Achieving Well-Oriented FAPbI3 Perovskite Photovoltaics by Cyclohexane Modification.

It is essential and challenging to develop green and cost-effective solar cells to meet the energy demands. Solar cells with a perovskite light-harvesting layer are the most promising technology to propel the world toward next-generation solar energy. Formamidinium lead tri-iodide (FAPbI3)-based perovskite solar cells (F-PSCs), with their considerable performance, offer cost-effective solar cells. One of the major issues that the PSC community is now experiencing is the stability of α-FAPbI3 at relatively low temperatures. In this study, we fabricated FAPbI3-PSCs using cyclohexane (CHX) material via a two-step deposition method. For this purpose, CHX is added to the formamidinium iodide:methylammonium chloride (FAI:MACl) solution as an additive and used to form a better FAPbI3 layer by controlling the reaction between FAI and lead iodide (PbI2). The CHX additive induces the reaction of undercoordinated Pb2+ with FAI material and produces an α-FAPbI3 layer with low charge traps and large domains. In addition, the CHX-containing FAPbI3 layers show higher carrier lifetimes and facilitate carrier transfer in F-PSCs. The CHX-modified F-PSCs yield a high champion efficiency of 22.84% with improved ambient and thermal stability behavior. This breakthrough provides valuable findings regarding the formation of a desirable FAPbI3 layer for photovoltaic applications and holds promise for the industrialization of F-PSCs.

Enhancement of efficiency in CsSnI3 based perovskite solar cell by numerical modeling of graphene oxide as HTL and ZnMgO as ETL.

Perovskite photovoltaics have an immense contribution toward the all-round development of the solar cell. Apart from the flexibility, stability, and high efficiency, more stress has been given to using lead-free as well as eco-friendly, inexpensive materials in the fabrication of PSC devices. The utilization of non-volatile material, such as cesium tin iodide (CsSnI3), can be proposed for designing the PSC device, which not only makes it eco-friendly but also offers better optoelectronic characteristics due to its smaller bandgap of 1.27 eV. The inclusion of Sn in the perovskite material also functions as an increment in the stability of the perovskite. In the present simulation, CsSnI3 is used as an active absorber layer while the ZnMgO is used as an ETL for a cost-effective nature. Similarly, graphene oxide (GO) is used as HTL for a superior collection of holes. The comprehensive numerical modeling of the ZnMgO can be utilized in solar cell designing with appropriate CsSnI3 thickness, working temperature, total defectivity, and resistance impact, respectively. The presently simulated device offers an excellent efficiency of 17.37 % with CsSnI3-based PSC. These results of the study also show an effective route to develop highly efficient lead-free PSC devices.

Design and Optimization of High-Performance Novel RbPbBr3-Based Solar Cells with Wide-Band-Gap S-Chalcogenide Electron Transport Layers (ETLs).

Inorganic cubic rubidium-lead-halide perovskites have attracted considerable attention owing to their structural, electronic, and unique optical properties. In this study, novel rubidium-lead-bromide (RbPbBr3)-based hybrid perovskite solar cells (HPSCs) with several high-band-gap chalcogenide electron transport layers (ETLs) of In2S3, WS2, and SnS2 were studied by density functional theory (DFT) and using the SCAPS-1D simulator. Initially, the band gap and optical performance were computed using DFT, and these results were utilized for the first time in the SCAPS-1D simulator. Furthermore, the impact of different major influencing parameters, that is, the thickness of the layer, bulk defect density, doping concentration, and defect density of interfaces, including the working temperature, were also investigated and unveiled. Further, a study on an optimized device with the most potential ETL (SnS2) layer was performed systematically. Finally, a comparative study of different reported heterostructures was performed to explore the benchmark of the most recent efficient RbPbBr3-based photovoltaics. The highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) was 29.75% for the SnS2 ETL with Voc of 0.9789 V, Jsc of 34.57863 mA cm-2, and fill factor (FF) of 87.91%, while the PCEs of 21.15 and 24.57% were obtained for In2S3 and WS2 ETLs, respectively. The electron-hole generation, recombination rates, and quantum efficiency (QE) characteristics were also investigated in detail. Thus, the SnS2 ETL shows strong potential for use in RbPbBr3-based hybrid perovskite high-performance photovoltaic devices.

Comparative study of distinct halide composites for highly efficient perovskite solar cells using a SCAPS-1D simulator.

This research investigates the influence of halide-based methylammonium-based perovskites as the active absorber layer (PAL) in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Using SCAPS-1D simulation software, the study optimizes PSC performance by analyzing PAL thickness, temperature, and defect density impact on output parameters. PAL thickness analysis reveals that increasing thickness enhances JSC for MAPbI3 and MAPbI2Br, while that of MAPbBr3 remains steady. VOC remains constant, and FF and PCE vary with thickness. MAPbI2Br exhibits the highest efficiency of 22.05% at 1.2 µm thickness. Temperature impact analysis shows JSC, VOC, FF, and PCE decrease with rising temperature. MAPbI2Br-based PSC achieves the highest efficiency of 22.05% at 300 K. Contour plots demonstrate that optimal PAL thickness for the MAPbI2Br-based PSC is 1.2 µm with a defect density of 1 × 1013 cm-3, resulting in a PCE of approximately 22.05%. Impedance analysis shows the MAPbBr3-based PSC has the highest impedance, followed by Cl2Br-based and I-based perovskite materials. A comparison of QE and J-V characteristics indicates MAPbI2Br offers the best combination of VOC and JSC, resulting in superior efficiency. Overall, this study enhances PSC performance with MAPbI2Br-based devices, achieving an improved power conversion efficiency of 22.05%. These findings contribute to developing more efficient perovskite solar cells using distinct halide-based perovskite materials.

Designing an efficient lead-free perovskite solar cell with green-synthesized CuCrO2 and CeO2 as carrier transport materials.

With increased efficiency, simplicity in manufacturing, adaptability, and flexibility, solar cells constructed from organic metal halide perovskite (PVK) have recently attained great eminence. Lead, a poisonous substance, present in a conventional PVK impacts the environment and prevents commercialization. To deal with this issue, a number of toxicity-free PVK-constructed solar cells have been suggested. Nevertheless, inherent losses mean the efficiency conversion accomplished from these devices is inadequate. Therefore, a thorough theoretical investigation is indispensable for comprehending the losses to improve efficiency. The findings of a unique modelling method for organic lead-free solar cells, namely methylammonium tin iodide (MASnI3), are investigated to reach the maximum practical efficiencies. The layer pertinent to MASnI3 was constructed as a sandwich between a bio-synthesized electron transport layer (ETL) of CeO2 and a hole transport layer (HTL) of CuCrO2 in the designed perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In this study, the use of algae-synthesized Au in the back contacts has been proposed. To obtain the maximum performance, the devices are further analyzed and optimized for active layer thickness, working temperature, total and interface defect density analysis, impedance analysis (Z'-Z), and capacitance-voltage (C-V), respectively. An optimal conversion efficiency of 26.60% has been attained for an MASnI3-constructed PSC. The study findings may open the door to a lead-free PSC through improved conversion efficiencies.

Harnessing the potential of CsPbBr3-based perovskite solar cells using efficient charge transport materials and global optimization.

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have become a possible alternative to traditional photovoltaic devices for their high performance, low cost, and ease of fabrication. Here in this study, the SCAPS-1D simulator numerically simulates and optimizes CsPbBr3-based PSCs under the optimum illumination situation. We explore the impact of different back metal contacts (BMCs), including Cu, Ag, Fe, C, Au, W, Pt, Se, Ni, and Pd combined with the TiO2 electron transport layer (ETL) and CFTS hole transport layer (HTL), on the performance of the devices. After optimization, the ITO/TiO2/CsPbBr3/CFTS/Ni structure showed a maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE or η) of 13.86%, with Ni as a more cost-effective alternative to Au. After the optimization of the BMC the rest of the investigation is conducted both with and without HTL mode. We investigate the impact of changing the thickness and the comparison with acceptor and defect densities (with and without HTL) of the CsPbBr3 perovskite absorber layer on the PSC performance. Finally, we optimized the thickness, charge carrier densities, and defect densities of the absorber, ETL, and HTL, along with the interfacial defect densities at HTL/absorber and absorber/ETL interfaces to improve the PCE of the device; and the effect of variation of these parameters is also investigated both with and without HTL connected. The final optimized configuration achieved a VOC of 0.87 V, JSC of 27.57 mA cm-2, FF of 85.93%, and PCE of 20.73%. To further investigate the performance of the optimized device, we explore the impact of the temperature, shunt resistance, series resistance, capacitance, generation rate, recombination rate, Mott-Schottky, JV, and QE features of both with and without HTL connected. The optimized device offers the best thermal stability at a temperature of 300 K. Our study highlights the potential of CsPbBr3-based PSCs and provides valuable insights for their optimization and future development.

Boosting efficiency above 28% using effective charge transport layer with Sr3SbI3 based novel inorganic perovskite.

Strontium antimony iodide (Sr3SbI3) is one of the emerging absorbers materials owing to its intriguing structural, electronic, and optical properties for efficient and cost-effective solar cell applications. A comprehensive investigation on the structural, optical, and electronic characterization of Sr3SbI3 and its subsequent applications in heterostructure solar cells have been studied theoretically. Initially, the optoelectronic parameters of the novel Sr3SbI3 absorber, and the possible electron transport layer (ETL) of tin sulfide (SnS2), zinc sulfide (ZnS), and indium sulfide (In2S3) including various interface layers were obtained by DFT study. Afterward, the photovoltaic (PV) performance of Sr3SbI3 absorber-based cell structures with SnS2, ZnS, and In2S3 as ETLs were systematically investigated at varying layer thickness, defect density bulk, doping density, interface density of active materials including working temperature, and thereby, optimized PV parameters were achieved using SCAPS-1D simulator. Additionally, the quantum efficiency (QE), current density-voltage (J-V), and generation and recombination rates of photocarriers were determined. The maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 28.05% with JSC of 34.67 mA cm-2, FF of 87.31%, VOC of 0.93 V for SnS2 ETL was obtained with Al/FTO/SnS2/Sr3SbI3/Ni structure, while the PCE of 24.33%, and 18.40% in ZnS and In2S3 ETLs heterostructures, respectively. The findings of this study contribute to in-depth understanding of the physical, electronic, and optical properties of Sr3SbI3 absorber perovskite and SnS2, ZnS, and In2S3 ETLs. Additionally, it provides valuable insights into the potential of Sr3SbI3 in heterostructure perovskite solar cells (PSCs), paving the pathway for further experimental design of an efficient and stable PSC devices.

Achieving above 24% efficiency with non-toxic CsSnI3 perovskite solar cells by harnessing the potential of the absorber and charge transport layers.

Lead toxicity is a barrier to the widespread commercial manufacture of lead halide perovskites and their use in solar photovoltaic (PV) devices. Eco-friendly lead-free perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been developed using certain unique non- or low-toxic perovskite materials. In this context, Sn-based perovskites have been identified as promising substitutes for Pb-based perovskites due to their similar characteristics. However, Sn-based perovskites suffer from chemical instability, which affects their performance in PSCs. This study employs theoretical simulations to identify ways to improve the efficiency of Sn-based PSCs. The simulations were conducted using the SCAPS-1D software, and a lead-free, non-toxic, and inorganic perovskite absorber layer (PAL), i.e. CsSnI3 was used in the PSC design. The properties of the hole transport layer (HTL) and electron transport layer (ETL) were tuned to optimize the performance of the device. Apart from this, seven different combinations of HTLs were studied, and the best-performing combination was found to be ITO/PCBM/CsSnI3/CFTS/Se, which achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 24.73%, an open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 0.872 V, a short-circuit current density (JSC) of 33.99 mA cm-2 and a fill factor (FF) of 83.46%. The second highest PCE of 18.41% was achieved by the ITO/PCBM/CsSnI3/CuSCN/Se structure. In addition to optimizing the structure of the PSC, this study also analyzes the current density-voltage (J-V) along with quantum efficiency (QE), as well as the impact of series resistance, shunt resistance, and working temperature, on PV performance. The results demonstrate the potential of the optimized structure identified in this study to enhance the standard PCE of PSCs. Overall, this study provides important insights into the development of lead-free absorber materials and highlights the potential of using CsSnI3 as the PAL in PSCs. The optimized structure identified in this study can be used as a base for further research to improve the efficiency of Sn-based PSCs.