Biogenic Ag2O nanoparticles with "Hoja Santa" (Piper auritum) extract: characterization and biological capabilities.

The 'sacred leaf' or "Hoja Santa" (Piper auritum Kunth) has a great value for Mexican culture and has gained popularity worldwide for its excellent properties from culinary to remedies. To contribute to its heritage, in this project we proposed the green synthesis of silver oxide nanoparticles (Ag2O NPs) using an extract of "Hoja Santa" (Piper auritum) as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The synthesized Ag2O NPs were characterized by UV-Visible spectroscopy (plasmon located at 405 nm), X-ray diffraction (XRD) (particle size diameter of 10 nm), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (particle size diameter of 13.62 ± 4.61 nm), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) (functional groups from "Hoja Santa" attached to nanoparticles). Antioxidant capacity was evaluated using DPPH, ABTS and FRAP methods. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activity of NPs against a panel of clinically relevant bacterial strains, including both Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Salmonella Enteritidis and Escherichia coli O157:H7), was over 90% at concentrations of 200 µg/mL. Additionally, we assessed the antibiofilm activity of the NPs against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (reaching 98% of biofilm destruction at 800 µg/mL), as biofilm formation plays a crucial role in bacterial resistance and chronic infections. Moreover, we investigated the impact of Ag2O NPs on immune cell viability, respiratory burst, and phagocytic activity to understand their effects on the immune system.

Immunostimulant Activity of Bacteria Isolated from Extreme Environments in Baja California Sur, Mexico: A Bioprospecting Approach.

Excessive use of antibiotics has led to an increase of pathogenic bacteria with multiple antibiotic resistance. Hypersaline and hyperthermal environments promote the development of several microorganisms that can potentially act as immunostimulants. Thus, the aim of this study was bioprospecting marine bacteria from these environments using mouse leukocytes as a cell model for assess immunostimulatory activity. Samples were taken from two evaporation ponds with 4 and 8% salinity (p/v) in a marine solar saltern (MSS) at Laguna Ojo de Liebre, Guerrero Negro and a shallow hydrothermal vent (SHV), Bahía Concepción under a mangrove forest both off Baja California Sur, México. From total number of isolates (N = 340), 267 were obtained from the MSS and 73 from the SHV. The 10 isolates that induced nitric oxide (NO) production in mouse splenocytes were identified using the 16S rRNA gene, of which Halomonas elongata, Halomonas sp., Pseudoalteromonas ruthenica, Bacillus subtilis and three Bacillus strains were isolated from the MSS ponds at 8% salinity and three Marinobacter lutaoensis strains from the SHV. Most of the selected bacteria were not cytotoxic for mouse splenocytes and enhanced phagocytic respiratory burst and antioxidant enzyme activities compared to the control immunostimulant (lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli). Selected bacteria from 8% salinity ponds in the MSS in Guerrero Negro had immunostimulant activity in vitro in mouse splenocytes. In conclusion, Bacillus subtilis SA4 220, Bacillus sp. SA4 62A, P. ruthenica SA4 40 as well as Halomonas sp. SA4 207 and Halomonas elongata SA8 44 increased several immunological parameters. Further research is needed to evaluate their potential application in preclinical models to fight against infectious diseases. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12088-022-01002-3.

Gold nanoparticles (AuNP) exert immunostimulatory and protective effects in shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) against Vibrio parahaemolyticus.

Gold nanoparticles (AuNP) stimulate immune responses in mammals but they have not been tested in species of relevance in aquaculture. In this study the immunostimulant and protective potential of orally administered AuNP against V. parahaemolyticus, the causative agent of Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease, was determined in shrimp. Synthetized AuNP (18.57 ±â€¯4.37 nm) were moderately dispersed with a negative ζ potential of -10.3 ±â€¯0.208 mV (pH = 7). AuNP were administered (single dose) at 0.2, 2, and 20 µg/g feed in shrimp. Hemolymph samples were withdrawn daily for 6 days. Hemolymph or hemocytes were used to determine total hemocyte counts, immune-related enzymatic activities, and expression of immune-relevant genes. Hepatopancreas was sampled for the analysis of AuNP biodistribution and histological examination. Survival was recorded daily. No mortality or toxicity signs in hepatopancreas were found. AuNP were detected in hepatopancreas. Early (24-48 h) immunostimulation was mainly related to immune gene up-regulation. Upon a challenge with V. parahaemolyticus, survival was higher (80%) and histopathological damages were lower in shrimp treated with the 2 µg/g dose when compared to the control. Therefore orally administered AuNP are proposed as immunostimulants that protect shrimp against V. parahaemolyticus infection.

In vivo and in vitro studies using larval and adult antigens from Neobenedenia melleni on immune response in yellowtail (Seriola lalandi).

Neobenedenia melleni is a monogenean parasite that causes significant mortality and economic losses in fish aquaculture. Changes in the antigenic composition of this parasite occur during its developmental stages. In this study, we evaluated humoral parameters in serum and transcriptional immune responses of yellowtail naturally infected with N. melleni. In addition, in vitro assays were performed to study the stimulatory effects of antigens from larvae and adults on spleen leucocytes from non-infected fish at 6 and 24 h post-stimulation. The results showed enhanced total protein, myeloperoxidase and antiprotease activities in N. melleni-infected fish compared with non-infected ones. The induction of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and pro-inflammatory cytokines in spleen leucocytes during natural infection with N. melleni suggests that these immune-related genes play an important role in the initiation of the immune defence mechanism for controlling parasite infection. Interestingly, the magnitude of in vitro responses of spleen leucocytes was dependent on the parasitic stage. An important stimulation of gene expression by adult antigens on spleen leucocytes was observed. Differential expression patterns of TLRs and target cytokines in yellowtail leucocytes in both in vivo and in vitro studies suggest that the quality of yellowtail immune response is conditioned by N. melleni development.

Cell death of chondrocytes is a combination between apoptosis and autophagy during the pathogenesis of Osteoarthritis within an experimental model.

The death of chondrocytes and the loss of extracellular matrix are the central features in cartilage degeneration during Osteoarthritis (OA) pathogenesis. The mechanism by which chondrocytes are removed in OA cartilage are still not totally defined, although previous reports support the presence of apoptotic as well as non apoptotic signals. In addition, in 2004 Roach and co-workers suggested the term "Chondroptosis" to design the type of cell death present in articular cartilage, which include the presence of some apoptotic and autophagic processes. To identify the mechanisms, as well as the chronology by which chondrocytes are eliminated during OA pathogenesis, we decided to evaluate apoptosis (by active caspase 3 and TUNEL signal) and autophagy (by LC3II molecule and cytoplasmic vacuolization) using Immunohistochemistry and Western blot techniques in an animal OA model. During OA pathogenesis, chondrocytes exhibit modifications in their death process in each zone of the cartilage. At early stages of OA, the death of chondrocytes starts with apoptosis in the superficial and part of the middle zones of the cartilage, probably as a consequence of a constant mechanical damage in the joint. As the degenerative process progresses, high incidence of active caspase 3 as well as LC3II expression are observed in the same cell, which indicate a combination of both death processes. In contrast, in the deep zone, due the abnormal subchondral bone ossification during the OA pathogenesis, apoptosis is the only mechanism observed.

Structuration, elastic properties scaling, and mechanical reversibility of candelilla wax oleogels with and without emulsifiers.

The crystal network development, elastic properties scaling behavior, and mechanical reversibility of candelilla wax (CW) oleogels with and without emulsifiers were studied. Saturated monoglycerides (MG) and polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR) were added at 1 or 2 times the critical micelle concentration. Although the micelles of both emulsifiers act as nucleation sites for the mixture of aliphatic acids and alcohols of CW, they did not affect the oleogel's thermodynamic stability. It was established that the crystal network of CW consists of at least two types of crystals, one rich in n-hentriacontane and other rich in aliphatic acids. Both crystals species contributed significantly to the oleogel elasticity. The elastic properties scaling behavior of CW oleogels fitted the fractal model within the weak-link regime. The setting temperature and added emulsifier modified the crystal network fractal dimension. During shearing, oleogels had massive breaking of junction zones, causing the loss of fractality in the crystal network, which in turn decreased the system's elasticity.

Effects of mid-summer transport duration on pre- and post-slaughter performance and pork quality in Mexico.

Seven hundred and fourteen pigs were monitored from transport to slaughter in July in three treatments: 8, 16 and 24 transport hours; lairage time for the three groups was of 8h. Transport duration significantly (P<0.05) affected live-weight gain during the rest period. Weight gain percentages at lairage were 0.05%, 0.78% and 1.15% for treatments 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Transport to slaughter loss percentage was 2.7%, 4.3% and 6.8% for each of the treatments. Short transport periods significantly increased carcass pH below normal values. Animals transported under acute stress (8h) showed pale carcasses (high possibilities of transforming into PSE meat). On the contrary, pigs transported for 24h had more dark red carcasses. Transport from farm to the slaughterhouse should take no more than 16h in order to improve carcass quality and animals' welfare.

[Effect of fever on gastric emptying and on serum gastrin levels]. / Efecto de la fiebre sobre el vaciamiento gástrico y los niveles séricos de gastrina.

We studied the effect of fever on gastric emptying and serum gastrin 17 levels. 8 patients with fever and normal gastric emptying were selected. Blood samples were obtained for measuring serum gastrin 17. We used Tc99m scintiscanning to measure gastric emptying. Differences between fever and normal temperature were significant. Gastric emptying in fever was 118 +/- 54 minutes and 55 +/- 22 minutes for normal temperature (p less than .01). Serum gastrin was 47.7 +/- 13 pg/ml in normal temperature and with febrile patients was 30 +/- 5.7 pg/ml (p less than .002). We conclude that fever retards gastric emptying, perhaps independently of serum gastrin level.

Aprendizaje del cuidado obstétrico, experiencia de los estudiantes de enfermería en la práctica clínica / Obstetric care learning, experience of nursing students in the clinical practice / Aprendizagem do cuidado obstétrico, experiência dos estudantes de enfermagem na prática clínica

Introducción: La práctica clínica es un elemento medular en la formación de los profesionales de enfermería, así, el aprendizaje del cuidado está estructurado por un proceso individual, influenciado por el contexto que cada sujeto vive y el entorno que lo determina. Objetivo: Determinar el sentido y la importancia pedagógica de los fenómenos educativos vividos cotidianamente por los estudiantes en el aprendizaje del cuidado obstétrico a partir de las experiencias en la práctica clínica. Método: Estudio cualitativo-descriptivo, enfoque fenomenológico, interpretativo. Se realizaron 8 entrevistas a profundidad, a estudiantes de 7.o semestre de la Licenciatura en Enfermería y Obstetricia. Se empleó análisis temático de contenido, se señalan conceptos significativos y se asignan identificadores para generar categorías. Validación de resultados a través de criterios de credibilidad, confirmabilidad, transferibilidad y confiabilidad. Resultados: El estudio del cotidiano del estudiante de enfermería en el aprendizaje del cuidado a la gestante permitió reconocer como categoría «Praxis en el aprendizaje¼, con 2 subcategorías: a) Construcción del saber en la práctica para la transformación y b) Manteniendo motivación, iniciativa y confianza. El individuo construye el conocimiento a partir de la interacción con el entorno físico y social, donde pone en juego el desarrollo de sus capacidades cognitivas mediante la aplicación y el reajuste de sus propios esquemas cognitivos y de aplicación de destrezas. Conclusiones: El deseo por aprender algo lleva a las personas a procurar y adquirir conocimientos, habilidades, actitudes o valores que más tarde le permitirán desarrollarlas en diversos ámbitos. El impulso e interés por aprender sobre determinada temática que llame particularmente la atención o sea placentera será el motor que conduzca a profundizar en la búsqueda de conocimientos y/o mayores habilidades con resultados ampliamente satisfactorios.

Introduction: Clinical practice is a modular element within the formation of nursing professionals, and this care learning is structured through an individual process which is influenced by the specific context and its determinants. Objective: To determine the sense and pedagogical importance of the educational phenomena lived by students in their obstetric care learning process. Method: This is a qualitative-descriptive study with a phenomenological and interpretative focus. Eight in-depth interviews were performed on students of the seventh semester of a Baccalaureate in Nursing and Obstetrics program. Topic-content analysis was used. Significant concepts were pointed out, and diverse identifiers were assigned to different categories. The validation of the results is founded on the criteria of credibility, confirmability, transferability, and trustworthiness. Results: The exploration of nursing students in their pregnant women care learning process allowed us to acknowledge a ''Praxis at Learning'' category with 2 sub-categories: a) building of knowledge in the transformation practice; and b) maintenance of motivation, initiative, and confidence. Indeed, the individual builds knowledge from the interaction with the physical and social surrounding; where he/she applies and adjusts his/her cognitive capacities and skills. Conclusions: The desire for learning drives persons to procure acquiring knowledge, skills, and values which they will eventually put into practice in diverse environments. The impulse and interest for learning on a specific area of interest will be the motivation to deepen into the pleasure of acquiring more knowledge and skills.

Introdução: A prática clínica é um elemento medular na formação dos profissionais de enfermagem, assim, a aprendizagem do cuidado está estruturada por um processo individual, influenciado pelo contexto que cada sujeito vive e o ambiente que o determina. Objetivo: Determinar o sentido e a importância pedagógica dos fenómenos educativos vividos cotidianamente pelos estudantes na aprendizagem do cuidado obstétrico a partir de experiências na prática clínica. Método: Estudo qualitativo-descritivo, abordagem fenomenológica, interpretativa. Realizaram-se oito entrevistas a profundidade a estudantes do sétimo semestre da Licenciatura em Enfermagem e Obstetrícia. Realizou-se análise temática de conteúdo, assinalaram-se conceitos significativos e atribuíram-se identificadores para gerar categorias. Validação de resultados a través de critérios de credibilidade confirmabilidade, transferibilidade e confiabilidade. Resultados: O estudo do cotidiano do estudante de enfermagem na aprendizagem do cuidado à gestante permitiu reconhecer como categoria ''Práxis na aprendizagem'', com duas sub-categorias: a) Construção do saber na prática para a transformação e b) Mantendo motivação, iniciativa e confiança. O indivíduo constrói o conhecimento a partir da interação com o ambiente físico e social, onde põe em jogo o desenvolvimento de suas capacidades cognitivas a través da aplicação e o reajuste de seus próprios esquemas cognitivos de aplicação de competências. Conclusões: O desejo por aprender algo leva às pessoas a procurar adquirir conhecimentos, habilidades, atitudes ou valores que mais tarde permitirão desenvolvê-las em diversos âmbitos. O impulso e interesse por aprender sobre determinada temática que chame particularmente a atenção, quer dizer, prazeroso; será o motor que conduz a aprofundar na busca de conhecimentos e/o maiores habilidades com resultados amplamente satisfatórios.

Antioxidant enzymes in erythrocytes from goats seropositive to the sheep nose bot fly (Oestrus ovis L., Diptera: Oestridae) infection.

Oestrus ovis (Diptera: Oestridae) causes an important cosmopolitan parasitosis of the nasal and sinusal cavities of sheep and goats called oestrosis. Our objective was to analyze the participation of erythrocytes in the antioxidant system in goats seropositive to O. ovis infection under field conditions. Fifty female goats naturally exposed to O. ovis infection from Baja California Sur, México, were blood-sampled. Erythrocytic intracellular content was obtained from blood plasma. Oestrosis serodiagnosis was determined by ELISA. Protein, hemoglobin (Hb), superoxide dismutase (SOD), mieloperoxidase (MPO), catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and lipid peroxidation in erythrocytes were determined in both seropositive and seronegative goats. Overall seroprevalence of O. ovis infection in goats was 56%. Positive significant (P<0.05) associations were observed among systemic IgG level and protein (0.34), hemoglobin (0.43), SOD (0.32), and MPO (0.41) in erythrocytes. Protein and hemoglobin concentrations, as well as SOD and MPO activities in erythrocytes were found significantly higher (P<0.05) in seropositive than in seronegative goats. By contrast, enzymatic activities of CAT and GST and lipid peroxidation values were similar in seropositive and seronegative groups. In conclusion, there was a systemic stimulation of Reactive Oxygen Species which was efficiently scavenged by erythrocytic antioxidant enzymes in goats seropositive to O. ovis infection.

Significado del cuidado obstétrico desde el cotidiano del estudiante de enfermería / Meaning of the obstetric care from the everyday-perspective of nursing students

Introducción: El proceso educativo implica interacción entre sus participantes con acciones comunicativas y de intercambio dinámico donde intervienen deseos, intereses, motivaciones, expectativas e interpretaciones. La cotidianidad implica admitir una realidad compleja, con significados particulares, ya que las acciones humanas poseen sentido y significados personales; por lo que comprender el mundo social implica comprender a los actores desde lo particular. El análisis se sustenta en la teoría de Lefebvre acerca del cotidiano, quien asegura que las personas tienen que aprender a adentrarse a su espacio en beneficio propio, para satisfacer sus necesidades y deseos. Objetivo: Analizar el significado del cuidado obstétrico en el cotidiano del aprendizaje de los estudiantes. Métodos: Estudio cualitativo-descriptivo. Se recolectó información a través de ocho entrevistas a profundidad, a estudiantes de 7º semestre de la Licenciatura en Enfermería y Obstetricia. El análisis de discurso permitió señalar conceptos significativos, asignar identificadores para generar categorías. Los criterios para la validación de resultados fueron credibilidad, confirmabilidad, transferibilidad y confiabilidad. Resultados: Se presenta el análisis de la primer categoría: 1) Significado del cuidado obstétrico; con dos subcategorías: a) Participar en el milagro de la vida; y b) Responsabilidad con la familia y la comunidad en función del bienestar materno-fetal. Conclusiones: Los estudiantes otorgan significado diverso al cuidado obstétrico que tiene que ver con la responsabilidad del profesional en el bienestar materno fetal y con la experiencia de ayudar a dar vida. El aprender el cuidado obstétrico les ofrece seguridad y orgullo en el colaborar con la recepción de una nueva vida.

Introduction: The education process implies interactions among its actors which involve communication, desires, interests, motivations, expectations, and interpretations. An everyday-perspective implies admitting a complex reality with particular meanings because, human actions bear personal sense and meaning; and thus, understanding the social world implies a comprehension of its actors from the particular point of view. This analysis is based on Lefebvre's everyday-perspective theory, which states that people have to learn to insight into their own space in order to satisfy their own needs and desires. Objective: To analyze the meaning of obstetric care from the learning everyday-perspective of nursing students. Method: Qualitative-descriptive study. Data were obtained through 8 in-depth interviews to students in their 7th semester of the Nursing and Obstetrics Baccalaureate program. The analysis allowed addressing significant concepts and identifiers in order to generate diverse categories. The validation criteria of the results were credibility, trustfulness, and capacity of confirmation and transference. Results: The first category analysis is shown: 1) Meaning of obstetric care; which included two sub-categories: a) Participation in the miracle of life; and b) Responsibility with the family and the community towards the mother-fetus well-being. Discussion and conclusions: Students assign diverse meaning to the obstetric care in relation to the professional responsibility in the mother-fetus well-being. Learning about obstetric care gives students security and pride to collaborate in receiving a new life.

Chondrocyte proliferation in a new culture system.

OBJECTIVE: This study has aimed to study different culture systems that might stimulate an increase in cell proliferation of normal and osteoarthritis chondrocytes from articular cartilage in rat model. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Three culture systems using chondrocytes embedded in alginate beads were tested: chondrocytes cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) as control, a co-culture system consisting of a monolayer of de-differentiated chondrocytes as a source of mitotic factors, and an enriched medium containing culture medium obtained from a monolayer of chondrocytes and DMEM. Normal and osteoarthritis chondrocytes were stained with 5-carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester and were cultured in each of the three systems. After 5 days of culture cell, proliferation was detected by flow cytometry. Chondrocyte phenotype was confirmed by collagen type II and MMP-3 expression. To determine possible molecules released into the medium by the cultured chondrocyte monolayer and which would probably be involved in cell proliferation, a study of mRNA and expression of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), fibroblastic growth factor-2 (FGF-2), epidermal growth factor (EGF), platelet derived growth factor-A (PDGF-A) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) proteins was conducted. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Chondrocytes in the co-culture system or in enriched medium showed an increase in proliferation; only when osteoarthritis chondrocytes were cultured in enriched medium would they display a statistically significant increase in their proliferation rate and in their viability. When chondrocytes from the monolayer were analysed, differential mRNA expression of TGF-beta1 and IGF-1 was found during all passages, which suggests that these two growth factors might be involved in chondrocyte proliferation.

Percepción de trato digno de usuarias que acuden al servicio de interrupción legal del embarazo (ile) / Users´ perception about worthy relationship in care of the service of legal abortion

Las mujeres embarazadas que desean interrumpir su embarazo de forma voluntaria deben recibir un trato digno durante su atención. El Trato Digno incluye saludo amable, presentación del personal de salud, hablar a la paciente por su nombre, explicación e información de procedimientos a realizar, salvaguardar la intimidad, trato respetuoso, y la satisfacción del paciente con respecto al trato del personal que le atendió. Objetivo: Evaluar la percepción que tienen las usuarias del cumplimiento del indicador de calidad: "Trato Digno" proporcionado por personal de enfermería en el servicio de ILE. Metodología: Estudio de tipo cuantitativo, descriptivo y transversal. Muestreo por conveniencia conformado por 54 pacientes que acudieron al servicio de ILE. Resultados: La edad de las mujeres osciló entre 15 y 45 años. El 66% de las mujeres del estudio refirieron haber esperado más de 60 minutos para recibir tratamiento; a pesar de ello 56% reportó estar satisfecha con el tiempo de espera. El 93% consideró que recibió información clara y concisa acerca de su tratamiento y evolución. Un porcentaje igual valora como respetuoso el trato del personal. El 89% de las mujeres del estudio recibió cuidados de enfermería durante su atención. También 96% dice estar satisfecha con la atención recibida. Conclusión: La atención a las pacientes que acuden al servicio de ILE corresponde a un trato digno, ya que se brinda con respeto, amabilidad, humanismo e informando acerca de los procedimientos a realizar, medidas diagnósticas y/o terapéuticas necesarias.

Pregnant women seeking to terminate voluntary her pregnancy on a basis should be treated with dignity in their health. The worthy relationship includes friendly greeting, presentation of professional health, and call to the patient by name, explanation and information about to make procedures, safeguard privacy, respectful, and patient satisfaction regarding the care of staff who attended her. Objective: To evaluate the users' perception of quality care indicator fulfillment with worthy relationship provided by nurses in ILE service. Methodology: quantitative, descriptive and transversal study. Convenience sample comprised of 54 patients who attended the ILE service. Results: The age of the women ranged between 15 and 45. 66% of women in the study reported having waited more than 60 minutes for treatment, despite that 56%reported being satisfied with the waiting time. 93% felt that was clear and concise information about their treatment and evolution. The same percentage was observed respectful relationship by staff. 89% of women in the study nursing care received during your stay. 96% also say they are satisfied with the medical care. Conclusion: The care of patients attending the ILE service corresponds to a worthy relationship, as it provides with respect, kindness, humanism and report on procedures performed, diagnostic measures and / or treatment required.

Necesidades de información en la persona con diagnóstico de cáncer de tubo digestivo, en una unidad de tercer nivel de atención / Information needs in people diagnosed with gastrointestinal cancer in a 3rd level care unit

La enfermedad oncológica es una de las enfermedades más temidas por el hombre, origina en la persona una carga emocional caracterizada por miedo, angustia, sufrimiento y dolor. A la confirmación de un diagnóstico de esta índole la persona experimenta cambios físicos, psicológicos y emocionales, al experimentar pérdida de su integridad, lo que impide afrontar de manera adecuada la enfermedad y los tratamientos. La evidencia demuestra que la información contribuye en el proceso de afrontamiento. Objetivos: Identificar las necesidades de información de la persona con cáncer de tubo digestivo y analizar las diferencias existentes de acuerdo a la edad, género y nivel educativo. Metodología: Es un estudio cuantitativo de tipo transversal, observacional, prolectivo y descriptivo; con una muestra de 280 pacientes adultos, ambos sexos, con diagnóstico de cáncer de tubo digestivo; seleccionados por conveniencia, previo consentimiento informado. Se utilizó instrumento elaborado exprofeso para el estudio, el análisis se realizó con el paquete estadístico SPSS-17. Hallazgos: Se encontró que las características sociodemográficas como género, edad, ocupación, nivel educativo y estado civil, no representan condición que modifique las necesidades de información en esta población, sin embargo variables como el diagnóstico médico (p=0.033) y tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad (p=0.030) fueron hallazgos relevantes del estudio. Discusión: La necesidad de información es constante y dinámica durante el transcurso de la enfermedad y los tratamientos, generan nuevas experiencias y diferentes requerimientos a satisfacerse; para mejorar y conservar la calidad de vida, a través del afrontamiento del proceso de la enfermedad. Representa para enfermería un área de oportunidad para ejercer la consulta a partir de la valoración e identificación de las necesidades de información de las personas con esta patología; elaborando programas educativos sistematizados e individualizados que faciliten su entrega.

The oncological disease is one of the most feared diseases by man, originates in the person emotionally charged characterized by fear, distress, suffering and pain. A confirmation of a diagnosis of this kind the person experiences physical, psychological and emotional changes, experiencing loss of integrity, this difficult to face disease and the specific treatment. The evidence shows that information helps in the process of coping. Objectives: To identify the information needs of the person with gastrointestinal cancer and analyzing differences according to age, gender and educational level. Methodology: It is a quantitative cross-sectional study, observational, descriptive and prolective study; with a sample of 280adult patients, both sexes, diagnosed with gastrointestinal cancer; selected by convenience, prior informed consent. It was used instrument developed specifically for the study, the analysis was performed using SPSS-17 statistical package. Findings: We found that demographic characteristics such as gender, age, occupation, educational level and marital status, do not represent conditions that modify the information need sin this population, however variables such as medical diagnosis (p =0.033) and time to evolution of the disease (p =0.030) were significant findings of the study. Discussion: The need of information is constant and dynamic during the course of the disease and treatments, generate new experiences and different requirements to be met; to improve and preserve the quality of life across the process to faced with the disease. Represents for nursing an area of opportunity to exercise the consultation from the valuation and identification of the needs of information of the persons with this condition; develop systematic and individualized educational programs that facilitate its delivery.

Sobrepeso y obesidad infantil. Necesidad de intervención de Enfermería / Childhood overweight and obesity. Nursing need for intervention

Introducción: El sobrepeso y obesidad infantil son un problema complejo que necesita atención prioritaria en los programas de salud pública para rectificarlo; considerando que los factores desencadenantes son susceptibles de modificación, a través de crear entornos que capaciten y motiven a las personas, familias y comunidades a adoptar conductas positivas en relación a una alimentación saludable y la realización de actividades físicas que permitan mejorar su salud. Desarrollo: En general la investigación sobre obesidad y sobrepeso en México se ha enfocado en estudios epidemiológicos que apuntan a la necesidad de intervenciones en el estilo de vida para reducir esta agresiva epidemia. No obstante, muy pocos estudios han sido capaces de demostrar cuales son las aproximaciones más efectivas para promover cambios en el estilo de vida. Ante tal problemática los profesionales de enfermería, tienen el compromiso y responsabilidad, de crear un entorno que capacite y motive a las personas, familias y las comunidades a adoptar decisiones y conductas positivas en sus estilos de vida, integrando para ello modelos conceptuales y teorías de enfermería. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar una revisión de la literatura acerca del sobrepeso y la obesidad infantil, así mismo hacer énfasis en la necesidad de realizar estudios o investigaciones interventivas de enfermería para contribuir en la disminución de esta epidemia; pretendiendo aportar un marco de referencia para futuras investigaciones. Para ello se realizo una búsqueda y revisión del problema en las principales bases de datos en español (Artemisa, Lilacs y Medline). Conclusiones: El fin es el de aportar un marco de referencia que sirva de apoyo a futuras investigaciones para el desarrollo de intervenciones de enfermería que contribuyan de manera específica a disminuir el sobrepeso y la obesidad.

Introduction: Obesity and overweight are global health problems because they increase the rates of illnesses and mortality in the short and long terms .These problems are generated, among other, as the consequence of factors such as: lifestyles, genetic, social and cultural. Because overweight is an important economic burden against health systems, improper nourishment, insufficient physical activity, and metabolic disorders observed in some children are constant motives of concern. Development: This child obesity and overweight is a complex problem which needs primary attention within the public health programs. Therefore, and considering that some of triggering factors related these problems are prone to modification, and because of their professional profile and their philosophy essence, nurses have the commitment and responsibility to help, train, and motivate persons, families, and communities adopt behaviors which reduce the risk associated to those factors and thus augment their probabilities to live healthy lives. Conclusions: In México, few studies have proven successful at positively modifying the life-styles of scholars; therefore, the objective of this study is, based on the revision of articles and databases, including those of Artemisa, Lilacs, and Medline, to provide frameworks of reference to help further initiatives of similar studies.

Estilos de vida en escolares con sobrepeso y obesidad en una escuela primaria de México D. F / Ways of life in students with overweight and obesity in a primary school of Mexico City

Introducción: La nutrición constituye un factor determinante de la salud, desempeño físico, mental y de la productividad, particularmente la niñez constituye una población de riesgo, ya que representa un periodo crítico en el ser humano, caracterizado por el crecimiento físico, el desarrollo psicomotor, social. México es el primer país en Latinoamérica con una alta incidencia de obesidad en escolares, de acuerdo con los criterios de la International Obesity Task Force (iotf), reporta una prevalencia nacional combinada de sobrepeso y obesidad en niños de 5 a 11 años de alrededor del 26%, para ambos sexos. Objetivos: Identificar los estilos de vida de niños en edad escolar con sobrepeso y obesidad en una primaria pública del D.F. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo, correlacional y transversal, conformado por toda la población escolar constituida por 503 alumnos de 6 a 11 años. Para la detección de sobrepeso y obesidad se tomo peso, talla así como medición del Índice de Masa Corporal (imc); se determinaron los estilos de vida a través de la aplicación de un instrumento elaborado por Ponce, Sotomayor, Bernal y Salazar (2007), el cual exploró básicamente tres áreas: alimentación, ejercicio - actividad física y recreación. Resultados: 14% del total de niños presenta problemas de sobrepeso u obesidad (71 niños), el 60% consume alimentos no preparados en casa de manera habitual, 99% refiere que la única actividad física es la que se realiza dentro de la escuela, el 34% ve televisión de 3 a 6 hrs diariamente. Existen diferencias significativas en la incidencia de sobrepeso por sexo (razón de 1.5 varones por cada mujer con sobrepeso u obesidad) y también en niños que incrementan sus horas de sedentarismo (p=<.001). Discusión: Los resultados obtenidos en la etapa descriptiva coinciden con lo reportado en la literatura nacional e internacional 8 y 9 Los ayunos prolongados como se mostró en el estudio son factores importantes para condicionar la obesidad tal como lo muestran Veugelers y Fitzgerald. Conclusiones: Es importante realizar este tipo de estudios para poder proponer estrategias de intervención de corte educativo lo más apegadas a la situación real de las poblaciones de niños escolares a los que se pretenda cambiar a estilos de vida saludable que logren contribuir a controlar el sobrepeso y prevenir la obesidad.

Introduction: Nutrition is a health, productivity, and physical- mental performance factor, which has a particularly important impact on children. According to the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF), Mexico has a combined overweight-obesity prevalence of 26% among children between 5 and 11 years old. Objectives: Identify life styles of school-age children with overweight or obesity problems in a primary school of the Federal District. Methodology: This was a basic, descriptive, correlational study which included all the 6-11 year old children in a primary school (503 students). Weight, height, and mass indexes were taken. Life styles (nutrition, physical activity, and recreation) were determined through an instrument made by Ponce, Sotomayor, Bernal, and Salazar (2007). Results: 14% (71 children) showed an overweight-obesity problem, 60% do not consume home-made food at school, 99% have physical activity only at school, and 34% watch TV from 3 to 6 hours daily. Overweight-obese male/female ratio was 1.5, and an association was found between overweight-obesity problems and a sedentary life style found (p <= .001). Discussion: Results were similar to those found at the national and international literature (8.9). As demonstrated by Veugelers and Fitzgerald, prolonged fasting is an important obesity conditioning factor. Conclusion: This kind of studies can help design education intervention strategies to modify children's life styles and prevent and control their overweight and obesity.

Caracterización de la población usuaria que ingresa al programa interrupción legal del embarazo en un hospital del sector salud del df / Population characterization user entering the program legal abortion in a hospital health sector DF

Introducción: El embarazo no deseado, lleva a la mujer a practicarse un aborto. De acuerdo a International Projects Assistance Services (IPAS) en México, el aborto y sus complicaciones son la 5ª causa de muerte materna. En el D.F. la despenalización de la interrupción del embarazo antes de las 12 semanas de gestación es una ley, lo que ha significado derecho a elegir voluntaria y libremente sobre la maternidad y por lo tanto a decidir la interrupción de un embarazo. Objetivo: Caracterizar a la población que acude al programa de Interrupción Legal del Embarazo (ILE) en un hospital del sector salud del D.F. Metodología: Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo y transversal, encuestando a 61 mujeres, que deseaban ingresar al programa ILE y aceptaron participar en el estudio. Se realizó y aplicó un instrumento de valoración con 27 ítems. Resultados: Mujeres asistentes al ILE de entre 16 y 42 años; el 46% se dedican al hogar; 50% solteras y el resto en unión libre o casadas; el 23% reportó no emplear ningún método para control de la natalidad. Principales razones para acudir al programa ILE: problemas económicos (36%), embarazo no deseado (20%), paridad satisfecha (20%). Principal sentimiento que despierta el ingreso al programa ILE: tranquilidad (82%). El 100% de las mujeres sometidas a ILE aseguran haber sido tratadas con ética y dignidad. Discusión: Se concuerda con Gutmacher que la legalización de la interrupción del embarazo coincide con el incremento en solicitudes de la mujer a este procedimiento. Respecto a las razones tales como embarazo no deseado y los problemas económicos, ello corresponde con los resultados de la encuesta IPSOS- Bimsa para Population Council en la población Mexicana. Conclusiones. Debe ser creciente la calidad de atención a la salud reproductiva, se debe priorizar en la prevención de embarazos no deseados, orientando y educando a la población y ofreciendo métodos de planificación a hombres y mujeres con vida sexual activa.

Introduction: Unwanted pregnancy leads women to undergo abortion. According to the International Projects Assistance Services (IPAS), abortion and its complications are the 5th cause of maternal death in Mexico. However, in Mexico's Federal District (D.F.), it is legal to interrupt pregnancy before the 12th week of gestation, a situation which gives women the right to freely and voluntarily decide about their maternity. Objective: To characterize the people who enroll a Legal Pregnancy Interruption Program in a D.F. health sector's hospital. Methodology: Basic and descriptive study involving 61 women who were willing to enroll the program and be part of this study. We used a 27-item instrument. Results: Out of all participants (16 to 42 years old), 46% had home activities; 50% were single; 50% were married (or de-facto); and 23% said they were not using pregnancy-prevention methods. Among the main reasons to enroll the Legal Pregnancy Interruption Program were: economical problems (36%); unwanted pregnancy (20%); and being satisfied with the number of sons (20%). 82% reported a feeling of tranquility after having enrolled the program, and all of them reported having been treated with ethics and dignity. Discussion: In agreement with Gutmacher, pregnancy interruption legalization is in parallel with the increment in women's application to pregnancy interruption procedures. Findings on economical problems and unwanted pregnancy reasons were similar to those found in the Population Council's IPSOS-Bimsa survey on the Mexican population. Conclusions: Reproductive health attention must be enhanced, emphasizing unwanted pregnancy prevention programs and thus, orienting and offering people family planning methods.

Propuesta para la enseñanza del cuidado en Enfermería / Nursing care teaching proposal

La enseñanza en Enfermería ha sido edificada a través de una metodología participativa y de construcción constante; ejerciendo a dos niveles de actuación; uno como formadores de profesionales y el segundo como agente cuidador del individuo; grupo o familia. De manera que a partir de reconocer la naturaleza y complejidad humana; los profesionales en Enfermería son cruciales desde que inicia su formación educativa. Educar a las enfermeras implica entender las interacciones culturales de las cuales ellas son parte. La verdadera proveedora de cuidado cuidador debe buscar libertad; diálogo; creatividad; autodeterminación y dignidad humana; por lo tanto; es fundamental que la enseñanza en Enfermería sea integral; activa; e integrativa; de tal forma que lleve al desarrollo de valores; conocimiento; y relaciones sociales para formar seres humanos que cuiden seres humanos. Para mantener la mejoría en la práctica de la enseñanza en Enfermería; en este artículo sugerimos un adecuado uso de los textos y de los contextos; resaltando la importancia del acercamiento al aprendizaje significativo de Ausubel; así como las experiencias previas de los alumnos; para transformar la practica educativa

Nursing teaching has been built trough participative methodologies. It acts as a professional former, but also as a care agent. So, considering the complexity of human nature, nursing professionals are crucial; even during their formation years. Educating nurses implies understanding the culture interactions which they are part of. The true care-giver should pursue freedom, dialog, creativity, self-determination, and human dignity; therefore, it is fundamental that nursing teaching be integral, active, and interactive, so that it leads to the development of values, knowledge, and social relations to form human beings to take care of human beings. In order to keep improving the nursing teaching practice, in this article we suggest an adequate use of texts within the corresponding contexts, highlighting the importance of Ausubel´s significant learning approach and the student's previous experiences for transformer the educative practice.