Mortality Audit in the Head and Neck Surgery Ward: A Retrospective Study in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Pakistan.

Background Mortality audit is important for healthcare workers, but this data is lacking in developing countries. It helps to provide material about the cause of death, mortality rate, age, and gender. In a surgical department, such information can help identify key public health challenges that are contributing to morbidity and mortality, and this information can help healthcare workers better tackle those pathologies and focus on their prevention and treatment. Materials and methods A retrospective study was conducted at the Department of ENT - Head and Neck Surgery, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences Hospital, Islamabad. Five-year data was collected from the mortality register of the ward from January 2019 to December 2023, including the age, gender, surgical diagnosis, course of hospital stay, and cause of death. The collected data was statistically analyzed and presented in the form of tables and figures. Results A total of 53 deaths in 3890 admissions were found on record, with an overall mortality rate of 1.4%. The median age of participants was 61.5 years, with a preponderance of the male gender (n=34; 64.2%). The most common cause of death was head and neck malignancy (n=39; 73.6%), followed by head and neck abscesses (n=9; 17%). The least common cause of death was diphtheria (n=2; 3.8%). Conclusion Death was more common in old-age patients, with more prevalence in the male population. The most common cause of mortality was head and neck malignancy. The total death count almost remained constant through the years.

Free-standing nanomembranes based on selective CVD deposition of functional poly-p-xylylenes.

The precise engineering of ultrathin nanofilms with variable functionality remains an unmet challenge in nanotechnology. We report a strategy for generating free-standing nanomembranes based on the selective chemical vapor deposition polymerization of functional [2.2]paracyclophanes on micropatterned self-assembled monolayers of alkanethiolates on gold. This fabrication strategy can yield microstructured nanofilms that are between 2 and 5 nm thick. Subsequent release from the substrate results in free-standing nanoscale membranes with controlled pore size and geometry. The process allows for modification of important functional parameters, such as ultrasmall membrane thickness, membrane pore geometry, and chemical functionality.