Selective bond-breaking in formic acid by dissociative electron attachment.

We report the results of a joint experimental and theoretical study of dissociative electron attachment to formic acid (HCOOH) in the 6-9 eV region, where H- fragment ions are a dominant product. Breaking of the C-H and O-H bonds is distinguished experimentally by deuteration of either site. We show that in this region H- ions can be produced by formation of two or possibly three Feshbach resonance (doubly-excited anion) states, one of which leads to either C-H or O-H bond scission, while the other can only produce formyloxyl radicals by O-H bond scission. Comparison of experimental and theoretical angular distributions of the anion fragment allows the elucidation of state specific pathways to dissociation.

Resonant Auger decay driving intermolecular Coulombic decay in molecular dimers.

In 1997, it was predicted that an electronically excited atom or molecule placed in a loosely bound chemical system (such as a hydrogen-bonded or van-der-Waals-bonded cluster) could efficiently decay by transferring its excess energy to a neighbouring species that would then emit a low-energy electron. This intermolecular Coulombic decay (ICD) process has since been shown to be a common phenomenon, raising questions about its role in DNA damage induced by ionizing radiation, in which low-energy electrons are known to play an important part. It was recently suggested that ICD can be triggered efficiently and site-selectively by resonantly core-exciting a target atom, which then transforms through Auger decay into an ionic species with sufficiently high excitation energy to permit ICD to occur. Here we show experimentally that resonant Auger decay can indeed trigger ICD in dimers of both molecular nitrogen and carbon monoxide. By using ion and electron momentum spectroscopy to measure simultaneously the charged species created in the resonant-Auger-driven ICD cascade, we find that ICD occurs in less time than the 20 femtoseconds it would take for individual molecules to undergo dissociation. Our experimental confirmation of this process and its efficiency may trigger renewed efforts to develop resonant X-ray excitation schemes for more localized and targeted cancer radiation therapy.

Prolonged suppressive antibiotic therapy for prosthetic joint infection in the elderly: a national multicentre cohort study.

During prosthetic joint infection (PJI), optimal surgical management with exchange of the device is sometimes impossible, especially in the elderly population. Thus, prolonged suppressive antibiotic therapy (PSAT) is the only option to prevent acute sepsis, but little is known about this strategy. We aimed to describe the characteristics, outcome and tolerance of PSAT in elderly patients with PJI. We performed a national cross-sectional cohort study of patients >75 years old and treated with PSAT for PJI. We evaluated the occurrence of events, which were defined as: (i) local or systemic progression of the infection (failure), (ii) death and (iii) discontinuation or switch of PSAT. A total of 136 patients were included, with a median age of 83 years [interquartile range (IQR) 81-88]. The predominant pathogen involved was Staphylococcus (62.1%) (Staphylococcus aureus in 41.7%). A single antimicrobial drug was prescribed in 96 cases (70.6%). There were 46 (33.8%) patients with an event: 25 (18%) with an adverse drug reaction leading to definitive discontinuation or switch of PSAT, 8 (5.9%) with progression of sepsis and 13 died (9.6%). Among patients under follow-up, the survival rate without an event at 2 years was 61% [95% confidence interval (CI): 51;74]. In the multivariate Cox analysis, patients with higher World Health Organization (WHO) score had an increased risk of an event [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.5, p = 0.014], whereas patients treated with beta-lactams are associated with less risk of events occurring (HR = 0.5, p = 0.048). In our cohort, PSAT could be an effective and safe option for PJI in the elderly.

VUV and XUV reflectance of optically coated mirrors for selection of high harmonics.

We report the reflectance, ~1° from normal incidence, of six different mirrors as a function of photon energy, using monochromatic vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) and extreme ultraviolet (XUV) radiation with energies between 7.5 eV and 24.5 eV. The mirrors examined included both single and multilayer optical coatings, as well as an uncoated substrate. We discuss the performance of each mirror, paying particular attention to the potential application of suppression and selection of high-order harmonics of a Ti:sapphire laser.

Signatures of bond formation and bond scission dynamics in dissociative electron attachment to methane.

We present a combined experimental and theoretical investigation of the dynamics and angular dependence of dissociative electron attachment to methane. We show that a triply degenerate (T2) Feshbach resonance is responsible for the broad 10 eV dissociation peak in methane. This resonance alone is shown to correlate asymptotically to the various dissociation channels observed experimentally. The molecular-frame entrance amplitude for electron attachment is calculated for each component of the threefold degenerate resonance. By investigating the topology of the anion potential energy surfaces, we deduce the main pathways to two- and three-body breakup channels involving both bond scission and bond formation. The computed fragment angular distributions reproduce the main trends of the experimental measurements.

High-level azithromycin-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae clinical isolate in France, March 2014.

We report the first case in France of a high-level azithromycin-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) = 96 mg/L) assigned to MLST7363 (NG-MAST ST6360), also resistant to ciprofloxacin and tetracycline but susceptible to ceftriaxone. The patient was a 51 year-old heterosexual man who returned following 1g azithromycin monotherapy. Mechanisms of azithromycin resistance were a C2599T mutation in the four copies of the rrl gene and a novel mutation in the promoter of the mtrR gene.

Ejection of quasi-free-electron pairs from the helium-atom ground state by single-photon absorption.

We investigate the single-photon double ionization of helium at photon energies of 440 and 800 eV. We observe doubly charged ions with close to zero momentum corresponding to electrons emitted back to back with equal energy. These slow ions are the unique fingerprint of an elusive quasifree photon double ionization mechanism predicted by Amusia et al. nearly four decades ago [J. Phys. B 8, 1248 (1975)]. It results from the nondipole part of the electromagnetic interaction. Our experimental data are supported by calculations performed using the convergent close-coupling and time-dependent close-coupling methods.

Imaging polyatomic molecules in three dimensions using molecular frame photoelectron angular distributions.

We demonstrate a method for determining the full three-dimensional molecular-frame photoelectron angular distribution in polyatomic molecules using methane as a prototype. Simultaneous double Auger decay and subsequent dissociation allow measurement of the initial momentum vectors of the ionic fragments and the photoelectron in coincidence, allowing full orientation by observing a three-ion decay pathway, (H+, H+, CH2(+)). We find the striking result that at low photoelectron energies the molecule is effectively imaged by the focusing of photoelectrons along bond directions.

Ultrafast internal conversion in ethylene. II. Mechanisms and pathways for quenching and hydrogen elimination.

Through a combined experimental and theoretical approach, we study the nonadiabatic dynamics of the prototypical ethylene (C(2)H(4)) molecule upon π → π(∗) excitation with 161 nm light. Using a novel experimental apparatus, we combine femtosecond pulses of vacuum ultraviolet and extreme ultraviolet (XUV) radiation with variable delay to perform time resolved photo-ion fragment spectroscopy. In this second part of a two part series, the XUV (17 eV < hν < 23 eV) probe pulses are sufficiently energetic to break the C-C bond in photoionization, or to photoionize the dissociation products of the vibrationally hot ground state. The experimental data is directly compared to excited state ab initio molecular dynamics simulations explicitly accounting for the probe step. Enhancements of the CH(2)(+) and CH(3)(+) photo-ion fragment yields, corresponding to molecules photoionized in ethylene (CH(2)CH(2)) and ethylidene (CH(3)CH) like geometries are observed within 100 fs after π → π(∗) excitation. Quantitative agreement between theory and experiment on the relative CH(2)(+) and CH(3)(+) yields provides experimental confirmation of the theoretical prediction of two distinct conical intersections and their branching ratio [H. Tao, B. G. Levine, and T. J. Martinez, J. Phys. Chem. A. 113, 13656 (2009)]. Evidence for fast, non-statistical, elimination of H(2) molecules and H atoms is observed in the time resolved H(2)(+) and H(+) signals.

Second-order autocorrelation of XUV FEL pulses via time resolved two-photon single ionization of He.

Second-order autocorrelation spectra of XUV free-electron laser pulses from the Spring-8 Compact SASE Source (SCSS) have been recorded by time and momentum resolved detection of two-photon single ionization of He at 20.45 eV using a split-mirror delay-stage in combination with high-resolution recoil-ion momentum spectroscopy (COLTRIMS). From the autocorrelation trace we extract a coherence time of 8 ± 2 fs and a mean pulse duration of 28 ± 5 fs, much shorter than estimations based on electron bunch-length measurements. Simulations within the partial coherence model [Opt. Lett. 35, 3441 (2010)] are in agreement with experiment if a pulse-front tilt across the FEL beam diameter is taken into account that leads to a temporal shift of about 6 fs between both pulse replicas.

Ultrafast internal conversion in ethylene. I. The excited state lifetime.

Using a combined theoretical and experimental approach, we investigate the non-adiabatic dynamics of the prototypical ethylene (C(2)H(4)) molecule upon π → π∗ excitation. In this first part of a two part series, we focus on the lifetime of the excited electronic state. The femtosecond time-resolved photoelectron spectrum (TRPES) of ethylene is simulated based on our recent molecular dynamics simulation using the ab initio multiple spawning method with multi-state second order perturbation theory [H. Tao, B. G. Levine, and T. J. Martinez, J. Phys. Chem. A 113, 13656 (2009)]. We find excellent agreement between the TRPES calculation and the photoion signal observed in a pump-probe experiment using femtosecond vacuum ultraviolet (hν = 7.7 eV) pulses for both pump and probe. These results explain the apparent discrepancy over the excited state lifetime between theory and experiment that has existed for ten years, with experiments [e.g., P. Farmanara, V. Stert, and W. Radloff, Chem. Phys. Lett. 288, 518 (1998) and K. Kosma, S. A. Trushin, W. Fuss, and W. E. Schmid, J. Phys. Chem. A 112, 7514 (2008)] reporting much shorter lifetimes than predicted by theory. Investigation of the TRPES indicates that the fast decay of the photoion yield originates from both energetic and electronic factors, with the energetic factor playing a larger role in shaping the signal.

Time-resolved pump-probe experiments at the LCLS.

The first time-resolved x-ray/optical pump-probe experiments at the SLAC Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) used a combination of feedback methods and post-analysis binning techniques to synchronize an ultrafast optical laser to the linac-based x-ray laser. Transient molecular nitrogen alignment revival features were resolved in time-dependent x-ray-induced fragmentation spectra. These alignment features were used to find the temporal overlap of the pump and probe pulses. The strong-field dissociation of x-ray generated quasi-bound molecular dications was used to establish the residual timing jitter. This analysis shows that the relative arrival time of the Ti:Sapphire laser and the x-ray pulses had a distribution with a standard deviation of approximately 120 fs. The largest contribution to the jitter noise spectrum was the locking of the laser oscillator to the reference RF of the accelerator, which suggests that simple technical improvements could reduce the jitter to better than 50 fs.

Femtosecond spectroscopy with vacuum ultraviolet pulse pairs.

We combine different wavelengths from an intense high-order harmonics source with variable delay at the focus of a split-mirror interferometer to conduct pump-probe experiments on gas-phase molecules. We report measurements of the time resolution (<44 fs) and spatial profiles (4 µm × 12 µm) at the focus of the apparatus. We demonstrate the utility of this two-color, high-order-harmonic technique by time resolving molecular hydrogen elimination from C(2)H(4) excited into its absorption band at 161 nm.

Ultrafast extreme ultraviolet induced isomerization of acetylene cations.

Ultrafast isomerization of acetylene cations ([HC=CH](+)) in the low-lying excited A(2)Σ(g)(+) state, populated by the absorption of extreme ultraviolet (XUV) photons (38 eV), has been observed at the Free Electron Laser in Hamburg, (FLASH). Recording coincident fragments C(+) + CH2(+) as a function of time between XUV-pump and -probe pulses, generated by a split-mirror device, we find an isomerization time of 52±15 fs in a kinetic energy release (KER) window of 5.8

Auger electron angular distribution of double core-hole states in the molecular reference frame.

The Linac Coherent Light Source free electron laser is a source of high brightness x rays, 2×10(11) photons in a ∼5 fs pulse, that can be focused to produce double core vacancies through rapid sequential ionization. This enables double core vacancy Auger electron spectroscopy, an entirely new way to study femtosecond chemical dynamics with Auger electrons that probe the local valence structure of molecules near a specific atomic core. Using 1.1 keV photons for sequential x-ray ionization of impulsively aligned molecular nitrogen, we observed a rich single-site double core vacancy Auger electron spectrum near 413 eV, in good agreement with ab initio calculations, and we measured the corresponding Auger electron angle dependence in the molecular frame.

Unconventional diagnostic tests for Lyme borreliosis: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Lyme borreliosis (LB) diagnosis currently relies mainly on serological tests and sometimes PCR or culture. However, other biological assays are being developed to try to improve Borrelia-infection diagnosis and/or monitoring. OBJECTIVES: To analyse available data on these unconventional LB diagnostic assays through a systematic literature review. METHODS: We searched PubMed and Cochrane Library databases according to the PRISMA-DTA method and the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. We analysed controlled and uncontrolled studies (published 1983-2018) on biological tests for adults to diagnose LB according to the European Study Group for Lyme Borreliosis or the Infectious Diseases Society of America definitions, or identify strongly suspected LB. Two independent readers evaluated study eligibility and extracted data from relevant study reports; a third reader analysed full texts of papers to resolve disagreements. The quality of each included study was assessed with the QUADAS-2 evaluation scale. RESULTS: Forty studies were included: two meta-analyses, 25 prospective controlled studies, five prospective uncontrolled studies, six retrospective controlled studies and two case reports. These biological tests assessed can be classified as: (i) proven to be effective at diagnosing LB and already in use (CXCL-13 for neuroborreliosis), but not enough to be standardized; (ii) not yet used routinely, requiring further clinical evaluation (CCL-19, OspA and interferon-α); (iii) uncertain LB diagnostic efficacy because of controversial results and/or poor methodological quality of studies evaluating them (lymphocyte transformation test, interferon-γ, ELISPOT); (iv) unacceptably low sensitivity and/or specificity (CD57+ natural killer cells and rapid diagnostic tests); and (v) possible only for research purposes (microscopy and xenodiagnoses). DISCUSSION: QUADAS-2 quality assessment demonstrated high risk of bias in 25/40 studies and uncertainty regarding applicability for 32/40, showing that in addition to PCR and serology, several other LB diagnostic assays have been developed but their sensitivities and specificities are heterogeneous and/or under-evaluated or unassessed. More studies are warranted to evaluate their performance parameters. The development of active infection biomarkers would greatly advance LB diagnosis and monitoring.

Separation of high order harmonics with fluoride windows.

The ensemble of lower orders produced in high order harmonic generation can be efficiently temporally separated by propagation in a fluoride window while still preserving their femtosecond pulse duration. We present calculations for MgF2, CaF2, and LiF windows for the third, fifth, and seventh harmonics of 800 nm. We use this simple and inexpensive technique in a pump/probe experiment to resolve femtosecond dynamics in the ethylene molecule.

Imaging the molecular dynamics of dissociative electron attachment to water.

Momentum imaging experiments on dissociative electron attachment (DEA) to a water molecule are combined with ab initio theoretical calculations of the angular dependence of the quantum mechanical amplitude for electron attachment to provide a detailed picture of the molecular dynamics of dissociation attachment via the two lowest energy Feshbach resonances. The combination of momentum imaging experiments and theory can reveal dissociation dynamics for which the axial recoil approximation breaks down and thus provides a powerful reaction microscope for DEA to polyatomics.

[Profile of prescription of psychotropic drugs in a National Fund of Social Foresight Organisation in Morocco]. / Profil de prescription des psychotropes dans un organisme de Sécurité sociale marocain.

INTRODUCTION: Psychotropic drugs have undergone significant development in the last few years and their prescription is no longer limited to psychiatrists alone but also to other specialists and general practitioners. In Morocco, many topical questions arise regarding the profile of the prescription of psychotropic drugs. DESIGN: of the study. The present work is a transverse epidemiological study carried out by the CNOPS (National Fund of Social Foresight Organisations) consisting on the random selection of prescriptions drawn-up during the year 1997. The research work consisted at first in making the whole prescriptions including at least one psychotropic drug. Subsequently, we considered various parameters (age, gender, number and family of psychotropic drugs, prescriber, associations between psychotropic drugs...). RESULTS: Four percent of prescriptions included at least one psychotropic drug, 64.1% included one psychotropic drug and more than 33% included 2 to 3 psychotropic drugs. We have noticed a slight female predominance and half of the prescribed psychotropics was prescribed to patients aged between 40 and 60 years. General practitioners ranked first among doctors who prescribed psychotropic drugs (27.7%) followed by psychiatric-s (19%). Among psychotic-type drugs, anxiolytics dominated in the prescriptions (44.9%) followed by neuroleptics (25.2%), antidepressants (18.7%) and finally hypnotics (3%). Women consumed more anxiolytics and antidepressants than men. Among prescriptions drawn-up by general practitioners 52.4% were composed of anxiolytics. Psychiatrists prescribed neuroleptics in 35.3% of cases, then anxiolytics in 35.2%, and antidepressants in 28.7% of cases. Hypnotics concerned only 2.2% of their prescriptions. For the other specialists, the majority of prescriptions were for anxiolytics. Monotherapy was respected in 64.1% of cases. Antidepressants were combined associated with anxiolytics in more than 55% of cases. CONCLUSION: Psychotropic drugs are prescribed more by general practitioners than by psychiatric-s, and anxiolytics constitute the main component of the prescriptions, bearing in mind that women consume more anxiolytics and antidepressants than men.