RESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND METHODS: Prevalence of benign melanocytic nevi (moles) has been shown to be a major predictor of malignant melanoma. In this study the prevalence of moles in a group of 2140 children, aged 4 to 11 years, was determined. A standard questionnaire was completed by the parents of each child and included information on environmental and life-style factors. Examination data for each child were linked to the data obtained from the questionnaire. RESULTS: Prevalence increases rapidly throughout childhood and studies of children may indicate which factors contribute to mole development. Boys had more moles than girls, as did white children when compared with other ethnic groups. Prevalence of moles increased with age in children of both sexes. Among whites, skin color had little influence on mole prevalence. The following characteristics, however, were associated with an increased prevalence of moles: a propensity to burn rather than tan, a history of sunburn, a tendency to freckle, and a life-style involving increased sun exposure. A striking positive association between prevalence of moles and number of foreign holidays in a hot climate was observed. This association was independent of a history of sunburn. CONCLUSIONS: The study supports the hypothesis that environmental factors influence the prevalence of moles in childhood.
Asunto(s)
Nevo Pigmentado/epidemiología , Neoplasias Cutáneas/epidemiología , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Nevo Pigmentado/etnología , Nevo Pigmentado/etiología , Nevo Pigmentado/patología , Prevalencia , Neoplasias Cutáneas/etnología , Neoplasias Cutáneas/etiología , Neoplasias Cutáneas/patología , Quemadura Solar/complicaciones , Reino Unido/epidemiologíaAsunto(s)
Concienciación , Cognición , Etnicidad , Deseabilidad Social , Percepción Visual , Niño , Humanos , Masculino , Nebraska , Instituciones Académicas , Medio Social , Percepción SocialRESUMEN
The effects of brief response-contingent physical restraint on the behavior of four hyperactive moderately or severely mentally retarded persons were investigated. Each instance of out-of-seat behavior resulted in a return to the seat followed by a 15-second physical restraint. Using a combined reversal and multiple-baseline across subjects design, we found that the out-of-seat behavior of all four subjects increased during the two implementations of the restraint contingency when compared with levels obtained during alternative baseline periods. Possible reasons for the increase in the behavior under the restraint contingency rather than the expected decrease were discussed.
Asunto(s)
Hipercinesia/terapia , Discapacidad Intelectual/complicaciones , Restricción Física/efectos adversos , Niño , Humanos , Hipercinesia/etiología , Discapacidad Intelectual/psicología , Masculino , Refuerzo en Psicología , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
The prevalence of benign pigmented nevi in a group of 187 children, aged 8 or 9 years, was determined for each of 31 anatomic sites. Information on possible associated factors was obtained from the children's parents with a standard interview questionnaire. Pale skin color was found to be associated with a higher prevalence of nevi. A comparison of these data with recent data from Australia supports the hypotheses that (1) the number of nevi is a risk factor for melanoma and (2) groups at high risk of melanoma may be formed in childhood.