Evidence of Chemoresponsiveness in Unresectable Metastatic Angiomatoid Fibrous Histiocytoma.

Angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma (AFH) is a soft tissue neoplasm of intermediate biological potential. Typically a slow-growing tumor, it can recur locally. Rarely, it manifests as a soft tissue sarcoma capable of metastasis. When metastases are nonamenable to local therapy, it is believed uniformly fatal. We present 3 patients with metastatic AFH who demonstrated a sustained response to chemotherapy; including one who achieved complete remission with cryoablation. These cases reinforce the potential value of chemotherapy in some patients with unresectable metastatic AFH and provide the first case in the literature of cryoablation in AFH.

European expert recommendations on clinical investigation and evaluation of high-risk medical devices for children.

Several high-risk medical devices for children have become unavailable in the European Union (EU), since requirements and costs for device certification increased markedly due to the EU Medical Device Regulation. The EU-funded CORE-MD project held a workshop in January 2023 with experts from various child health specialties, representatives of European paediatric associations, a regulatory authority and the European Commission Directorate General Health and Food Safety. A virtual follow-up meeting took place in March 2023. We developed recommendations for investigation of high-risk medical devices for children building on participants' expertise and results of a scoping review of clinical trials on high-risk medical devices in children. Approaches for evaluating and certifying high-risk medical devices for market introduction are proposed.

Fostering research in pediatric interventional radiology: needs assessment and suggestions for support.

BACKGROUND: Due to the rarity of pediatric diseases, collaborative research is the key to maximizing the impact of research studies. A research needs assessment survey was created to support initiatives to foster pediatric interventional radiology research. OBJECTIVE: To assess the status of pediatric interventional radiology research, identify perceived barriers, obtain community input on areas of research/education/support, and create metrics for evaluating changes/responses to programmatic initiatives. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A survey link was sent to approximately 275 members of the Society for Pediatric Interventional Radiology (SPIR) between May and October 2020. Data was collected using a web-based interface. Data collected included practice setting, clinical role, research experience, research barriers, and suggestions for future initiatives. RESULTS: Fifty-nine surveys were analyzed with a staff physician survey response rate of 28% (56/198). A wide range of practice sizes from 15 countries were represented. Respondents were predominantly staff physicians (95%; 56/59) with an average of 11 years (range: 1-25 years) of clinical experience working at academic or freestanding children's hospitals. A total of 100% (59/59) had research experience, and 70% (41/58) had published research with a mean of 30 peer-reviewed publications (range: 1-200). For job security, 56% (33/59) of respondents were expected or required to publish, but only 19% (11/58) had research support staff, and 42% (25/59) had protected research time, but of those, 36% (9/25) got the time "sometimes or never." Lack of support staff, established collaborative processes, and education were identified as top barriers to performing research. CONCLUSIONS: The needs assessment survey demonstrated active research output despite several identified barriers. There is a widespread interest within the pediatric interventional radiology community for collaborative research.

Diagnostic yield and safety of ultrasound-guided bowel mass biopsies in children.

BACKGROUND: Traditionally, ultrasound (US)-guided bowel mass biopsies are avoided in favour of endoscopic or surgical biopsies. However, endoscopy cannot easily reach lesions between the duodenojejunal flexure and the terminal ileum and lesions not involving the mucosa may not be accessible via an endoscopic route. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to report our technique and to assess the diagnostic accuracy and safety of US-guided biopsy of bowel masses in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a 14-year retrospective review of US-guided bowel mass biopsies at a single paediatric hospital. RESULTS: Twenty US-guided bowel mass biopsies were performed in 19 patients (median age: 6 years and 6 months, range: 22 months-17 years, median weight: 22 kg, range: 10.2-48.4 kg). For 14 biopsies, there was no other lesion that could potentially be biopsied. A percutaneous coaxial technique was used for 19 biopsies and a transanal non-coaxial biopsy was performed in 1. A median of 9 (range: 2-15) cores of tissue was obtained at each biopsy. The technical success rate and adequacy of diagnostic yield were 100%. The most common diagnosis was lymphoma, which occurred in 16 biopsies. Three biopsies contained mucosa. There was one complication out of 20 biopsies (5%, 95% confidence interval 0-15%): a self-limiting, post biopsy pyrexia. Nineteen procedures were accompanied by a bone marrow aspirate and/or trephine within 2 weeks of the bowel biopsy, only one of which was diagnostic. CONCLUSION: US-guided bowel mass biopsy can be performed safely in children, with a high diagnostic yield and low complication rate.

Challenges and Opportunities for Continued Success and Growth of Pediatric Interventional Radiology: A Communiqué From the Society for Pediatric Interventional Radiology.

OBJECTIVE: Pediatric interventional radiology (PIR) is a dynamic and growing subspecialty. We will detail our need to evolve like the emerging therapies and innovative imaging options that we provide to children. CONCLUSION: New interventional radiology training pathways, maintaining competency with small volumes of complex procedures, limited availability of pediatric-specific equipment, questions about the safety of sedation in the developing brain, and the dearth of PIR opportunities outside of North America provide challenges and opportunities for the vibrant community of PIR practitioners.

Quality and readability of online patient information regarding sclerotherapy for venous malformations.

BACKGROUND: Patients often use the internet as a source of information about their condition and treatments. However, this information is unregulated and varies in quality. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the readability and quality of online information for pediatric and adult patients and caregivers regarding sclerotherapy for venous malformations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: "Venous malformation sclerotherapy" was entered into Google, and results were reviewed until 20 sites that satisfied predefined inclusion criteria were identified. Scientific and non-patient-focused web pages were excluded. Readability was assessed using the Flesch Reading Ease Score and American Medical Association reading difficulty recommendations and quality was assessed using Journal of the American Medical Association standards and assessing if the site displayed HONcode (Health on the Net Code) certification. Assessment of the breadth of relevant information was made using a predefined checklist. RESULTS: Forty-nine search engine results were reviewed before 20 sites were identified for analysis. Average Flesch Reading Ease Score was 44 (range: 24.2-70.1), representing a "fairly difficult" reading level. None of the sites had a Flesch Reading Ease Score meeting the American Medical Association recommendation of 80-90. Only one site met all four Journal of the American Medical Association quality criteria (average: 2.1). None of the sites displayed a HONcode seal. The information most frequently found was: sclerotherapy is performed by radiologists, multiple treatments may be needed and surgery is an alternative treatment. CONCLUSION: Online information regarding sclerotherapy for venous malformations is heterogeneous in quality and breadth of information, and does not meet readability recommendations for patient information. Radiologists should be aware of and account for this when meeting patients.

Surgical jejunostomy and radiological gastro-jejunostomy tube feeding in children: risks, benefits and nutritional outcomes.

PURPOSE: Radiologically inserted gastrojejunal tubes (RGJ) and surgical jejunostomy (SJ) are established modes of jejunal feeding. The aim of the study is to review nutritional outcomes, complications and the practical consideration to enable patients and carers to make informed choice. METHODS: Retrospective review of patient notes with a RGJ or SJ in 2010, with detailed follow-up and review of the literature. RESULTS: Both RGJ and SJ are reliable modes to provide stable enteral nutrition. Both have complications and their own associated limitations. CONCLUSIONS: The choice has to be tailored to the individual patient, the social care available, the inherent medical disease and risk/benefit of repeated anaesthetic and radiation exposure. RGJ and SJ are important tools for nutritional management that achieve and maintain growth in a complex group of children. The risk and benefits should be reviewed for each individual patient.

Endovenous laser ablation therapy in children: applications and outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Endovenous laser ablation is well recognized as the first-line treatment for superficial venous reflux with varicose veins in adults. It is not widely reported and is not an established practice in pediatric patients. OBJECTIVE: To illustrate a variety of pediatric venous conditions in which endovenous laser ablation can be utilized and to demonstrate its feasibility and safety in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of endovenous laser ablation procedures performed between January 2007 and July 2014 at two large pediatric institutions. RESULTS: We included 35 patients (17 males) who underwent endovenous laser ablation to 43 veins. Median age at first treatment was 14 years (range: 3-18 years). Median weight was 56 kg (range: 19-97 kg). Underlying diagnoses were common venous malformation (15), Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome (8), superficial venous reflux with varicose veins (5), verrucous hemangioma-related phlebectasia (4), venous varix (2) and arteriovenous fistula (1). The most common aim of treatment was to facilitate sclerotherapy. Thirty-four patients had treatment in the lower limbs and one patient in an upper limb. Ten of the veins treated with endovenous laser ablation had an additional procedure performed to close the vein. Complications attributable to endovenous laser ablation occurred in two patients (6%). One patient experienced post-procedural pain and one patient developed a temporary sensory nerve injury. Median clinical follow-up was 13 months (range: 28 days-5.7 years). The aim of the treatment was achieved in 29 of the 35 (83%) patients. CONCLUSION: Endovenous laser ablation is technically feasible and safe in children. It can be used in the management of a range of pediatric venous diseases with good outcomes.

Neuropathy after sodium tetradecyl sulfate sclerotherapy of venous malformations in children.

PURPOSE: To estimate the risk of nerve injuries and assess outcomes after sodium tetradecyl sulfate (STS) sclerotherapy of venous malformations (VMs) in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sclerotherapy is the treatment of choice for most VMs, but all sclerotherapy agents are associated with the risk of complications. Neuropathy is considered a rare but potentially serious complication of venous sclerotherapy. The institutional review board waived ethical approval for this retrospective review, in which 647 sclerotherapy procedures were performed in 204 patients (104 female and 100 male patients; mean age, 9 years 6 months [range, 6 months to 17 years 11 months]) as treatment for symptomatic VMs. Technical and clinical success of the treatment was evaluated. Complications were reviewed with a particular focus on nerve injury. Informed consent, specifying the risk of neuropathy, as well as pain, swelling, infection, risks of anesthesia, skin injury, nonresolution or worsening of symptoms, and possible need for further or multiple procedures, was obtained for all patients. Standard sclerotherapy techniques were used. Technical details of all procedures were recorded prospectively. Follow-up included immediate postprocedural assessment and outpatient clinic review. All nerve injuries were recorded. Patients were monitored and treated according to clinical need. Confidence intervals were calculated by using the Wilson method, without correction for continuity. RESULTS: Treatment was technically successful in 197 of 204 patients (96.6%), and clinical success was achieved in 174 of 204 (85.3%). Thirty-seven of the 647 procedures (5.7%) resulted in a complication, including 11 cases of excessive swelling, nine cases of skin injury, two patients with infection, and two with pain. Motor and/or sensory nerve injuries occurred after seven procedures (1.1%). Five of the seven children had undergone at least one previous sclerotherapy procedure. Neuropathy resolved spontaneously in four patients and partially recovered in three, of whom two underwent surgery. Surgery included debridement of necrotic tissue, carpal tunnel decompression, and external neurolysis. CONCLUSION: Nerve injury is an unusual but not rare complication of STS sclerotherapy. A degree of recovery, which may be complete, can be expected in most patients.

Fluoroscopic balloon dilation of esophageal atresia anastomotic strictures in children and young adults: single-center study of 103 consecutive patients from 1999 to 2011.

PURPOSE: To determine whether fluoroscopic balloon dilation (FBD) is a safe and effective method of treating esophageal anastomotic stricture after surgical repair in an unselected patient population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: With ethics committee approval, records for 103 consecutive patients who underwent FBD with our interventional radiology service (1999-2011) were reviewed retrospectively. Patients underwent diagnostic contrast material-enhanced study prior to the first dilation. Dilations were performed by using general anesthesia. Outcomes were number and/or frequency of dilations, clinical effectiveness and response to dilations, esophageal perforation, requirement for surgery, and mortality. Data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (with range). Comparisons were conducted by using the Fisher exact test and log-rank test. The significance level was set at P < .05. RESULTS: One hundred three patients (61 male patients, 59%) underwent 378 FBD sessions (median, two dilations per patient; range, 1-40 dilations). The median age at first FBD was 2.2 years (range, 0.1-19.5 years). The balloon catheter diameters ranged from 4 to 20 mm. FBD was successful in 93 patients (90%): 44 (47%) after single dilation and 49 (53%) after multiple dilations. There was no difference in the proportion of patients who required one dilation and were younger than 1 year versus those who were 1 year of age and older (P > .99; odds ratio, 1.07 [range, 0.43-2.66]). Ten patients (10%) required further procedures: Three underwent stent placement, three underwent esophageal stricture resection, and four underwent esophageal reconstruction. Four esophageal perforations (1%) developed after FBD. Antireflux surgery was performed in 18 patients (17%). There were no deaths. CONCLUSION: FBD for anastomotic strictures after esophageal atresia repair is feasible and acceptably safe and provides relief of symptoms in most patients (90%); however, about half require more than one dilation, and surgery is best predicted if more than 10 dilations are required.

Potential pitfalls in imaging of paediatric cerebral sinovenous thrombosis.

Paediatric cerebral sinovenous thrombosis (CSVT) is a rare but serious condition. The imaging signs may be subtle with a number of potential pitfalls. We present a pictorial essay of the pitfalls of diagnosis of CSVT on CT and MRI. We describe, using examples, potential pitfalls on both imaging modalities including anatomical variants of the cerebral venous system, extra-axial fluid collections and enhancement of chronic thrombus. Pitfalls particular to CT are discussed including beam-hardening artefact, image windowing and neonatal physiological intravascular hyperdensity. We review the potential variability in the appearance of thrombus on MRI, dependent largely on the stage of thrombus evolution and the pulse sequence. The signal intensity of thrombi, although described as evolving in a typical pattern on T1- and T2-weighted MRI, may be affected by variability in the degree of oxygenation of red cells in the forming thrombus, dilution and secondary propagation of thrombosis. Individual MRI sequences should not be interpreted in isolation, but as a set, and compared with CT images if available.

Shockwaves and the Rolling Stones: An Overview of Pediatric Stone Disease.

Urinary stone disease is a common problem in adults, with an estimated 10% to 20% lifetime risk of developing a stone and an annual incidence of almost 1%. In contrast, in children, even though the incidence appears to be increasing, urinary tract stones are a rare problem, with an estimated incidence of approximately 5 to 36 per 100,000 children. Consequently, typical complications of rare diseases, such as delayed diagnosis, lack of awareness, and specialist knowledge, as well as difficulties accessing specific treatments also affect children with stone disease. Indeed, because stone disease is such a common problem in adults, frequently, it is adult practitioners who will first be asked to manage affected children. Yet, there are unique aspects to pediatric urolithiasis such that treatment practices common in adults cannot necessarily be transferred to children. Here, we review the epidemiology, etiology, presentation, investigation, and management of pediatric stone disease; we highlight those aspects that separate its management from that in adults and make a case for a specialized, multidisciplinary approach to pediatric stone disease.

Rapidly involuting congenital haemangioma (RICH) of the liver.

BACKGROUND: Rapidly involuting congenital haemangioma (RICH) is a benign neoplasm that may occur in many locations in the body. When RICH occurs in the liver, it may be confused with other lesions. OBJECTIVE: To present a case series from a single institution. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective review of pathological and imaging findings in infants with biopsy-proven hepatic RICH treated at a single hospital. RESULTS: Four children (2 days to 6 weeks of age) presented between 2002 and 2007 with a solitary hepatic lesion. Needle biopsy excluded the alternative possibility of infantile haemangioma by showing negativity for GLUT1. Serial imaging confirmed rapid involution in each child. CONCLUSION: RICH should be suspected in neonates who present with a solitary liver lesion and normal-for-age serum alpha-fetoprotein. Serial US scans should be used to confirm a progressive shrinkage of the lesion. Corticosteroids and ß2-adrenergic antagonists have no proven effect in treating RICH. If the lesion grows, percutaneous needle biopsy is recommended to exclude a malignant tumour and to direct further management. Infants with cardiac failure should be treated medically. Embolization (with or without needle biopsy) should only be performed when this strategy fails.

Mediastinal involvement in lymphangiomatosis: a previously unreported MRI sign.

BACKGROUND: Multifocal lymphangiomatosis is a rare systemic disorder affecting children. Due to its rarity and wide spectrum of clinical, histological and imaging features, establishing the diagnosis of multifocal lymphangiomatosis can be challenging. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to describe a new imaging sign in this disorder: paraspinal soft tissue and signal abnormality at MRI. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the imaging, clinical and histopathological findings in a cohort of eight children with thoracic involvement from this condition. RESULTS: Evidence of paraspinal chest disease was identified at MRI and CT in all eight of these children. The changes comprise heterogeneous intermediate-to-high signal parallel to the thoracic vertebrae on T2-weighted sequences at MRI, with abnormal paraspinal soft tissue at CT and plain radiography. CONCLUSION: Multifocal lymphangiomatosis is a rare disorder with a broad range of clinicopathological and imaging features. MRI allows complete evaluation of disease extent without the use of ionising radiation and has allowed us to describe a previously unreported imaging sign in this disorder, namely, heterogeneous hyperintense signal in abnormal paraspinal tissue on T2-weighted images.

Ultrasound-guided transaxillary access for diagnostic and interventional arteriography in children.

PURPOSE: Most pediatric arteriograms are obtained from a femoral approach; alternative access sites are sometimes needed. Transaxillary arteriography is an established procedure in adults. The purpose of this study was to establish the feasibility and safety of this procedure in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All children who underwent arteriography involving axillary access during a 10-year period were reviewed for demographic details, indications, technical aspects of the procedure, and complications. Twenty-five procedures were performed in 19 children aged between 7 days and 15 years (median, 4.8 years). The children weighed between 2.6 and 47 kg (median, 15 kg). Indications for use of the axillary artery were absolute (including aortic or bilateral iliac artery occlusion) in 15 (60%) and relative (including more favorable angle for thoracic or abdominal intervention) in 10 (40%). Two procedures (8%) were purely diagnostic arteriography procedures. RESULTS: Transaxillary access was successful in all cases. The largest sheath used (7-F) had an outer diameter of 2.7 mm. One child died of a postoperative complication unrelated to the arterial access. There were no neurologic or bleeding complications related to the access site. Two access site complications (8%) occurred-one pseudoaneurysm and one axillary artery dissection-but neither resulted in permanent adverse sequelae. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound-guided transaxillary access is feasible for arteriography in children when femoral access is impossible or unfavorable for technical reasons. Although major complications are unlikely, this study does not exclude the possibility of subtle postoperative nerve injury.

Vascular anomalies: special considerations in children.

The diagnosis and treatment of vascular anomalies are a large part of the caseload for paediatric interventional radiologists. Although many of the principles of sclerotherapy and embolisation are the same in adult and paediatric practice, there are some key differences in the approach for children, including some longer term thinking about managing these chronic diseases and their impact on a growing child. Vascular tumours are not often seen in adult IR practice and the rarest can be life threatening; knowledge of the commonest types and the role IR can play in their management can be instrumental in ensuring that children get appropriate treatment in a timely manner. Vascular anomalies also encompass some conditions associated with complex overgrowth, a subject that often causes confusion and uncertainty for interventional radiologists. This paper presents a simplified and practical approach to this spectrum of disease.

Cystoscopic injection sclerotherapy for bladder venous malformations.

Vascular malformations of the urinary bladder are rare in children and their management can be challenging. This minimally invasive approach was first described by the authors in lead 2013 and demonstrated that cystoscopic injections were safe without breech into the peritoneal cavity [1]. Cystoscopic injection sclerotherapy can be very successful in managing the complications of bladder vascular malformations and thereby avoiding extensive surgery. This VideoBank article demonstrates the technique of cystoscopic sclerotherapy for the management of bladder venous malformations.

Ultrasound-guided core needle biopsy for the diagnosis of rhabdomyosarcoma in childhood.

BACKGROUND: Most commonly a tissue diagnosis of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) in children is made by biopsy as opposed to primary resection. Open surgical procedures are often recommended to obtain sufficient material for accurate and complete diagnostic work up. Our institution has routinely used image-guided needle biopsies for soft tissue tumour diagnosis. We therefore sought to assess diagnostic accuracy and completeness, and procedure safety of consecutive patients diagnosed by needle biopsies in a single institution. METHODS: A retrospective review of consecutive biopsies of patients who were diagnosed with RMS or undifferentiated sarcoma in a single institution over a 9-year period. RESULTS: There were 24 children diagnosed with RMS or undifferentiated sarcoma who underwent 37 procedures (30 primary site and 7 draining lymph nodes). In the primary site diagnostic procedures, definitive diagnosis was made in all cases. In the majority of cases there was sufficient material for molecular analysis, cytogenetics and freezing. There were no complications of biopsy. CONCLUSIONS: In the hands of experienced operators, image-guided needle biopsies of RMSs allow for accurate diagnosis, allow sufficient material to be obtained for supplementary studies and research, and are associated with minimal morbidity.

Splenic Rupture Secondary to Vascular Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome Managed by Coil Embolization of the Splenic Artery.

Aim Atraumatic splenic rupture is uncommon and life-threatening. It may be related to underlying pathology and be the initial manifestation of the condition. Vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (V-EDS) is a rare autosomal dominant collagen vascular disorder, associated with vessel fragility and rupture. We describe a child presenting with splenic rupture managed by embolization of the splenic artery. She was subsequently diagnosed with V-EDS. Case Description A 11-year-old girl with thalassemia trait presented with sudden onset of abdominal pain and hypovolemic shock. There was no history of trauma. Following resuscitation, abdominal computed tomography showed hemoperitoneum and active splenic arterial extravasation. Angiography demonstrated four bleeding points, from irregular vessels supplying the upper two-thirds of the spleen. These were not amenable to supraselective embolization. Therefore, coil embolization of the main splenic artery was performed, with no splenic supply seen on the postembolization angiogram. Her postoperative recovery was complicated by pancreatitis secondary to partial ischemia of the pancreatic tail. Subsequent extensive investigations excluded hematological, myeloproliferative, and infective causes for her splenic rupture. A safeguarding investigation was completed, with no pertinent factors identified. Findings of thin skin, abnormal bruising, and hypermobile joints raised a clinical suspicion of a connective tissue disorder. Genetic testing revealed a de novo mutation of the COL3A1 gene. Conclusions There are only four reports of V-EDS causing splenic rupture in the literature to date. These patients were all adults and only one had not previously been diagnosed with V-EDS. All underwent splenectomy. While V-EDS presenting with abdominal visceral rupture in children has been reported, this is the first report of a child with V-EDS presenting with splenic rupture. It is the only case of splenic rupture secondary to V-EDS that has been managed minimally invasively by embolization.