[Medical clinical diagnostics for indoor mould exposure - Update 2023 (AWMF Register No. 161/001)]. / Medizinisch klinische Diagnostik bei Schimmelpilzexposition in Innenräumen ­ Update 2023 (AWMF-Register-Nr. 161/001).

This article is an abridged version of the updated AWMF mould guideline "Medical clinical diagnostics in case of indoor mould exposure - Update 2023", presented in July 2023 by the German Society of Hygiene, Environmental Medicine and Preventive Medicine (Gesellschaft für Hygiene, Umweltmedizin und Präventivmedizin, GHUP), in collaboration with German and Austrian scientific medical societies, and experts. Indoor mould growth is a potential health risk, even if a quantitative and/or causal relationship between the occurrence of individual mould species and health problems has yet to be established. There is no evidence for a causal relationship between moisture/mould damage and human diseases, mainly because of the ubiquitous presence of fungi and hitherto inadequate diagnostic methods. Sufficient evidence for an association between moisture/mould damage and the following health effects has been established for: allergic respiratory diseases, allergic rhinitis, allergic rhino-conjunctivitis, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), other allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis (ABPM), aspergilloma, Aspergillus bronchitis, asthma (manifestation, progression, exacerbation), bronchitis (acute, chronic), community-acquired Aspergillus pneumonia, hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP; extrinsic allergic alveolitis (EEA)), invasive Aspergillosis, mycoses, organic dust toxic syndrome (ODTS) [workplace exposure], promotion of respiratory infections, pulmonary aspergillosis (subacute, chronic), and rhinosinusitis (acute, chronically invasive, or granulomatous, allergic). In this context the sensitizing potential of moulds is obviously low compared to other environmental allergens. Recent studies show a comparatively low sensitization prevalence of 3-22,5 % in the general population across Europe. Limited or suspected evidence for an association exist with respect to atopic eczema (atopic dermatitis, neurodermatitis; manifestation), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), mood disorders, mucous membrane irritation (MMI), odor effects, and sarcoidosis. (iv) Inadequate or insufficient evidence for an association exist for acute idiopathic pulmonary hemorrhage in infants, airborne transmitted mycotoxicosis, arthritis, autoimmune diseases, cancer, chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), endocrinopathies, gastrointestinal effects, multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS), multiple sclerosis, neuropsychological effects, neurotoxic effects, renal effects, reproductive disorders, rheumatism, sick building syndrome (SBS), sudden infant death syndrome, teratogenicity, thyroid diseases, and urticaria.The risk of infection posed by moulds regularly occurring indoors is low for healthy persons; most species are in risk group 1 and a few in risk group 2 (Aspergillus fumigatus, A. flavus) of the German Biological Agents Act (Biostoffverordnung). Only moulds that are potentially able to form toxins can be triggers of toxic reactions. Whether or not toxin formation occurs in individual cases is determined by environmental and growth conditions, water activity, temperature and above all the growth substrates.In case of indoor moisture/mould damage, everyone can be affected by odor effects and/or mood disorders.However, this is not an acute health hazard. Predisposing factors for odor effects can include genetic and hormonal influences, imprinting, context and adaptation effects. Predisposing factors for mood disorders may include environmental concerns, anxiety, condition, and attribution, as well as various diseases. Risk groups to be protected particularly regarding infection risk are immunocompromised persons according to the classification of the German Commission for Hospital Hygiene and Infection Prevention (Kommission für Krankenhaushygiene und Infektionsprävention, KRINKO) at the Robert Koch-Institute (RKI), persons suffering from severe influenza, persons suffering from severe COVID-19, and persons with cystic fibrosis (mucoviscidosis); with regard to allergic risk, persons with cystic fibrosis (mucoviscidosis) and patients with bronchial asthma must be protected. The rational diagnostics include the medical history, physical examination, and conventional allergy diagnostics including provocation tests if necessary; sometimes cellular test systems are indicated. In the case of mould infections, the reader is referred to the specific guidelines. Regarding mycotoxins, there are currently no useful and validated test procedures for clinical diagnostics. From a preventive medical point of view, it is important that indoor mould infestation in relevant magnitudes cannot be tolerated for precautionary reasons.For evaluation of mould damage in the indoor environment and appropriate remedial procedures, the reader is referred to the mould guideline issued by the German Federal Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt, UBA).

Human Tissue Distribution of Anidulafungin and Micafungin.

Concentrations of anidulafungin and micafungin were determined in eight different tissues obtained during autopsy of four deceased individuals who had been treated with anidulafungin and of seven who had received micafungin. The largest amounts were recovered from liver, with anidulafungin concentrations of 11.01 to 66.50 µg/g and micafungin levels of 0.36 to 5.53 µg/g (0.65 µg/g 30 days after the last administration). The lowest anidulafungin levels were measured in skeletal muscle, and the lowest micafungin concentrations were in kidneys.

Pharmacokinetics and Antifungal Activity of Echinocandins in Ascites Fluid of Critically Ill Patients.

The pharmacokinetics and antifungal activity of the echinocandins anidulafungin (AFG), micafungin (MFG), and caspofungin (CAS) were assessed in ascites fluid and plasma of critically ill adults treated for suspected or proven invasive candidiasis. Ascites fluid was obtained from ascites drains or during paracentesis. The antifungal activity of the echinocandins in ascites fluid was assessed by incubation of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata at concentrations of 0.03 to 16.00 µg/ml. In addition, ascites fluid samples obtained from our study patients were inoculated with the same isolates and evaluated for fungal growth. These patient samples had to be spiked with echinocandins to restore the original concentrations because echinocandins had been lost during sterile filtration. In ascites fluid specimens of 29 patients, echinocandin concentrations were below the simultaneous plasma levels. Serial sampling in 20 patients revealed a slower rise and decline of echinocandin concentrations in ascites fluid than in plasma. Proliferation of C. albicans in ascites fluid was slower than in culture medium and growth of C. glabrata was lacking, even in the absence of antifungals. In CAS-spiked ascites fluid samples, fungal CFU counts moderately declined, whereas spiking with AFG or MFG had no relevant effect. In ascites fluid of our study patients, echinocandin concentrations achieved by therapeutic doses did not result in a consistent eradication of C. albicans or C. glabrata. Thus, therapeutic doses of AFG, MFG, or CAS may result in ascites fluid concentrations preventing relevant proliferation of C. albicans and C. glabrata, but do not warrant reliable eradication.

Cardiopulmonary recovery after COVID-19: an observational prospective multicentre trial.

BACKGROUND: After the 2002/2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak, 30% of survivors exhibited persisting structural pulmonary abnormalities. The long-term pulmonary sequelae of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are yet unknown, and comprehensive clinical follow-up data are lacking. METHODS: In this prospective, multicentre, observational study, we systematically evaluated the cardiopulmonary damage in subjects recovering from COVID-19 at 60 and 100 days after confirmed diagnosis. We conducted a detailed questionnaire, clinical examination, laboratory testing, lung function analysis, echocardiography and thoracic low-dose computed tomography (CT). RESULTS: Data from 145 COVID-19 patients were evaluated, and 41% of all subjects exhibited persistent symptoms 100 days after COVID-19 onset, with dyspnoea being most frequent (36%). Accordingly, patients still displayed an impaired lung function, with a reduced diffusing capacity in 21% of the cohort being the most prominent finding. Cardiac impairment, including a reduced left ventricular function or signs of pulmonary hypertension, was only present in a minority of subjects. CT scans unveiled persisting lung pathologies in 63% of patients, mainly consisting of bilateral ground-glass opacities and/or reticulation in the lower lung lobes, without radiological signs of pulmonary fibrosis. Sequential follow-up evaluations at 60 and 100 days after COVID-19 onset demonstrated a vast improvement of symptoms and CT abnormalities over time. CONCLUSION: A relevant percentage of post-COVID-19 patients presented with persisting symptoms and lung function impairment along with radiological pulmonary abnormalities >100 days after the diagnosis of COVID-19. However, our results indicate a significant improvement in symptoms and cardiopulmonary status over time.

Penetration of echinocandins into wound secretion of critically ill patients.

PURPOSE: Wound infections caused by Candida are life-threatening and difficult to treat. Echinocandins are highly effective against Candida species and recommended for treatment of invasive candidiasis. As penetration of echinocandins into wounds is largely unknown, we measured the concentrations of the echinocandins anidulafungin (AFG), micafungin (MFG), and caspofungin (CAS) in wound secretion (WS) and in plasma of critically ill patients. METHODS: We included critically ill adults with an indwelling wound drainage or undergoing vacuum-assisted closure therapy, who were treated with an echinocandin for suspected or proven invasive fungal infection. Concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography with UV (AFG and MFG) or tandem mass spectrometry detection (CAS). RESULTS: Twenty-one patients were enrolled. From eight patients, serial WS samples and simultaneous plasma samples were obtained within a dosage interval. AFG concentrations in WS amounted to < 0.025-2.25 mg/L, MFG concentrations were 0.025-2.53 mg/L, and CAS achieved concentrations of 0.18-4.04 mg/L. Concentrations in WS were significantly lower than the simultaneous plasma concentrations and below the MIC values of some relevant pathogens. CONCLUSION: Echinocandin penetration into WS displays a high inter-individual variability. In WS of some of the patients, concentrations may be sub-therapeutic. However, the relevance of sub-therapeutic concentrations is unknown as no correlation has been established between concentration data and clinical outcome. Nevertheless, in the absence of clinical outcome studies, our data do not support the use of echinocandins at standard doses for the treatment of fungal wound infections, but underline the pivotal role of surgical debridement.

Expert-based medication reviews to reduce polypharmacy in older patients in primary care: a northern-Italian cluster-randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Evidence regarding clinically relevant effects of interventions aiming at reducing polypharmacy is weak, especially for the primary care setting. This study was initiated with the objective to achieve clinical benefits for older patients (aged 75+) by means of evidence-based reduction of polypharmacy (defined as ≥8 prescribed drugs) and inappropriate prescribing in general practice. METHODS: The cluster-randomised controlled trial involved general practitioners and patients in a northern-Italian region. The intervention consisted of a review of patient's medication regimens by three experts who gave specific recommendations for drug discontinuation. Main outcome measures were non-elective hospital admissions or death within 24 months (composite primary endpoint). Secondary outcomes were drug numbers, hospital admissions, mortality, falls, fractures, quality of life, affective status, cognitive function. RESULTS: Twenty-two GPs/307 patients participated in the intervention group, 21 GPs/272 patients in the control group. One hundred twenty-five patients (40.7%) experienced the primary outcome in the intervention group, 87 patients (32.0%) in the control group. The adjusted rates of occurrence of the primary outcome did not differ significantly between the study groups (intention-to-treat analysis: adjusted odds ratio 1.46, 95%CI 0.99-2.18, p = 0.06; per-protocol analysis: adjusted OR 1.33, 95%CI 0.87-2.04, p = 0.2). Hospitalisations as single endpoint occurred more frequently in the intervention group according to the unadjusted analysis (OR 1.61, 95%CI 1.03-2.51, p = 0.04) but not in the adjusted analysis (OR 1.39, 95%CI 0.95-2.03, p = 0.09). Falls occurred less frequently in the intervention group (adjusted OR 0.55, 95%CI 0.31-0.98; p = 0.04). No significant differences were found regarding the other outcomes. Definitive discontinuation was obtained for 67 (16.0%) of 419 drugs rated as inappropriate. About 6% of the prescribed drugs were PIMs. CONCLUSIONS: No conclusive effects were found regarding mortality and non-elective hospitalisations as composite respectively single endpoints. Falls were significantly reduced in the intervention group, although definitive discontinuation was achieved for only one out of six inappropriate drugs. These results indicate that (1) even a modest reduction of inappropriate medications may entail positive clinical effects, and that (2) focusing on evidence-based new drug prescriptions and prevention of polypharmacy may be more effective than deprescribing. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Current Controlled Trials (ID ISRCTN: 38449870), date: 11/09/2013.

Anidulafungin and Micafungin Concentrations in Cerebrospinal Fluid and in Cerebral Cortex.

Anidulafungin and micafungin were quantified in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of critically ill adults and in cerebral cortex of deceased patients. In CSF, anidulafungin levels (<0.01 to 0.66 µg/ml) and micafungin levels (<0.01 to 0.16 µg/ml) were lower than those in plasma concentrations (0.77 to 5.07 and 1.21 to 8.70 µg/ml, respectively) drawn simultaneously. In cerebral cortex, anidulafungin and micafungin levels were 0.21 to 2.34 and 0.18 to 2.88 µg/g, respectively. Thus, MIC values of several pathogenic Candida strains exceed concentrations in CSF and in brain.

Pharmacokinetics of trimethoprim/sulfametrole in critically ill patients on continuous renal replacement therapy.

OBJECTIVES: We investigated the effect of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) on the pharmacokinetics of trimethoprim and sulfametrole. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We enrolled critically ill adults undergoing CRRT and critically ill adults with normal or slightly impaired renal function (plasma creatinine concentration <1.5 mg/dL, control group). All patients received trimethoprim/sulfametrole at standard doses. Pharmacokinetics were determined after the first dose and at steady-state. In addition, a population pharmacokinetic model using plasma data was built. We also assessed the renal clearance (CLR) and the extracorporeal clearance in patients undergoing CRRT. RESULTS: Twelve patients were enrolled in the CRRT group and 12 patients in the control group. There was no statistically significant difference in trimethoprim pharmacokinetics between the two groups. In patients on CRRT, total plasma clearance (CLtot) and V of sulfametrole were significantly higher than in the control group. However, sulfametrole exposure was not significantly altered during CRRT. The population pharmacokinetic analysis indicated that neither CRRT intensity nor residual diuresis were significant covariates on trimethoprim or sulfametrole CL. Median CL by continuous venovenous haemofiltration accounted for about one-third of CLtot of trimethoprim and for about one-half of CLtot of sulfametrole. In patients on CRRT, CLR of trimethoprim and sulfametrole were <5% of CLtot. CONCLUSIONS: During CRRT, standard doses of trimethoprim/sulfametrole appear to be adequate.

Acute kidney injury and mild therapeutic hypothermia in patients after cardiopulmonary resuscitation - a post hoc analysis of a prospective observational trial.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of mild therapeutic hypothermia (MTH) on the incidence of and recovery from acute kidney injury (AKI). METHODS: Patients who had undergone successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) were included. Serum creatinine and cystatin C were measured at baseline, daily up to 5 days and at ICU discharge. AKI was defined by the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria. MTH was applied for 24 h targeting a temperature of 33 °C. Neurological outcome was assessed with the Cerebral Performance Categories score at hospital discharge. RESULTS: 126 patients were included in the study; 73 patients (58%) developed AKI. Patients treated with MTH had a significantly lower incidence of AKI as compared to normothermia (NT) (44 vs. 69%; p = 0.004). Patients with less favourable neurological outcomes had a significantly higher rate of AKI, although when treated with MTH the occurrence of AKI was reduced (50 vs. 80%; p = 0.017). Furthermore, MTH treatment was accompanied by significantly lower creatinine levels on day 0-1 and at ICU discharge (day 0: 1.12 (0.90-1.29) vs. 1.29 (1.00-1.52) mg/dl; p = 0.016) and lower cystatin C levels on day 0-3 and at ICU discharge (day 0: 0.88 (0.77-1.10) vs. 1.29 (1.06-2.16) mg/l; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Mild therapeutic hypothermia seems to have a protective effect against the development of AKI and on renal recovery. This may be less pronounced in patients with a favourable neurological outcome.

Pharmacokinetics of antifungal drugs: practical implications for optimized treatment of patients.

INTRODUCTION: Because of the high mortality of invasive fungal infections (IFIs), appropriate exposure to antifungals appears to be crucial for therapeutic efficacy and safety. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This review summarises published pharmacokinetic data on systemically administered antifungals focusing on co-morbidities, target-site penetration, and combination antifungal therapy. CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION: Amphotericin B is eliminated unchanged via urine and faeces. Flucytosine and fluconazole display low protein binding and are eliminated by the kidney. Itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole and isavuconazole are metabolised in the liver. Azoles are substrates and inhibitors of cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoenzymes and are therefore involved in numerous drug-drug interactions. Anidulafungin is spontaneously degraded in the plasma. Caspofungin and micafungin undergo enzymatic metabolism in the liver, which is independent of CYP. Although several drug-drug interactions occur during caspofungin and micafungin treatment, echinocandins display a lower potential for drug-drug interactions. Flucytosine and azoles penetrate into most of relevant tissues. Amphotericin B accumulates in the liver and in the spleen. Its concentrations in lung and kidney are intermediate and relatively low myocardium and brain. Tissue distribution of echinocandins is similar to that of amphotericin. Combination antifungal therapy is established for cryptococcosis but controversial in other IFIs such as invasive aspergillosis and mucormycosis.

Diagnosing filamentous fungal infections in immunocompromised patients applying computed tomography-guided percutaneous lung biopsies: a 12-year experience.

BACKGROUND: Invasive fungal diseases (IFD) are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients, and early diagnosis and management are a challenge. We evaluated the clinical utility of computed tomography (CT)-guided percutaneous lung biopsies in diagnosing IFD. METHODS: Between 2003 and 2014, we analyzed 2671 CT-guided lung biopsies, from which 157 were IFD associated; we aimed to determine microbiological-based diagnostic accuracy of calcofluor white staining (CFWS), culture, Aspergillus antigen detection (GM), broad-range fungal PCR, and Aspergillus PCR per sample. RESULTS: 127 (81%) specimens were microscopically positive for any fungal elements, 30 (19%) negative. Aspergillus and non-Aspergillus like hyphae were obtained in 85 (67%) and 42 (33%) specimens, respectively. CFWS positivity was defined as proof of infection. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive (PPV) and negative predictive (NPV) values for CT scan were 100, 44, 80, and 100%, for Aspergillus PCR 89, 58, 88, and 58%, for broad-range fungal PCR 90, 83, 95, and 90%, and for GM 94, 83, 95, and 90%. The most common CT features were patchy opacifications with central necrosis (78%) or cavern defects (50%), less common were air bronchograms (39%) or ground glass halos (39%), and all other features were rare. The overall pneumothorax rate subsequent to biopsy was 19%, but in only 2% of all cases the placement of a chest tube was indicated. One case of fatal air embolism occurred. CONCLUSIONS: CT-guided lung biopsies have high diagnostic accuracy in terms of microscopic examination, and complication rates are low. Molecular-based and antigen tests applied on fungal hyphae-positive specimens showed comparable results.

[5-0xoproline (pyroglutamic acid) acidosis and acetaminophen- a differential diagnosis in high anion gap metabolic acidosis]. / 5-Oxoprolin (Pyroglutaminsäure) Azidose unter Paracetamol - Eine Differentialdiagnose der metabolischen Azidose mit erhöhter Anionenlücke.

Rare cases of high anion gap metabolic acidosis during long-term paracetamol administration in therapeutic doses with causative 5-oxoproline (pyroglutamic acid} accumulation have been reported. Other concomitant risk factors such as malnutrition, alcohol abuse, renal or hepatic dysfunction, comedication with flue/oxacillin, vigabatrin, netilmicin or sepsis have been described. The etiology seems to be a drug-induced reversible inhibition of glutathione synthetase or 5-oxoprolinase leading to elevated serum and urine levels of 5-oxoproline. Other more frequent differential diagnoses, such as intoxications, ketoacidosis or lactic acidosis should be excluded. Causative substances should be stopped. 5-oxoproline concentrations in urine can be quantified to establish the diagnosis. Adverse drug reactions, which are not listed or insufficiently described in the respective Swiss product information, should be reported to the regional pharmacovigilance centres for early signal detection. 5-0 xoproline acidosis will be integrated as a potential adverse drug reaction in the Swiss product information for paracetamol.

AWMF mold guideline "Medical clinical diagnostics for indoor mold exposure" - Update 2023 AWMF Register No. 161/001.

None.

Pharmacokinetics of caspofungin in critically ill patients on continuous renal replacement therapy.

Caspofungin pharmacokinetics was assessed in 27 critically ill patients, including 7 on continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH), 8 on continuous venovenous hemodialysis (CVVHD), and 13 not requiring continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). Caspofungin exposure during CRRT was very similar to that of the control group and comparable to that in healthy volunteers. Caspofungin clearance by CRRT was very low. Therefore, the standard dosage of caspofungin is probably adequate for critically ill patients undergoing CVVH or CVVHD.

Common variable immunodeficiency with granulomatous-lymphocytic interstitial lung disease treated with monoclonal antibodies against COVID-19: A case report.

Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is the most prevalent primary immunodeficiency. We present a 22-year-old Caucasian woman with CVID and granulomatous lymphocytic interstitial lung disease who contracted COVID-19 and was successfully treated with sotrovimab and molnupiravir. This treatment may have contributed to the relatively mild disease course of COVID-19 in our patient.

Salvage Treatment for Invasive Aspergillosis and Mucormycosis: Challenges, Recommendations and Future Considerations.

Invasive mold diseases are devastating systemic infections which demand meticulous care in selection, dosing, and therapy monitoring of antifungal drugs. Various circumstances regarding PK/PD properties of the applied drug, resistance/tolerance of the causative pathogen or host intolerability can lead to failure of the initial antifungal therapy. This necessitates treatment adaption in the sense of switching antifungal drug class or potentially adding another drug for a combination therapy approach. In the current state of drastically limited options of antifungal drug classes adaption of therapy remains challenging. Current guidelines provide restricted recommendations only and emphasize individual approaches. However, novel antifungals, incorporating innovative mechanisms of action, show promising results in late stage clinical development. These will expand options for salvage therapy in the future potentially as monotherapy or in combination with conventional or other novel antifungals. We outline current recommendations for salvage therapy including PK/PD considerations as well as elucidate possible future treatment options for invasive aspergillosis and mucormycosis.

Incidence, risk factors and outcome of acute kidney injury in critically ill COVID-19 patients in Tyrol, Austria: a prospective multicenter registry study.

INTRODUCTION: Acute kidney injury is a frequent complication in critically ill patients with and without COVID-19. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of, and risk factors for, acute kidney injury and its effect on clinical outcomes of critically ill COVID-19 patients in Tyrol, Austria. METHODS: This multicenter prospective registry study included adult patients with a SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by polymerase chain reaction, who were treated in one of the 12 dedicated intensive care units during the COVID-19 pandemic from February 2020 until May 2022. RESULTS: In total, 1042 patients were included during the study period. The median age of the overall cohort was 66 years. Of the included patients, 267 (26%) developed acute kidney injury during their intensive care unit stay. In total, 12.3% (n = 126) required renal replacement therapy with a median duration of 9 (IQR 3-18) days. In patients with acute kidney injury the rate of invasive mechanical ventilation was significantly higher with 85% (n = 227) compared to 41% (n = 312) in the no acute kidney injury group (p < 0.001). The most important risk factors for acute kidney injury were invasive mechanical ventilation (OR = 4.19, p < 0.001), vasopressor use (OR = 3.17, p < 0.001) and chronic kidney disease (OR = 2.30, p < 0.001) in a multivariable logistic regression analysis. Hospital and intensive care unit mortality were significantly higher in patients with acute kidney injury compared to patients without acute kidney injury (Hospital mortality: 52.1% vs. 17.2%, p < 0.001, ICU-mortality: 47.2% vs. 14.7%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: As in non-COVID-19 patients, acute kidney injury is clearly associated with increased mortality in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Among known risk factors, invasive mechanical ventilation has been identified as an independent and strong predictor of acute kidney injury.

Pharmacokinetics of amphotericin B colloidal dispersion in critically ill patients with cholestatic liver disease.

The pharmacokinetics of lipid-bound and liberated amphotericin B (AMB) was assessed in 11 critically ill patients with cholestatic liver disease (CSLD) and in 9 subjects with normal liver function treated with AMB colloidal dispersion (ABCD). Exposure to lipid-bound AMB was higher in patients with CSLD. Levels of liberated AMB were elevated by CSLD only after the first dose, whereas its pharmacokinetics was unaffected at steady state. The standard dosage of ABCD is probably adequate for patients with CSLD.

A Laboratory-Based Study on Multiple Biomarker Testing in the Diagnosis of COVID-19-Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis (CAPA): Real-Life Data.

(1) Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) raises concerns to contribute to an increased mortality. The incidence of CAPA varies widely within hospitals and countries, partly because of difficulties in obtaining a reliable diagnosis. (2) Methods: Here, we assessed Aspergillus culture-positive and culture-negative respiratory tract specimens via direct fungal microscopy (gold standard) and compared the results with galactomannan enzyme immunoassay (GM-EIA) and Aspergillus PCR. (3) Results: 241 respiratory samples from patients suffering from SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia were evaluated. Results showed both diagnostic tools, Aspergillus PCR and GM-EIA, to be positive or negative displaying a sensitivity of 0.90, a specificity of 0.77, a negative predictive value (NPV) of 0.95, and a positive predictive value (PPV) of 0.58 in Aspergillus sp. culture and microscopic-positive specimens. Non-bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples, obtained within a few days from the same patient, showed a high frequency of intermittent positive or negative GM-EIA or Aspergillus PCR results. Positivity of a single biomarker is insufficient for a proper diagnosis. A broad spectrum of Aspergillus species was detected. (4) Conclusions: Our study highlights the challenges of combined biomarker testing as part of diagnosing CAPA. From the results presented, we highly recommend the additional performance of direct microscopy in respiratory specimens to avoid overestimation of fungal infections by applying biomarkers.