep crust or lunar mantle or that the basin contains ancient mare basalts that were later covered by highlands ejecta.

Galileo encounter with 951 gaspra: first pictures of an asteroid.

Galileo images of Gaspra reveal it to be an irregularly shaped object (19 by 12 by 11 kilometers) that appears to have been created by a catastrophic collisional disruption of a precursor parent body. The cratering age of the surface is about 200 million years. Subtle albedo and color variations appear to correlate with morphological features: Brighter materials are associated with craters especially along the crests of ridges, have a stronger 1-micrometer absorption, and may represent freshly excavated mafic materials; darker materials exhibiting a significantly weaker 1-micrometer absorption appear concentrated in interridge areas. One explanation of these patterns is that Gaspra is covered with a thin regolith and that some of this material has migrated downslope in some areas.

Galileo multispectral imaging of the north polar and eastern limb regions of the moon.

Multispectral images obtained during the Galileo probe's second encounter with the moon reveal the compositional nature of the north polar regions and the northeastern limb. Mare deposits in these regions are found to be primarily low to medium titanium lavas and, as on the western limb, show only slight spectral heterogeneity. The northern light plains are found to have the spectral characteristics of highlands materials, show little evidence for the presence of cryptomaria, and were most likely emplaced by impact processes regardless of their age.

Galileo's First Images of Jupiter and the Galilean Satellites

The first images of Jupiter, Io, Europa, and Ganymede from the Galileo spacecraft reveal new information about Jupiter's Great Red Spot (GRS) and the surfaces of the Galilean satellites. Features similar to clusters of thunderstorms were found in the GRS. Nearby wave structures suggest that the GRS may be a shallow atmospheric feature. Changes in surface color and plume distribution indicate differences in resurfacing processes near hot spots on Io. Patchy emissions were seen while Io was in eclipse by Jupiter. The outer margins of prominent linear markings (triple bands) on Europa are diffuse, suggesting that material has been vented from fractures. Numerous small circular craters indicate localized areas of relatively old surface. Pervasive brittle deformation of an ice layer appears to have formed grooves on Ganymede. Dark terrain unexpectedly shows distinctive albedo variations to the limit of resolution.

Treatment of intraoperative hypertensive emergencies in patients with intracranial disease.

In patients with neuropathologic processes leading to disturbed cerebrovascular autoregulation, sudden increases in arterial blood pressure may lead to a sudden elevation in cerebral blood flow and intracranial pressure. Therefore, sudden increases in arterial pressure should be assiduously avoided in the perioperative period. Hypertensive episodes may occur at any time during anesthesia, but are more likely to occur (1) during laryngoscopy and intubation, (2) at the time of skin incision, (3) at extubation, and (4) during awakening. In patients with cardiovascular disease, such hypertensive episodes may also cause deterioration of the cardiovascular situation. Catecholamines are the principal mediators of such intraoperative hypertensive reactions. There are 2 options available to the anesthesiologist: (1) attempt to suppress this response after it has occurred, or (2) prevent its occurrence at the outset. Treatment of hypertension often relies on agents that relax vascular smooth muscle. In patients with compromised intracranial compliance, however, cerebral vasodilation must be avoided because it leads to an increase in cerebral blood volume. This, in turn, may raise intracranial pressure and result either in herniation of brain contents or a decrease in cerebral perfusion pressure leading to brain ischemia. Different pharmacologic means of preventing or suppressing such intraoperative hypertensive reactions are reviewed. Many of the drugs reviewed resulted in adverse effects that could preclude their use in patients with reduced intracranial compliance. Alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptor blockers can safely be administered to such patients.

The influence of urapidil, a new antihypertensive agent, on cerebral perfusion pressure in dogs with and without intracranial hypertension.

The influence of urapidil, an arylpiperazinederivate, on intracranial pressure (ICP), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) was investigated in dogs with (group II) and without (group I) intracranial hypertension. After i.v. administration of urapidil, intracranial pressure remained unchanged and cerebral perfusion pressure decreased to the same extent as mean arterial pressure (20%). As in neurosurgical patients, autoregulation of cerebral blood flow is often lost; a sudden increase in blood pressure may lead to an increase in cerebral blood flow and to a damage of the blood bain barrier with consequent cerebral edema. Urapidil seems to be suitable for treating hypertensive episodes perioperatively in neurosurgical patients.

A comparison of cyst age and assay method of the efficacy of contact lens disinfectants against Acanthamoeba.

AIMS: (i) To determine effect of Acanthamoeba cyst age, method of production, and (ii) to assay technique on the efficacy of multipurpose solutions (MPS) and hydrogen peroxide based contact lens disinfectants. (iii) To establish if MPS can remove mature cysts from contact lenses according to the ISO/DIS 14729 regimen test for microbe removal. METHODS: Immature and mature cysts of A polyphaga were tested against the MPS Opti-Free express and the hydrogen peroxide based solutions Oxysept 1Step and Oxysept 1 using two assay methods. Simulated patient regimen testing was performed with the Opti-Free express and Complete using mature cysts inoculated on to group I or group IV lenses. RESULTS: Immature cysts were sensitive to disinfection by all solutions. No killing was observed with mature cysts with Opti-Free express, while immature cysts yielded a 1-2 log reduction in viability. Oxysept 1Step gave a 1.1 (SD 0.3) log reduction in mature cysts after 6 hours. Oxysept 1 gave a 2.4 (0.3) log reduction in mature cysts after 4 hours and a 3.8 (0.5) log reduction after 6 hours. Patient regimen testing using Opti-Free express and Complete resulted in no recovery of viable mature cysts from the contact lenses or from the soaking solutions. CONCLUSION: Cyst age but not method of production used in this study influences the efficacy of contact lens disinfectants against Acanthamoeba. MPS are effective in removing cysts from contact lens surfaces and may have a role in the prevention of acanthamoeba keratitis.

The influence of ketanserin, droperidol and hydergine on postoperative hypertension during early recovery following major abdominal surgery.

Forty adult patients, who developed postoperative hypertension (greater than 160/90 mm Hg) following major abdominal surgery were given double-blind, randomized either ketanserin 10 mg i.v. (n = 10), droperidol 5 mg i.v. (n = 10), hydergine 0.9 mg i.v. (n = 10) or placebo solution (n = 10). Following the injection of ketanserin or droperidol systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased significantly (p less than 0.001 and p less than 0.01), but were no longer significantly lowered 30 minutes following the injection in 5 out of 10 ketanserin treated and in 8 out of ten droperidol treated patients. Neither hydergine nor placebo had a significant effect on blood pressure. It is concluded, that both ketanserin and droperidol have a moderate and short acting antihypertensive effect.

Permeation of the blood-brain barrier by urapidil and its influence on intracranial pressure in man in the presence of compromised intracranial dynamics.

We studied eight patients undergoing craniotomy for intracerebral tumour surgery requiring monitoring of intracranial pressure. All these patients showed significantly increased systolic arterial pressure, during anaesthesia. Following an average dose of 0.8 +/- 0.22 mg/kg urapidil, systolic arterial pressure returned to baseline values without a significant change in intracranial pressure. In nine patients, urapidil concentrations in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid were assayed following an intravenous injection of urapidil. Urapidil was found in the cerebrospinal fluid in concentrations between 5 and 99 ng/ml after total cumulative bolus injections of 10-75 mg. There is evidence that in clinically applied doses urapidil permeates the blood-brain barrier and reaches cerebrospinal fluid concentrations that allow an interaction with central 5-hydroxytryptamine-1A receptors.

[Value of standard radiographies in the diagnosis of rotator cuff rupture]. / Valeur des radiographies standards pour le diagnostic de rupture de la coiffe des rotateurs de l'épaule.

To assess the value of the Leclercq maneuver (anteroposterior roentgenogram of the shoulder during resisted active abduction) for the diagnosis of rotator cuff tear, the medical records of 93 patients evaluated by glenohumeral arthrography, standard radiographs, and radiographs taken using the Leclercq maneuver were retrospectively reviewed. The comparison of patients with (n = 53) and without (n = 40) arthrographic evidence of rotator cuff tear demonstrated statistically significant differences for mean acromiohumeral space difference between the normal and affected shoulders, for the acromiohumeral space difference between the standard film and Leclercq maneuver film, and for presence of an inferior glenohumeral diastasis on the Leclercq maneuver film. An acromiohumeral space of 7 mm or less on standard radiographs proved a specific (0.975) but insensitive (0.24) sign of rotator cuff tear. This parameter measured on the Leclercq maneuver film exhibited better sensitivity (0.62) and excellent specificity. Other criteria with good specificity for rotator cuff tear included an acromiohumeral space difference between the normal and abnormal side of 2 mm or more (0.97), an acromiohumeral space difference between standard and Leclercq maneuver films of at least 4 mm, and existence of an inferior glenohumeral diastasis; however, sensitivities of these three parameters were poor (respectively 0.65; 0.20; and 0.19).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Plasma serotonin concentrations during and after cardiac surgery.

Plasma serotonin concentrations, assayed as plasma 5-hydroxyindoles (5-HI) and platelet 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), were measured in 12 patients undergoing coronary artery graft surgery (group 1) and five patients undergoing valve replacement (group 2). Mean values of plasma 5-HI before cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) were 29.8 +/- 2.0 ng ml-1 in group 1 and 30.6 +/- 2.8 ng ml-1 in group 2. No significant changes of plasma 5-HI occurred during or after CPB in either group. Although postoperative hypertension occurred in 75% of group 1 patients, no significant correlation was found between plasma 5-HI concentration and systolic blood pressure. A significant increase of platelet 5-HT occurred during bypass (327 ng/2 X 10(8) platelets increasing to 488 ng/2 X 10(8) platelets, p less than 0.01) but returned to baseline values postoperatively. We conclude that plasma 5-HI concentrations are not involved in the pathophysiology of postoperative hypertension following myocardial revascularization.

Influence of ground scattering on satellite auroral observations.

Satellite observations of the optical emission features in the aurora and nighttime airglow are usually contaminated by scattering from clouds and snow. It is shown here that this contamination can easily be removed when the emission layer is viewed against a surface of known albedo. The effect of the earth's curvature, parallax, and varying image angle are found to be significant but can be removed from the observation.

Influence of urapidil on intracranial pressure and intracranial compliance in dogs.

During induced hypotension with urapidil, measurements of intracranial pressure and of the ventricular volume-pressure response (intracranial compliance) were obtained in dogs with and without intracranial hypertension. A bolus of urapidil 50 mg plus an infusion of urapidil 8.2 +/- 1.2 mg min-1 decreased mean arterial pressure by 22 +/- 10% from control in group I (without intracranial hypertension) and by 24 +/- 8% in group II (with intracranial hypertension). In both groups there was no change in intracranial pressure or in intracranial compliance after the administration of urapidil.

Method for performing aerobic plate counts of anhydrous cosmetics utilizing Tween 60 and Arlacel 80 as dispersing agents.

An aqueous diluent containing Tween 60 and Arlacel 80 gave greater recovery of microorganisms when compared with two common diluents as determined by aerobic plate count of inoculated anhydrous cosmetics. The greater recovery was caused by better dispersion of the anhydrous cosmetics in the diluents.

Antihypertensive mechanism of ketanserin in postoperative hypertension after cardiopulmonary bypass.

The effect of ketanserin (0.15 mg/kg followed by an infusion at 6 mg/hr) was studied in 13 patients who developed hypertension (blood pressure greater than 150/90 mm Hg) after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) for coronary artery bypass grafting. Eleven patients responded to ketanserin with a decrease of arterial pressure from 159 +/- 15/83 +/- 10 mm Hg to 131 +/- 9/70 +/- 12 mm Hg (P less than 0.01), which was sustained during the subsequent infusion of ketanserin. Mean plasma ketanserin concentrations were maintained at 187 micrograms/L (range 118-525). No significant changes in plasma levels of 5-hydroxyindoles or in platelet 5-hydroxytryptamine content were observed during or after CPB, or after administration of ketanserin. Plasma epinephrine (398 +/- 124 pg/ml) and norepinephrine (1161 +/- 673 pg/ml) concentrations were markedly increased during the hypertensive period after CPB. Plasma epinephrine concentrations decreased (P less than 0.01) during ketanserin infusion to 213 +/- 101 pg/ml, whereas plasma norepinephrine concentrations did not change. The pressor response to three graded doses of phenylephrine was decreased during CPB (P less than 0.01), and a further decrease (P less than 0.05) occurred during infusion of ketanserin. The hypotensive effect of ketanserin after CPB may be attributable to alpha 1-adrenoceptor blockade rather than to its antiserotoninergic effect. Serotonin does not appear to be involved in the short-term disturbances of arterial pressure during or after CPB.

[Effect of preventive glucocorticoid administration on edema formation and inflammation susceptibility after microlaryngoscopy]. / Einfluss einer prophylaktischen Glukokortikoidgabe auf die Odembildung und Entzündungsneigung nach Mikrolaryngoskopie.

51 patients, who underwent direct laryngoscopy under general anesthesia, received either 250 mg Methyprednisolone or 10 ml NaCl 0.9% intraveneously in a prospective, double blind study. 4-5 hours after microlaryngoscopy they were examined in regard to edema and size of redness of certain anatomical structures of the larynx and hypopharynx. Findings were compared to the results which had been found on the eve of the operation. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups. However, in the NaCl-Group there was a direct correlation between the edema formation and inflammatory reaction on one hand and the duration of surgery on the other hand. Routine prescription of Cortisone before mikrolaryngoscopy is not necessary, but is recommended, when the operation is expected to take a long time, around more than 30 min.