Implications of potential clinically relevant interactions between COVID-19 vaccines and concomitant medications.

COVID-19 was announced as a global pandemic in 2020. Several types of COVID-19 vaccines are available such as mRNA vaccines, adenovirus vector vaccines, and protein subunit or inactivated virus vaccines. Vaccines are often administered in patients with chronic diseases who are likely to be treated with several drugs. A growing number of clinical observations indicated the possibility of interactions between COVID-19 vaccines and drugs. A hyperinflammatory state may spark significant imbalances in drug metabolism that may result in the alteration of drug pharmacokinetics and therapeutic response. Furthermore, interactions may result in additive or antagonistic or synergistic vaccine immune response. Information about COVID-19 vaccine-drug interactions is needed by physicians and pharmacists to make rational drug-use decisions. In this review, several individual and categorical evidence-based potential COVID-19 vaccine-drug interactions of clinical importance are described. Vigilance is needed to detect previously unreported COVID-19 drug interactions and to further assess known interactions. The clinical significance of which is not fully determined. Evidence suggests that adverse events to some drugs are rare after COVID-19 vaccination and their possibility should not affect vaccination of patients at risk. Clinicians prescribing medications should be aware of the likely risk of interaction with COVID-19 vaccines and may benefit from taking into account present recommendations of the best measures to avoid consequences of such interactions to preserve vaccine efficacy and patient safety.

A comprehensive review on lipid nanocarrier systems for cancer treatment: fabrication, future prospects and clinical trials.

Over the last few decades, cancer has been considered a clinical challenge, being among the leading causes of mortality all over the world. Although many treatment approaches have been developed for cancer, chemotherapy is still the most utilized in the clinical setting. However, the available chemotherapeutics-based treatments have several caveats including their lack of specificity, adverse effects as well as cancer relapse and metastasis which mainly explains the low survival rate of patients. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have been utilized as promising nanocarrier systems for chemotherapeutics to overcome the challenges of the currently applied therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment. Loading chemotherapeutic agent(s) into LNPs improves drug delivery at different aspects including specific targeting of tumours, and enhancing the bioavailability of drugs at the tumour site through selective release of their payload, thus reducing their undesired side effects on healthy cells. This review article delineates an overview of the clinical challenges in many cancer treatments as well as depicts the role of LNPs in achieving optimal therapeutic outcomes. Moreover, the review contains a comprehensive description of the many LNPs categories used as nanocarriers in cancer treatment to date, as well as the potential of LNPs for future applications in other areas of medicine and research.

Suppressive effects of thymoquinone on the initiation stage of diethylnitrosamine hepatocarcinogenesis in rats.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death globally. Chemoprevention is the most effective technique for reducing HCC incidence. Thymoquinone (TQ), the main bioactive constituent of Nigella sativa, exhibits anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic activities against various cancers. Therefore, TQ was tested as an inhibitor of the initial phase of diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced HCC in rats. Twenty-four male Wistar albino rats were randomly placed into four equal groups. Group 1 received saline and acted as the negative control; Group 2 received TQ; Group 3 received DEN; and Group 4 received TQ for 7 days and DEN on the 8th day. After 24 h of fasting, blood samples were taken from the slaughtered rats. Additionally, each rat's liver was dissected and separated into two halves for histological and biochemical investigation. DEN-induced hepatotoxicity was detected by elevated hepatic enzymes and HCC biomarkers reduced antioxidant and proapoptotic statuses. DEN administration caused a significant increase in the levels of glutathione, superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, caspase-3, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), AFPL3, glypican 3, and the expression of BAX. However, DEN significantly decreased glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and CYP2E1 and the expression of BCl-2. Furthermore, it caused histological changes and showed a strong positive GSH S-transferase P expression in the hepatic parenchyma. Pretreatment with TQ prevented the histopathological and most of the biochemical changes and improved the antioxidant status. TQ supplementation appears to suppress the development of DEN-initiated liver cancer by reducing oxidative stress, activating the intrinsic mitotic apoptosis pathway, and retaining the antioxidant enzymes.

Enhanced antitumor activity of combined methotrexate and histone deacetylase inhibitor valproic acid on mammary cancer in vitro and in vivo.

Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) act as antiproliferative agents by promoting differentiation and inducing apoptosis. Valproic acid (VPA) is a HDACI that shows promising chemotherapeutic effect in a number of tumor cells. The present study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effect of VPA on the viability of mammary cancer cells and its enhancing effect with methotrexate (MTX) in vitro and in vivo. Treatment with VPA or MTX alone induced concentration-dependent cytotoxic effects in two breast cancer cell lines. Valproic acid increased significantly the cytotoxicity of MTX three times against MCF7. Valproic acid addition to MTX, however, did not produce any significant changes on MTX cytotoxicity against MDA-MB231. VPA (150 and 200 mg/kg) significantly inhibited the growth of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) and solid Ehrlich carcinoma (SEC) tumor mouse models and improved results were achieved for tumor inhibition when VPA was combined with MTX (1 and 2 mg/kg) in vivo. The antitumor activity was not associated with a significant increase in toxicity or mice mortality rate. All these findings suggest that the combination of MTX and VPA may have clinical and (or) adjuvant therapeutic application in the treatment of mammary cancer.

Thymoquinone Suppresses Angiogenesis in DEN-Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Targeting miR-1-3p.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is characterized by its high vascularity and metastasis. Thymoquinone (TQ), the main bio-active constituent of Nigella sativa, has shown anticancer and hepatoprotective effects. TQ's anticancer effect is mediated through miRNA regulation. miR-1-3p plays a significant role in various cancers but its role in HCC invasiveness remains poorly understood. Bio-informatics analysis predicted that the 3'-UTR of TIMP3 is a target for miR-1-3p; Rats were equally divided into four groups: Group 1, the negative control; Group 2 received TQ; Group 3 received DEN; and Group 4 received DEN after pretreatment with TQ. The expression of TIMP3, MMP2, MMP9, and VEGF in rats' liver was determined immunohistochemically. RT-qPCR was used to measure the miR-1-3p level in rats' liver, and TIMP3, MMP2, MMP9, and VEGF in the HepG2 cells after being transfected with miR-1-3p mimic or inhibitor; In rats pretreated with TQ, a decreased expression of MMP2, MMP9 and VEGF, and increased expression levels of TIMP3 and miR-1-3p were detected. Treating the HepG2 cells with miR-1-3p mimic led to the upregulation of TIMP3 and downregulation of MMP2, MMP9, and VEGF, and showed a significant delay in wound healing; These results suggested that the anti-angiogenic effect of TQ in HCC may be mediated through the regulation of miR-1-3p.

Pharmacogenomics and COVID-19: clinical implications of human genome interactions with repurposed drugs.

The outbreak of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has evolved into an emergent global pandemic. Many drugs without established efficacy are being used to treat COVID-19 patients either as an offlabel/compassionate use or as a clinical trial. Although drug repurposing is an attractive approach with reduced time and cost, there is a need to make predictions on success before the start of therapy. For the optimum use of these repurposed drugs, many factors should be considered such as drug-gene or dug-drug interactions, drug toxicity, and patient co-morbidity. There is limited data on the pharmacogenomics of these agents and this may constitute an obstacle for successful COVID-19 therapy. This article reviewed the available human genome interactions with some promising repurposed drugs for COVID-19 management. These drugs include chloroquine (CQ), hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), azithromycin, lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r), atazanavir (ATV), favipiravir (FVP), nevirapine (NVP), efavirenz (EFV), oseltamivir, remdesivir, anakinra, tocilizumab (TCZ), eculizumab, heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) regulators, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors, ivermectin, and nitazoxanide. Drug-gene variant pairs that may alter the therapeutic outcomes in COVID-19 patients are presented. The major drug variant pairs that associated with variations in clinical efficacy include CQ/HCQ (CYP2C8, CYP2D6, ACE2, and HO-1); azithromycin (ABCB1); LPV/r (SLCO1B1, ABCB1, ABCC2 and CYP3A); NVP (ABCC10); oseltamivir (CES1 and ABCB1); remdesivir (CYP2C8, CYP2D6, CYP3A4, and OATP1B1); anakinra (IL-1a); and TCZ (IL6R and FCGR3A). The major drug variant pairs that associated with variations in adverse effects include CQ/HCQ (G6PD; hemolysis and ABCA4; retinopathy), ATV (MDR1 and UGT1A1*28; hyperbilirubinemia; and APOA5; dyslipidemia), NVP (HLA-DRB1*01, HLA-B*3505 and CYP2B6; skin rash and MDR1; hepatotoxicity), and EFV (CYP2B6; depression and suicidal tendencies).

Cross-Sectional Study on Awareness and Knowledge of COVID-19 Among Senior pharmacy Students.

Extraordinary actions have been implemented in an effort to control the rapid spread of the ongoing COVID-19 epidemic in Egypt. People's adherence to control measures is influenced by their knowledge, attitudes and practices towards the disease. Therefore, in the present study we assessed pharmacy senior students' knowledge, attitudes and practices towards the COVID-19 pandemic. An online questionnaire was created and it consisted of 12 questions testing their knowledge about COVID-19 clinical characteristics, transmission routes and prevention and control steps. Among senior pharmacy students (n = 238), 70% were females and 63% were living in greater Cairo. Their main source of information included social media (70%), published articles (48%) and television (48%). The overall correct knowledge score was 83%. Most of the students displayed a good COVID-19 knowledge level (72.5% of the students). The students were least informed when trying to answer questions about hyper-coagulation, as a major cause for death in patients with severe COVID-19, and about the timings on the necessity to wear masks. Assessment of students' attitudes and practices towards COVID-19 reflected that 87% of them were confident that health care teams and scientists could win the fight against the virus. In addition, 72% of students agreed that COVID-19 will be controlled successfully. The greater the students' knowledge, the more confident they felt that COVID-19 will be controlled successfully (OR 2.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03-4.72). Good behavioral practice towards COVID-19 control was confirmed when 87% of students answered that they didn't go out to any crowded place. Females were 3.6 times (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03-3.11) more likely to avoid going out than males. Bad behavioral practice became evident when approximately 50% of students admitted that they did not wear masks when they left their house. Therefore, more efforts should be taken to protect future pharmacists from this pandemic.

EVESOR, a model-based, multiparameter, Phase I trial to optimize the benefit/toxicity ratio of everolimus and sorafenib.

AIM: This novel multiparameter Phase I study aimed to optimize doses/dosing schedules of everolimus and sorafenib drug combination, based on modeling/simulation (NCT01932177). PATIENTS & METHODS: About 26 patients with solid tumors were treated in four different dosing schedules. Everolimus once daily + sorafenib twice daily were given continuously in arms A and B, and intermittently in arms C (alternating every other week) and D (everolimus continuous and sorafenib 3 days on/4 days off). RESULTS: Continuous schedules exhibited higher toxicity risks than intermittent schedules (64.1 vs 35.9%; p < 0.0001), and trends for lower disease control rates (80 vs 100%). No significant pharmacokinetic interaction was identified. CONCLUSION: Feasibility of EVESOR trial is demonstrated. Intermittent schedules might provide better tolerance and efficacy than continuous schedules.

Efficacy and Toxicity of Vincristine and CYP3A5 Genetic Polymorphism in Rhabdomyosarcoma Pediatric Egyptian Patients.

BACKGROUND: Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a rare cancer that develops in soft tissue, particularly skeletal muscle tissue and occasionally hollow organs like the bladder or uterus. Vincristine (VCR) is the main therapy used in treatment of RMS, it is an alkaloid produced from vinca and it is one of the most commonly prescribed drugs in pediatric oncology for the treatment of a number of tumors. The CYP3A5 enzyme is responsible for vincristine metabolism. The effect of CYP3A5 genetic polymorphism on the efficacy and toxicity of VCR on RMS patients still needs further research. METHODS: Genotyping for CYP3A5 SNPs rs776746, rs10264272 and rs41303343 was performed using Taqman Real-Time PCR assays in a retrospective cohort study of 150 RMS pediatric patients treated with vincristine. The relationship between these genotypes and RMS survival was then examined. RESULTS: We found that patients with CYP3A5*3/*3 had the highest incidence of vincristine-induced neuropathy reaching 61.3%. Patients with CYP3A5*1/*3, CYP3A5*3/*6 and the normal metabolizers with CYP3A5*1/*1 had frequencies of 22%, 10.7%, and 4.7%. patients with the lowest frequency of 1.3% were those with the CYP3A5*1/*6 genotype. There was no correlation between the genotypes of CYP3A5*3, CYP3A5*6, CYP3A5*7, and RMS survival. Initial risk, metastasis, response, convulsions, unsteady gait and hepatotoxicity grade had a significant effect on overall survival with p<0.05. CONCLUSION: CYP3A5*1/*1 have less severe vincristine-induced neuropathy than CYP3A5 *1/*3, CYP3A5 *1/*6 and CYP3A5 *3/*3, CYP3A5 *3/*6. There is a significant influence of CYP3A5 mutation on neuropathy grade and assist of ADL as a part of neurotoxicity.

Protective effects of butylated hydroxytoluene on the initiation of N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma in albino rats.

Diethylnitrosamine (DEN), a hepatocarcinogen, is found in a variety of smoked and fried foods and was reported to be hepatotoxic in mice. Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) is a potent antioxidant used in cosmetic formulations and as a food additive and preservative. As a result, BHT was studied as a potential inhibitor in the early stages of diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced HCC. Male Wistar albino rats (n = 24) were equally subdivided. Group 1 was the negative control; Group 2 and 3 administered BHT and DEN, respectively; Group 4 received BHT followed by DEN. Blood samples and rat livers were taken for biochemical and histological investigation. Hepatotoxicity was assessed by increased liver enzymes and HCC indicators, along with reduced antioxidant and pro-apoptotic factors. AFP, AFPL3, GPC3, GSH, SOD, MDA, CASP3 and BAX expression increased significantly after DEN treatment. DEN also reduced GPx, CAT, and CYP2E1 activity, and BCl-2 expression. Moreover, in the hepatic parenchyma, the DEN caused histological alterations. Pretreatment with BHT enhanced antioxidant status while preventing histopathological and most biochemical alterations. BHT pretreatment suppresses DEN-initiated HCC by decreasing oxidative stress, triggering intrinsic mitotic apoptosis, and preventing histopathological changes in liver tissue.

Probiotics mixture and taurine attenuate L-arginine-induced acute pancreatitis in rats: Impact on transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV-1)/IL-33/NF-κB signaling and apoptosis.

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an inflammatory disorder of acinar cells. It may develop into severe chronic pancreatitis with a significant mortality rate. The current study aimed to assess the therapeutic effect of a Lactobacillus (LAB) mixture against rat AP. Six groups were created including control, taurine (300 mg/kg; i.p.) for 7 days, LAB mixture for 7 days, L-arginine (2.5 g/kg; i.p.) 2 doses with 1 h interval on 1st day, L-arginine+taurine, and L-arginine+LAB. Serum amylase and lipase activities were measured. Pancreatic tissue was used for histopathological examination, oxidative stress biomarkers including malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH), and inflammatory biomarkers including myeloperoxidase (MPO) and interleukin (IL)-33 assessment. qRT-PCR was used for transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV-1) investigation and Western blot analysis for measuring nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κBp65) and the apoptosis biomarker; caspase-3. Taurine and LAB reduced lipase and significantly ameliorated induced oxidative stress by normalizing MDA and GSH contents. They counteracted inflammation by reducing MPO, IL-33, NF-κBp65, and TRPV-1. In addition, taurine and LAB counteracted apoptosis as proved by reduced caspase-3 expression. Taken together, these findings indicate that taurine and the use LAB mixture can mitigate AP by L-arginine via influencing TRPV-1/IL-33/NF-κB signaling together with exhibiting potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

Safety and Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccines: Results from a Cross-Sectional Survey among Staff, Workers and Students at an Egyptian University.

Mass vaccination is the most effective strategy against the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, concerns about the vaccine's safety and effectiveness remain a huge obstacle to vaccine acceptance. The aim of the present study was to explore different COVID-19 vaccine outcomes, including the development of adverse events and/or COVID-19 infection following COVID-19 vaccination. A cross-sectional study was conducted by distributing an online survey targeting staff and students at the British university in Egypt. A total of 637 participants fully completed the survey. Of these, 609 (95.6%) participants received the COVID-19 vaccine. Only 12.6% of the total vaccinated participants reported COVID-19 infection after vaccination. Of these, only 2.8% reported having severe symptoms while 9.9% reported having no or mild symptoms. The most common side effects reported after the first vs. second dose were headache (36.3% vs. 14.6%), tiredness and fatigue (26.9% vs. 10.7), and fever (25.6% vs. 6.7%). In conclusion, the present study explored different COVID-19 vaccine outcomes where the overall incidence of side effects is higher after the first dose than after the second dose. There is a relationship between COVID-19 vaccines' side effects and gastrointestinal disorders, gender, and the type of COVID-19 vaccine. Post-vaccination symptoms were more frequently reported in women compared to men and more frequent with viral vector vaccines compared to other types. The effectiveness of different types of COVID-19 vaccines was confirmed by the lower incidence rate of post-vaccination COVID-19 infection.

An evaluation of relugolix/estradiol/norethindrone acetate for the treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding associated with uterine fibroids in premenopausal women.

INTRODUCTION: Uterine Fibroids (UFs) are the most predominant benign tumor in women who are coming of reproductive age, and causes intense economic load priced in billions of US dollars. Historically, surgery has been the main definitive treatment, albeit less attractive nowadays, especially for women with future fertility plans. Therefore, studies to explore the pharmacological treatment options are increasing especially as those that are currently available are limited for short-term use only. AREAS COVERED: This drug evaluation features the clinical results from previous and ongoing studies of relugolix, in combination with the add back therapy of estradiol (E2) and norethindrone acetate (NETA), as a novel, orally administered, nonpeptide antagonist of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) for the management of heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) in premenopausal women with UFs. EXPERT OPINION: The combination of relugolix/E2/NETA is an encouraging, well-tolerated and noninvasive pharmacological option for UFs patients. Relugolix induced a concentration-dependent decrease in HMB. However, it should be used with hormonal add-back therapy (E2+ NETA) to avoid induced hypoestrogenic side effects, importantly bone mineral density loss. Moreover, symptoms will likely resume shortly after the termination of the relugolix combination administration.

Thymoquinone: A Promising Natural Compound with Potential Benefits for COVID-19 Prevention and Cure.

COVID-19 has caused a major global health crisis, as excessive inflammation, oxidation, and exaggerated immune response in some sufferers can lead to a condition known as cytokine storm, which may progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDs), which can be fatal. So far, few effective drugs have emerged to assist in the treatment of patients with COVID-19, though some herbal medicine candidates may assist in the fight against COVID-19 deaths. Thymoquinone (TQ), the main active ingredient of black seed oil, possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory and anticoagulant activities. TQ also increases the activity and number of cytokine suppressors, lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and macrophages, and it has demonstrated antiviral potential against a number of viruses, including murine cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, hepatitis C virus, human immunodeficiency virus, and other coronaviruses. Recently, TQ has demonstrated notable antiviral activity against a SARSCoV-2 strain isolated from Egyptian patients and, interestingly, molecular docking studies have also shown that TQ could potentially inhibit COVID-19 development through binding to the receptor-binding domain on the spike and envelope proteins of SARS-CoV-2, which may hinder virus entry into the host cell and inhibit its ion channel and pore forming activity. Other studies have shown that TQ may have an inhibitory effect on SARS CoV2 proteases, which could diminish viral replication, and it has also demonstrated good antagonism to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptors, allowing it to interfere with virus uptake into the host cell. Several studies have also noted its potential protective capability against numerous chronic diseases and conditions, including diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, asthma, renal dysfunction and malignancy. TQ has recently been tested in clinical trials for the treatment of several different diseases, and this review thus aims to highlight the potential therapeutic effects of TQ in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Effects of TNF-α antagonist infliximab on fructose-induced metabolic syndrome in rats.

Public health issues have been raised regarding fructose toxicity and its serious metabolic disorders. Deleterious effects of high fructose intake on insulin sensitivity, body weight, lipid homeostasis have been identified. The new millennium has witnessed the emergence of a modern epidemic, the metabolic syndrome (MS), in approximately 25% of the world's adult population. The current study aimed to investigate the effect of the TNF-α antagonist infliximab on fructose-induced MS in rats. Rats were administered fructose (10%) in drinking water for 12 weeks to induce the experimental MS model. infliximab (5 mg/kg) was injected once weekly intraperitoneally starting on the 13th week for 4 weeks. Increase in body weight, blood glucose level, serum triglycerides (TGs), adiponectin level and blood pressure were present in MS rats. They also prompted increases in serum of leptin, TNF-α, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Treatment with infliximab did not affect body weight, hyperglycemia or hypertension, but decreased serum TGs and increased serum HDL-c levels. Infliximab also decreased adiponectin levels. Surprisingly, infliximab increased MDA above its value in the MS group. These results reflect the fact that infliximab affects the manifestations of MS in rats. Though infliximab reduced TGs, increased HDL-c levels, reversed adiponectin resistance occurred by fructose, the drug failed to combat MS-mediated hyperglycemia, hypertension, and elevated MDA above the insult.

Pharmaceutical policies and regulations of oral antiviral drugs for treatment of hepatitis C in Egypt-case study.

BACKGROUND: There are limited studies on the role of efficient regulatory mechanisms in facilitating greater access to Hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment. Evidence to support the importance of effective pharmaceutical policies and regulations in improving access to oral viral drugs towards the elimination of HCV is needed. This study aims to explore the adequacy of the implemented pharmaceutical policies and regulations in Egypt and their role to improve the availability and affordability of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) to achieve universal access to the treatment of HCV. METHODS: The study adopts a qualitative methodology using desk review of regulatory and legislative information, literature review, and semi-structured interviews with key experts from the concerned governmental regulatory agencies, pharmaceutical industries, academic organizations, professional associations, civil society organizations, and clinicians who are working in researching treatments for hepatitis C. FINDINGS: The common DAAs available in the market are Daclatasvir, Sofosbuvir, and Sofosbuvir-based direct-acting antiviral combinations. Fast-track medicines registration pathway for marketing authorization of DAAs is used to reduce market access time frames. The pricing policies are supplemented using price negotiation to set up affordable prices that led to a reasonable price for DAAs. Using Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) flexibility and local production of quality generics DAAs at lower prices. In addition, political will and collaboration between the government, civil society, and pharmaceutical companies improved patients' access to affordable DAAs and succeeding hepatitis C treatment in Egypt. CONCLUSIONS: The study findings indicated that the implemented pharmaceutical policies and regulations have an immense role in enhancing access to medicines towards the elimination of hepatitis C in Egypt.

Rice Bran Extract Protected against LPS-Induced Neuroinflammation in Mice through Targeting PPAR-γ Nuclear Receptor.

PPAR-γ anti-inflammatory functions have received significant attention since its agonists have been shown to exert a wide range of protective effects in many experimental models of neurologic diseases. Rice bran is very rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are reported to act as PPAR-γ partial agonists. Herein, the anti-inflammatory effect of rice bran extract (RBE) through PPAR-γ activation was evaluated in LPS-induced neuroinflammatory mouse model in comparison to pioglitazone (PG) using 80 Swiss albino mice. RBE (100 mg/kg) and PG (30 mg/kg) were given orally for 21 days and LPS (0.25 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally for the last 7 days. TNF-α and COX-2 brain contents were evaluated by real-time PCR and immunohistochemical analysis. In addition, NFκB binding to its response element was evaluated alongside with the effect of treatments on IκB gene expression. Furthermore, PPAR-γ sumoylation was also studied. Finally, histopathological examination was performed for different brain areas. RBE administration was found to protect against the LPS-induced inflammatory effects by decreasing the inflammatory mediator expression in mice brains. It also decreased PPAR-γ sumoylation without significant effect on IκB expression or NFκB binding to its response element. The majority of the effects were attenuated in presence of PPAR-γ antagonist (GW9662). Level of significance was set to P < 0.05. Such findings highlight the agonistic effect of RBE component(s) on PPAR-γ and support the hypothesis of involvement of PPAR-γ activation in its neuroprotective effect.

Transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of CYP1A1 by vanadium in human hepatoma HepG2 cells.

We recently demonstrated that V(5+) downregulates 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-mediated induction of Cyp1a1 mRNA, protein, and catalytic activity levels in Hepa 1c1c7 cells through transcriptional mechanism. Therefore, it is important to investigate whether similar changes occur in humans. For this purpose, we examined the effect of V(5+) (as ammonium metavanadate, NH(4)VO(3)) on the expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-regulated gene; cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) at each step of the AhR signal transduction pathway in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. Our results show a significant reduction in TCDD-mediated induction of CYP1A1 mRNA, protein, and activity levels after V(5+) treatment in a dose-dependent manner. Investigating the effect of co-exposure to V(5+) and TCDD at transcriptional levels revealed that V(5+) significantly inhibited TCDD-mediated induction of AhR-dependent luciferase reporter gene expression. Looking at the posttranscriptional level, V(5+) did not affect CYP1A1 mRNA stability, thus eliminating the possible role of V(5+) in modifying CYP1A1 gene expression through this mechanism. On the other hand, at the posttranslational level, V(5+) was able to significantly decrease CYP1A1 protein half-life contributing to the inconsistency between catalytic activity and transcriptional level. Importantly, we showed that V(5+) did not significantly alter the heme oxygenase-1 mRNA level, thus eliminating any possibility that V(5+) might have decreased CYP1A1 activity through affecting its heme content. This study demonstrates for the first time that V(5+) downregulates the expression of CYP1A1 at the transcriptional, posttranscriptional and posttranslational mechanisms in the human hepatoma HepG2 cells.

Protective effects of morin against depressive-like behavior prompted by chronic unpredictable mild stress in rats: Possible role of inflammasome-related pathways.

Depression is a common mental illness that possesses a noteworthy effect on patients' lives. Many theories are recently studied for their plausible involvement in depression pathogenesis, especially oxidative stress and inflammation. Morin (2',3,4',5,7-pentahydroxyflavone), a natural flavonoid, is characterized by its potent anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant activities. Accordingly, the aim of the current study was to investigate its potential protective anti-depressant effect in the model of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) in experimental rats. Moreover, the conceivable neuro-protective mechanisms, especially those related to the inflammasome pathway, were explored. Several, mild, unpredictable stressors were applied for 4 weeks concomitantly with the oral administration of morin (15 and 30 mg/Kg). Morin hydrate supplementations exhibited a significant improvement in the scores of the forced swimming and sucrose preference tests. In addition, it prompted a marked elevation in the ambulation, rearing as well as grooming scores of the open field test. The morin-treated groups showed a great improvement in the biochemical parameters in both the cortex and hippocampus, where it significantly elevated the serotonin, epinephrine, and norepinephrine levels. Also, it significantly increased reduced glutathione levels and decreased malondialdehyde levels. Regarding the inflammasome pathway, morin significantly decreased the tissue levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, toll-like receptor-4, interleukin-1beta, NOD-like receptor pyrin domain-containing protein-3, and caspase-1 levels. Morin also significantly decreased the level of the key apoptotic marker, caspase-3. In conclusion, these findings propose that morin might show a promising anti-depressant effect.

The novel SOD mimetic GC4419 increases cancer cell killing with sensitization to ionizing radiation while protecting normal cells.

While radiotherapy is a widely used treatment for many types of human cancer, problems of radio-resistance and side effects remain. Side effects induced by ionizing radiation (IR) arise primarily from its propensity to trigger inflammation and oxidative stress with damage of normal cells and tissues near the treatment area. The highly potent superoxide dismutase mimetic, GC4419 (Galera Therapeutics), rapidly enters cells and is highly effective in dismutating superoxide (O2•-). We performed studies to assess the potency of GC4419 in cancer killing and radio-sensitization in human lung cancer cells and normal immortalized lung cells. Treatment with GC4419 did not alter the radical generation during IR, primarily hydroxyl radical (.OH); however, it quenched the increased levels of O2•- detected in the cancer cells before and following IR. GC4419 triggered cancer cell death and inhibited cancer cell proliferation with no adverse effect on normal cells. Combination of GC4419 with IR augmented the cytotoxic effects of IR on cancer cells compared to monotherapy, while protecting normal cells from IR-induced cell death. DNA fragmentation and caspase-3 activity assays showed that combination of GC4419 with IR enhances cancer cell apoptosis. Moreover, GC4419 increased IR-induced Bax levels with decreased Bcl-2 and elevated Bax/Bcl-2 ratio following treatment. GC4419 increased TrxR activity in the normal cells but decreased activity in cancer cells, conferring increased cancer cell sensitivity to oxidative stress. In conclusion, GC4419 increases the cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic activity of IR in lung cancer cells while decreasing injury in normal cells.