Antiviral Plants from Marajó Island, Brazilian Amazon: A Narrative Review.

Diseases caused by viruses are a global threat, resulting in serious medical and social problems for humanity. They are the main contributors to many minor and major outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics worldwide. Over the years, medicinal plants have been used as a complementary treatment in a range of diseases. In this sense, this review addresses promising antiviral plants from Marajó island, a part of the Amazon region, which is known to present a very wide biodiversity of medicinal plants. The present review has been limited to articles and abstracts available in Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, Scielo, PubMed, and Google Scholar, as well as the patent offices in Brazil (INPI), United States (USPTO), Europe (EPO) and World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). As a result, some plants from Marajó island were reported to have actions against HIV-1,2, HSV-1,2, SARS-CoV-2, HAV and HBV, Poliovirus, and influenza. Our major conclusion is that plants of the Marajó region show promising perspectives regarding pharmacological potential in combatting future viral diseases.

Qualidade bacteriológica e físico-química da carne bovina moída comercializada em supermercados e casas atacadistas no município de Belém/PA / Bacteriological and physical and chemical quality of milled beef commercialized in supermarkets and wholesalers in the city of Belém/PA

O trabalho objetivou avaliar a qualidade bacteriológica e físico-química da carne bovina moída comercializada em estabelecimentos de Belém/PA, bem como avaliar o nível de conformidade higiênico-sanitária do local quanto à comercialização e manipulação do alimento. Foram coletadas 2 amostras de carne moída em cada estabelecimento (uma pré-moída e outra moída no momento da coleta), sendo 3 supermercados e 3 casas atacadistas, totalizando 12 amostras. Estas foram submetidas à Contagem de Bactérias Heterotróficas Aeróbias Mesófilas (CBHAM); Número Mais Provável (NMP) de Coliformes Totais (CT) e Termotolerantes (C45); Contagem de Staphylococcus spp. e Enterobactérias, bem como determinação do potencial Hidrogeniônico (pH), determinação de amônia através do método de Nessler, prova de cocção, de filtração e aferição da temperatura externa da carne no momento da coleta. Concomitante a isso, avaliou-se os locais de comercialização quanto a manipulação e armazenamento através de uma lista de verificação. Foi constatada a presença de CT, C45, CBHAM, Staphylococcus spp. e Enterobactérias em 100% das amostras analisadas, com níveis máximos de >1100 NMP.g-1, >1100 NMP.g-1, 8,38, 5,26 e 5,91 LogUFC.g-1, respectivamente. As médias encontradas no pH e tempo de filtração foram de 5,31±0,07 e 06:51 minutos, na devida ordem. Em relação ao teste Nessler, 83,33% (n=10) das amostras apresentaram resultado positivo. Todas as amostras apresentaram temperaturas acima do preconizado pela legislação vigente. Observou-se que 5 dos estabelecimentos apresentaram médio atendimento aos itens avaliados a partir da lista de verificação. Esses dados comprovam que a carne bovina moída está em condições higiênico-sanitárias insatisfatórias, podendo acarretar riscos à saúde dos consumidores.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the bacteriological and physicochemical quality of ground meat marketed in Belém/PA establishments, as well as to evaluate the level of hygienic-sanitary compliance of the establishments regarding the commercialization and manipulation of food. Twenty samples of ground meat were collected from each establishment (one pre-ground and another ground at the time of collection), 3 supermarkets and 3 wholesale homes, totaling 12 samples. These were submitted to the Count of Mesophilic Aerobic Heterotrophic Bacteria (CBHAM); Most Likely Number (MPN) of Total Coliforms (CT) and Thermotolerant (C45); Staphylococcus spp. and Enterobacteria count, as well as determination of hydrogenionic potential (pH), ammonia determination through the Nessler method, cooking test, filtration and measurement of the external temperature of the meat at the time of collection. Concomitantly, the places of commercialization were evaluated for handling and storage through a checklist. CT, C45, CBHAM, Staphylococcus spp. and Enterobacteria were observed in 100% of the samples analyzed, with maximum levels of >1100 NMP.g-1, >1100 NMP.g-1, 8.38, 5.26 and 5.91 LogUFC.g-1, respectively. The means found in pH measurement and filtration time were 5.31±0.07 and 06:51 minutes, in proper order. Regarding the Nessler test, 83.33% (n=10) of the samples presented positive results. All samples showed commercialization temperatures above that recommended by current legislation. It was observed that 5 of the establishments presented average compliance to the items evaluated from the checklist. These data prove that ground meat is in unsatisfactory hygienic-sanitary conditions, which may pose risks to the health of consumers.

Qualidade bacteriológica e físico-química da carne bovina moída comercializada em supermercados e casas atacadistas no município de Belém/PA / Bacteriological and physical and chemical quality of milled beef commercialized in supermarkets and wholesalers in the city of Belém/PA

O trabalho objetivou avaliar a qualidade bacteriológica e físico-química da carne bovina moída comercializada em estabelecimentos de Belém/PA, bem como avaliar o nível de conformidade higiênico-sanitária do local quanto à comercialização e manipulação do alimento. Foram coletadas 2 amostras de carne moída em cada estabelecimento (uma pré-moída e outra moída no momento da coleta), sendo 3 supermercados e 3 casas atacadistas, totalizando 12 amostras. Estas foram submetidas à Contagem de Bactérias Heterotróficas Aeróbias Mesófilas (CBHAM); Número Mais Provável (NMP) de Coliformes Totais (CT) e Termotolerantes (C45); Contagem de Staphylococcus spp. e Enterobactérias, bem como determinação do potencial Hidrogeniônico (pH), determinação de amônia através do método de Nessler, prova de cocção, de filtração e aferição da temperatura externa da carne no momento da coleta. Concomitante a isso, avaliou-se os locais de comercialização quanto a manipulação e armazenamento através de uma lista de verificação. Foi constatada a presença de CT, C45, CBHAM, Staphylococcus spp. e Enterobactérias em 100% das amostras analisadas, com níveis máximos de >1100 NMP.g-1, >1100 NMP.g-1, 8,38, 5,26 e 5,91 LogUFC.g-1, respectivamente. As médias encontradas no pH e tempo de filtração foram de 5,31±0,07 e 06:51 minutos, na devida ordem. Em relação ao teste Nessler, 83,33% (n=10) das amostras apresentaram resultado positivo. Todas as amostras apresentaram temperaturas acima do preconizado pela legislação vigente. Observou-se que 5 dos estabelecimentos apresentaram médio atendimento aos itens avaliados a partir da lista de verificação. Esses dados comprovam que a carne bovina moída está em condições higiênico-sanitárias insatisfatórias, podendo acarretar riscos à saúde dos consumidores

The aim of this study was to evaluate the bacteriological and physicochemical quality of ground meat marketed in Belém/PA establishments, as well as to evaluate the level of hygienic-sanitary compliance of the establishments regarding the commercialization and manipulation of food. Twenty samples of ground meat were collected from each establishment (one pre-ground and another ground at the time of collection), 3 supermarkets and 3 wholesale homes, totaling 12 samples. These were submitted to the Count of Mesophilic Aerobic Heterotrophic Bacteria (CBHAM); Most Likely Number (MPN) of Total Coliforms (CT) and Thermotolerant (C45); Staphylococcus spp. and Enterobacteria count, as well as determination of hydrogenionic potential (pH), ammonia determination through the Nessler method, cooking test, filtration and measurement of the external temperature of the meat at the time of collection. Concomitantly, the places of commercialization were evaluated for handling and storage through a checklist. CT, C45, CBHAM, Staphylococcus spp. and Enterobacteria were observed in 100% of the samples analyzed, with maximum levels of >1100 NMP.g-1, >1100 NMP.g-1, 8.38, 5.26 and 5.91 LogUFC.g-1, respectively. The means found in pH measurement and filtration time were 5.31±0.07 and 06:51 minutes, in proper order. Regarding the Nessler test, 83.33% (n=10) of the samples presented positive results. All samples showed commercialization temperatures above that recommended by current legislation. It was observed that 5 of the establishments presented average compliance to the items evaluated from the checklist. These data prove that ground meat is in unsatisfactory hygienic-sanitary conditions, which may pose risks to the health of consumers