Black-White Differences in Ischemic Stroke Risk Factor Burden in Young Adults.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Although the US Black population has a higher incidence of stroke compared with the US White population, few studies have addressed Black-White differences in the contribution of vascular risk factors to the population burden of ischemic stroke in young adults. METHODS: A population-based case-control study of early-onset ischemic stroke, ages 15 to 49 years, was conducted in the Baltimore-Washington DC region between 1992 and 2007. Risk factor data was obtained by in-person interview in both cases and controls. The prevalence, odds ratio, and population-attributable risk percent (PAR%) of smoking, diabetes, and hypertension was determined among Black patients and White patients, stratified by sex. RESULTS: The study included 1044 cases and 1099 controls. Of the cases, 47% were Black patients, 54% were men, and the mean (±SD) age was 41.0 (±6.8) years. For smoking, the population-attributable risk percent were White men 19.7%, White women 32.5%, Black men 10.1%, and Black women 23.8%. For diabetes, the population-attributable risk percent were White men 10.5%, White women 7.4%, Black men 17.2%, and Black women 13.4%. For hypertension, the population-attributable risk percent were White men 17.2%, White women 19.3%, Black men 45.8%, and Black women 26.4%. CONCLUSIONS: Modifiable vascular risk factors account for a large proportion of ischemic stroke in young adults. Cigarette smoking was the strongest contributor to stroke among White patients while hypertension was the strongest contributor to stroke among Black patients. These results support early primary prevention efforts focused on smoking cessation and hypertension detection and treatment.

Black-white Differences in Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Rates Among Young Adults with Ischemic Stroke.

OBJECTIVES: Few studies have addressed Black-White differences in left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in young stroke patients without a history of hypertension. METHODS: A case-only cross-sectional analysis performed in 2019 of data from the Stroke Prevention in Young Adults Study, a population-based case-control study of ischemic stroke patients ages 15-49. The main outcomes were hypertension indicators at the time of stroke hospitalization: self-reported history of hypertension, LVH by echocardiography (Echo-LVH) and LVH by electrocardiogram (ECG-LVH). The prevalence of Echo-LVH was further determined in those with and without a history of hypertension. Adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals comparing blacks and whites were calculated by logistic regression. RESULTS: The study population included 1028 early-onset ischemic stroke patients, 48% Black cases, 54% men, median age 43 years (interquartile range, 38-46 years). Overall, the prevalence of hypertension history, Echo-LVH and ECG-LVH were 41.3%, 34.1% and 17.5%, respectively. Each of the hypertension indicators were more frequent in men than in women and in Black cases than in White cases. Black patients without a history of hypertension had higher rates of Echo-LVH than their white counterparts, 40.3% vs 27.7% (age and obesity adjusted OR 1.8; 95% CI 1.02-3.4) among men and 20.9% vs 7.6% (adjusted OR 2.7; 95% CI 1.2-6.2) among women. CONCLUSIONS: LVH was common in young patients with ischemic stroke, regardless of self-reported history of hypertension. These findings emphasize the need for earlier screening and more effective treatment of hypertension in young adults, particularly in the Black population.

Current Status of Dyslipidemia Treatment for Stroke Prevention.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Elevated cholesterol is an established risk factor for ischemic stroke. The value of statins for stroke prevention has been clear for more than a decade. RECENT FINDINGS: However, the use of new medication combinations such as ezetimibe or proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9 inhibitors plus statins is increasing and the value for reducing stroke has been shown for these combination therapies. Recent data also support the strategy of lowering triglycerides for stroke prevention. A modern approach to dyslipidemia treatment and its relation to stroke prevention is summarized in this paper.