Pharmacokinetics and safety of prolonged paracetamol treatment in neonates: An interventional cohort study.

AIMS: To investigate the pharmacokinetics and safety of prolonged paracetamol use (>72 h) for neonatal pain. METHODS: Neonates were included if they received paracetamol orally or intravenously for pain treatment. A total of 126 samples were collected. Alanine aminotransferase and bilirubin were measured as surrogate liver safety markers. Paracetamol and metabolites were measured in plasma. Pharmacokinetic parameters for the parent compound were estimated with a nonlinear mixed-effects model. RESULTS: Forty-eight neonates were enrolled (38 received paracetamol for >72 h). Median gestational age was 38 weeks (range 25-42), and bodyweight at inclusion was 2954 g (range 713-4750). Neonates received 16 doses (range 4-55) over 4.1 days (range 1-13.8). The median (range) dose was 10.1 mg/kg (2.9-20.3). The median oxidative metabolite concentration was 14.6 µmol/L (range 0.12-113.5) and measurable >30 h after dose. There was no significant difference (P > .05) between alanine aminotransferase and bilirubin measures at <72 h or >72 h of paracetamol treatment or the start and end of the study. Volume of distribution and paracetamol clearance for a 2.81-kg neonate were 2.99 L (% residual standard error = 8, 95% confidence interval 2.44-3.55) and 0.497 L/h (% residual standard error = 7, 95% confidence interval 0.425-0.570), respectively. Median steady-state concentration from the parent model was 50.3 µmol/L (range 30.6-92.5), and the half-life was 3.55 h (range 2.41-5.65). CONCLUSION: Our study did not provide evidence of paracetamol-induced liver injury nor changes in metabolism in prolonged paracetamol administration in neonates.

Overview of Albumin Physiology and its Role in Pediatric Diseases.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Albumin plays a critical role in a wide range of disease processes; however, the role of albumin in pediatric patients has not been well described. This article aims to review albumin physiology and kinetics in children, albumin's impact on pediatric diseases, and the utility of albumin as a predictor of clinical outcome. RECENT FINDINGS: Hypoalbuminemia is seen in a wide range of conditions, including protein-losing enteropathy, hepatic synthetic failure, malnutrition, inflammatory states, and renal disease. While the impact of hypoalbuminemia has been more extensively studied in adult patients, there is a relative paucity of literature in the pediatric population. Hypoalbuminemia is a marker of poor outcome in critically ill children and those undergoing a wide range of medical interventions. Albumin infusions may be an effective therapy for fluid resuscitation and for patients with severe hypoalbuminemia.

Identification of 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome via Newborn Screening for Severe Combined Immunodeficiency.

PURPOSE: Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS), the most common cause of DiGeorge syndrome, is quite variable. Neonatal diagnosis traditionally relies on recognition of classic features and cytogenetic testing, but many patients come to attention only following identification of later onset conditions, such as hypernasal speech due to palatal insufficiency and developmental and behavioral differences including speech delay, autism, and learning disabilities that would benefit from early interventions. Newborn screening (NBS) for severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is now identifying infants with 22q11.2DS due to T cell lymphopenia. Here, we report findings in such neonates, underscoring the efficacy of early diagnosis. METHODS: A retrospective chart review of 1350 patients with 22q11.2DS evaluated at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia identified 11 newborns with a positive NBS for SCID. RESULTS: Five out of 11 would have been diagnosed with 22q11.2DS without NBS, whereas early identification of 22q11.2DS in 6/11 led to the diagnosis of significant associated features including hypocalcemia, congenital heart disease (CHD), and gastroesophageal reflux disease that may have gone unrecognized and therefore untreated. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support rapidly screening infants with a positive NBS for SCID, but without SCID, for 22q11.2DS even when typically associated features such as CHD are absent, particularly when B cells and NK cells are normal. Moreover, direct NBS for 22q11.2DS using multiplex qPCR would be equally, if not more, beneficial, as early identification of 22q11.2DS will obviate a protracted diagnostic odyssey while providing an opportunity for timely assessment and interventions as needed, even in the absence of T cell lymphopenia.

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.

We report the important association of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) and 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS). The prevalence of CDH in our cohort of patients with 22q11.2DS is 0.8% (10/1246), which is greater than in the general population (0.025%). This observation suggests that 22q11.2DS should be considered when a child or fetus presents with CDH, in particular when other clinical findings associated with the 22q11.2DS are present, such as congenital cardiac defects. Furthermore, this finding may lead to the identification of an additional locus for diaphragmatic hernia in the general population. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Sebaceous hyperplasia of the vulva: a series of cases reporting no association with the Muir-Torre syndrome.

Sebaceous gland hyperplasia is a common skin condition, very rarely reported in the female genital region. We present 13 cases from 12 patients, the first case series of sebaceous gland hyperplasia of the vulva. Differences in age at presentation and clinical presentation compared with classic sebaceous gland hyperplasia from the head and neck region were noted. Also, it was rarely included in the clinical differential diagnosis. Immunohistochemical studies to determine any possible association with the Muir-Torre syndrome were performed and mismatch repair protein loss was not identified.

A sex difference in the onset of the latent learning impairment in rats.

The current study examined a sex difference in the onset of a latent learning impairment in Sprague-Dawley rats. Forty rats (20 male, 20 female) were tested on the Latent Cue Preference (LCP) task at 3 or 11 months of age. Additionally, 19 female rats were tested at 14 or 18 months of age. All rats were given four training trials in the LCP task using a three-compartment box, during which the rats explored a water-paired compartment and an unpaired compartment (each with a different visual cue) on consecutive days. Rats were then water-deprived for 23 hr and given a compartment preference test, in which more time spent in the water-paired compartment demonstrated latent learning. Results showed that 11-month old males and 18-month old females showed impaired latent learning, but 11- and 14-month old females showed intact latent learning, which may possibly be due to the neuroprotective effects of estrogen.

Absence of Toll-IL-1 receptor 8/single immunoglobulin IL-1 receptor-related molecule reduces house dust mite-induced allergic airway inflammation in mice.

Allergic asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease predominately associated with the activation of CD4(+) T helper Type 2 (Th2) cells. Innate pattern recognition receptors are widely acknowledged to shape the adaptive immune response. For example, the activation of airway epithelial Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) is necessary for the generation of house dust mite (HDM)-specific Th2 responses and the development of asthma in mice. Here we sought to determine whether the absence of Toll-interleukin-1 receptor (TIR)-8, a negative regulator of TLR4 signaling that is highly expressed in airway epithelial cells, would exacerbate HDM-induced asthma in a murine model. We found that Th2 but not Th1 or Th17 cytokine expression was significantly reduced in the lung and draining lymph nodes in HDM-sensitized/challenged TIR8 gene-deleted mice. Mucus-producing goblet cells, HDM-specific IgG1, and airway hyperreactivity were also significantly reduced in HDM-exposed, TIR8-deficient mice. Consistent with the attenuated Th2 response, eotaxin-2/CCL24 expression and airway and peribronchial eosinophils were significantly reduced in the absence of TIR8. In contrast, IL-17A-responsive chemokines and neutrophil numbers were unaffected. Similar findings were obtained for cockroach allergen. HDM sensitization alone up-regulated the expression of IL-1F5, a putative TIR8 ligand and inducer of IL-4. Of note, innate IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IL-33 cytokine expression was reduced during HDM sensitization in the absence of TIR8, as was the recruitment of conventional dendritic cells and basophils to the draining lymph nodes. Our findings suggest that TIR8 enhances the development of HDM-induced innate and adaptive Th2, but not Th1 or Th17 type immunity.

Empiric dosing strategies to predict lamotrigine concentrations during pregnancy.

INTRODUCTION: Maintaining seizure control with lamotrigine is complicated by altered pharmacokinetics and existence of subpopulations in whom clearance increases or remains constant during pregnancy. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to characterize the potential for particular dosing scenarios to lead to increased seizure risk or toxicity. METHODS: Lamotrigine pharmacokinetic parameters obtained from our previous study were applied to a one-compartment model structure with subpopulations (75:25%) exhibiting different clearance changes. A single-patient simulation was conducted with typical pharmacokinetic parameter values from each subpopulation. Population-level simulations (N = 48,000) included six dosing scenarios and considered four preconception doses using the R package mrgsolve (Metrum Research Group). Thresholds for efficacy and toxicity were selected as drug concentration that are 65% lower than preconception concentrations and doubling of preconception concentrations, respectively. RESULTS: Individual simulation results demonstrated that without dose increases, concentrations fell below 0.65 at 6-8 weeks in the high clearance change (HC) subpopulation, depending on preconception clearance. While no simulated dosing regimen allowed all women in both subpopulations to maintain preconception concentrations, some regimens provided a more balanced risk profile than others. Predicted concentrations suggested potential increased seizure risk for 7%-100% of women in the HC group depending on preconception dose and subpopulation. Additionally, in 63% of dosing scenarios for women with low clearance change (LC), there was an increased risk of toxicity (34%-100% of women). SIGNIFICANCE: A substantial percentage of simulated individuals had concentrations low enough to potentially increase seizure risk or high enough to create toxicity. Early clearance changes indicate possible subpopulation categorization if therapeutic drug monitoring is conducted in the first trimester. An arbitrary "one-size-fits-all" philosophy may not work well for lamotrigine dosing adjustments during pregnancy and reinforces the need for therapeutic drug monitoring until a patient is determined to be in the LC or HC group.

Management of Anti-Seizure Medications during Pregnancy: Advancements in The Past Decade.

Management of seizures often involves continuous medication use throughout a patient's life, including when a patient is pregnant. The physiological changes during pregnancy can lead to altered drug exposure to anti-seizure medications, increasing patient response variability. In addition, subtherapeutic anti-seizure medication concentrations in the mother may increase seizure frequency, raising the risk of miscarriage and preterm labor. On the other hand, drug exposure increases can lead to differences in neurodevelopmental outcomes in the developing fetus. Established pregnancy registries provide insight into the teratogenicity potential of anti-seizure medication use. In addition, some anti-seizure medications are associated with an increased risk of major congenital malformations, and their use has declined over the last decade. Although newer anti-seizure medications are thought to have more favorable pharmacokinetics in general, they are not without risk, as they may undergo significant pharmacokinetic changes when an individual becomes pregnant. With known changes in metabolism and kidney function during pregnancy, therapeutic monitoring of drug concentrations helps to determine if and when doses should be changed to maintain similar seizure control as observed pre-pregnancy. This review concentrates on the results from research in the past decade (2010-2022) regarding risks of major congenital malformations, changes in prescribing patterns, and pharmacokinetics of the anti-seizure medications that are prescribed to pregnant patients with epilepsy.

Measurement of Quality-of-Life Outcomes in Pediatric and Young Adult Patients Treated for Eosinophilic Esophagitis.

Eosinophilic esophagitis is a chronic, immune-mediated esophageal condition that may lead to impairment of quality of life in pediatric and young adult patients. We performed a prospective, cross-sectional study on 40 patients between the ages of 2-21 years with an established diagnosis of eosinophilic esophagitis. The study evaluated physical, emotional, social, and school functioning in patients undergoing treatment with proton pump inhibitors, dietary elimination, or swallowed corticosteroids. There were no statistically significant differences in total or domain-specific quality of life scores between proton pump inhibitors, dietary elimination, and swallowed corticosteroid therapy. Overall, total and domain-specific quality of life were well-preserved in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis, with the highest scores reported in social functioning. There were also no statistically significant associations between clinical, endoscopic, and histologic features and quality-of-life measures.

Maternal Exposure and Neonatal Effects of Drugs of Abuse.

The public health crisis of pregnant women being exposed to drugs of abuse and of its impact on their unborn children continues to grow at an alarming rate globally. The state of pregnancy is unique, with physiological changes that can lead to changes in the way drugs are handled by the body in both pharmacokinetics and response. These changes place the pregnant woman, fetus, and newborn infant at risk, as many of these drugs can cross the placenta and into breast milk. The substances most commonly linked to harmful effects include alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, stimulants, and opioids. The pharmacological and toxicological changes caused by in utero exposure or breastfeeding exposure are difficult to study, and the full extent of the mechanisms involved are not fully understood. However, these changes can significantly affect the risks of substance abuse and influence optimal treatment of pregnant women with a substance use disorder. In addition, newborns who were exposed to drugs of abuse in utero can experience withdrawal syndromes. Pharmacological management in infants is used to guide and treat withdrawal symptoms, with the goal being to improve the infant's sleep, eating, and comfort. Several barriers may prevent pregnant women from seeking help for substance use, including stigma and interactions with the legal system. Understanding changes in pharmacology, including pharmacokinetic changes that happen during pregnancy, is essential for anticipating the extent of maternal exposure and neonatal adverse effects.

Toll/IL-1 signaling is critical for house dust mite-specific helper T cell type 2 and type 17 [corrected] responses.

RATIONALE: One of the immunopathological features of allergic inflammation is the infiltration of helper T type 2 (Th2) cells to the site of disease. Activation of innate pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) plays a critical role in helper T type 1 cell differentiation, yet their contribution to the generation of Th2 responses to clinically relevant aeroallergens remains poorly defined. OBJECTIVES: To determine the requirement for TLR2, TLR4, and the Toll/IL-1 receptor domain adaptor protein MyD88 in a murine model of allergic asthma. METHODS: Wild-type and factor-deficient ((-/-)) mice were sensitized intranasally to the common allergen house dust mite (HDM) and challenged 2 weeks later on four consecutive days. Measurements of allergic airway inflammation, T-cell cytokine production, and airway hyperreactivity were performed 24 hours later. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Mice deficient in MyD88 were protected from the cardinal features of allergic asthma, including granulocytic inflammation, Th2 cytokine production and airway hyperreactivity. Although HDM activated NF-kappaB in TLR2- or TLR4-expressing HEK cells, only in TLR4(-/-) mice was the magnitude of allergic airway inflammation and hyperreactivity attenuated. The diminished Th2 response present in MyD88(-/-) and TLR4(-/-) mice was associated with fewer OX40 ligand-expressing myeloid dendritic cells in the draining lymph nodes during allergic sensitization. Finally, HDM-specific IL-17 production and airway neutrophilia were attenuated in MyD88(-/-) but not TLR4(-/-) mice. CONCLUSIONS: Together, these data suggest that Th2- and Th17-mediated inflammation generated on inhalational HDM exposure is differentially regulated by the presence of microbial products and the activation of distinct MyD88-dependent pattern recognition receptors.

The impact of underuse of modern methods of contraception among adolescents with unintended pregnancies in 12 low- and middle-income countries.

BACKGROUND: In spite of the last decade increase in availability of contraception, around half of the annual 21 million pregnancies notified in low- and middle-income countries in individuals aged 15-19 years are unintended. We sought to explore the contribution of the underuse of modern methods of contraception (MMC) to the annual incidence of unintended pregnancies among adolescent women. METHODS: We used Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data from 12 low- and middle-income countries. The pooled analysis exploring the risk of unintended pregnancy included 7268 adolescent women with a current unintended pregnancy and 121 894 currently not pregnant 15- to 19-year-old sexually active women who did not desire pregnancy. For each country and the pooled analysis, the odds ratio of unintended pregnancy was calculated in relation to the type of contraception (MMC, Traditional Methods, and No Contraception). Expected unintended pregnancies and population attributable fraction (PAF) of unintended pregnancies attributable to not using MMC were calculated for each country. RESULTS: The use of traditional methods was associated with a 3.4 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.1-4.7) time increased odds of having an undesired pregnancy compared with the use of MMC of contraception while not using any method of contraception was associated with a 4.6 (95% CI = 2.6-6.6) times increased odds. The population attributable fraction (PAF) of not using MMC accounted for 86.8% of the estimated unintended pregnancies (9 464 654 in total in the 12 countries) in the pooled analysis. PAF ranged from 65.8% (1 022 154) for Bangladesh to 95.1% (540 176) for Niger and the estimated number of unintended pregnancies because of the use of traditional methods or non-use of contraception ranged from 18 638 in Namibia to 4 303 872 in India. CONCLUSIONS: Eight million out of 9.5 million unintended pregnancies occurring annually in twelve countries could have been prevented with the optimal use of MMC of contraception. MMC need to be further supported in order to further prevent unintended pregnancies globally.

Primary lymphedema and other lymphatic anomalies are associated with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Lymphedema is an abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid within the tissues. Primary lymphedema is caused by aberrant lymphangiogenesis and it has been historically classified based on age at presentation. Although most cases are sporadic, primary lymphedema may be familial or present in association with chromosomal abnormalities and syndromic disorders. To the best of our knowledge, primary lymphedema has never been described in patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. METHODS AND RESULTS: We identified 4 patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and primary lymphedema via our International 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome Consortium. All patients underwent comprehensive clinical, laboratory and imaging assessments to rule out other causes of lymphedema. All patients had de novo typical deletions and family histories were negative for lymphedema. CONCLUSIONS: We report the novel association of primary lymphedema with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Importantly, animal models demonstrated Tbx1 playing a critical role in lymphangiogenesis by reducing Vegfr3 expression in lymphatic endothelial cells. Moreover, the VEGFR3 pathway is essential for lymphangiogenesis with mutations identified in hereditary primary lymphedema. Accordingly, our findings provide a new insight into understanding cellular mechanisms of lymphangiogenesis disorders.

Tuberculous radiculomyelitis presenting in a toddler with lower extremity weakness and seizure.

Tuberculous radiculomyelitis is an uncommon but serious complication of tuberculosis that can lead to considerable morbidity and mortality. We present the case of a 21-month-old male Congolese refugee diagnosed with tuberculous radiculomyelitis who presented with gradual motor and speech regression, and likely an infection-related seizure 2 months before diagnosis.

Small ubiquitin-related modifier-1: Wrestling with protein regulation.

Small ubiquitin-related modifier-1 (SUMO-1), a member of the SUMO family, is evolutionally conserved from yeast to humans. First identified in 1997, the active 97 amino acid protein conjugates to and modifies a wide variety of target proteins. Through post-translational SUMOylation of cellular proteins, SUMO-1 is involved in a myriad of biologically important events such as cell cycle progression, the maintenance of genome integrity, nuclear transport and apoptosis. Interestingly, SUMO-1 has been suggested to have the ability to act as an ubiquitin antagonist, with which it shares 18% identity. Given its wide variety of functions, it follows that alterations to this molecule could be implicated in many disease states. To date, dysregulated SUMOylation has been implicated in several neurodegenerative disorders, heart disease and cancer. This highlights not only the need for further research but also the potential of SUMO-1 as a therapeutic target.