Determinants in HIV counselling and testing in couples in North Rift Kenya.

BACKGROUND: Voluntary HIV counselling and testing (VCT) has been shown to be an acceptable and effective tool in the fight against HIV/AIDS. Couple HIV Counselling and Testing (CHCT) however, is a relatively new concept whose acceptance and efficacy is yet to be determined. OBJECTIVE: To describe factors that motivate couples to attend VCT as a couple. DESIGN: A cross sectional qualitative study. SETTING: Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital and Moi University, School of Medicine, Eldoret, Kenya SUBJECTS: Seventy one individuals were interviewed during KII (9) and dyad interviews (31 couples). Ten FGDs involving a total of 109 individuals were held. RESULTS: Cultural practices, lack of CHCT awareness, stigma and fear of results deter CHCT utilisation. Location of centre where it is unlikely to be associated with HIV testing, qualified professional staff and minimal waiting times would enhance CHCT utilisation. CONCLUSIONS: CHCT as a tool in the fight against HIV/AIDS in this region of Kenya is feasible as the factors that would deter couples are not insurmountable.

Stakeholders perception of HIV sero-discordant couples in western Kenya.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the perceptions of key stakeholders regarding the counselling needs of HIV sero-discordant couples as part of preparation for a clinical trial involving HIV sero-discordant couples. DESIGN: Qualitative study using key informant and couple interviews. SETTING: Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital (MTRH). SUBJECTS: A purposive sample of nine key informants and 31 couple interviews totaling 71 participants. The couple interviews consisted of HIV untested, HIV concordant (positive and negative) and discordant couples. RESULTS: Seventy one individuals participated in nine key informant and 31 couple interviews. The responses identified the following as key issues in counselling HIV discordant couples: The need for education on the meaning of HIV sero-discordancy including potential sources of infection; assistance in disclosing HIV test results to one's partner; discussion of the stigma surrounding formula feeding. Overall, the participants supported safer sexual practices in discordant partnerships. CONCLUSIONS: Psychosocial support of HIV sero-discordant couples should include messages about the meaning, mechanisms and implications of sero-discordancy. Culturally appropriate HIV-disclosure and safer sex messages are also needed to support these partnerships.

From their own perspective. A Kenyan community's perception of tuberculosis.

Early passive case finding and treatment compliance are the cornerstones of tuberculosis (TB) control programs. As human behavior plays a critical role in both strategies, a better understanding of it is important for the planning and implementation of a successful TB programme, especially for the health education component, Our qualitative study in Uasin Gishu, Kenya, aimed at a better understanding of the community's beliefs and perceptions of TB, recognition of early symptoms and health-seeking behavior. Five focus groups with a total of 49 people were held: on with hospitalized TB patients, two with rural and two with urban participants. Tuberculosis is well known in the communities and many vernacular names for the disease exist. TB is perceived as a contagious, 'sensitive' disease difficult to diagnose and treat. Community members believe that TB should be diagnosed and treated in a hospital or by a medical doctor and not at the peripheric level. TB treatment is perceived as long, agonising and cumbersome. Traditional treatment is considered a valid alternative to modern treatment, believed to be as effective and much shorter. Initial symptoms such as cough and fever are often overlooked and/or confused with malaria or a common cold. Symptoms associated with the disease refer to the later stage of TB. TB is attributed to causes such as smoking, alcohol, hard work, exposure to cold and sharing with TB patients. Many participants believe TB is hereditary. Prolonged self-treatment and consultation with the traditional health sector as well as the social stigma attached to the disease increase patient's delay. Only after symptoms persist for some time and/or the suspect's health deteriorates, are modern health services consulted. These social conditions necessitate culturally sensitive health education, taking into account local perceptions of TB.