Facilitators and barriers to healthy eating in a worksite cafeteria: a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Worksite-based nutrition interventions can serve as access points to facilitate healthy eating and translate existing knowledge of cardiometabolic disease prevention. We explored perceptions, facilitators, and barriers for healthy eating in a cafeteria at a large worksite in Mexico City. METHODS: We conducted an exploratory qualitative study in a large department store in Mexico City with ~ 1500 employees. We conducted eight focus group discussions (FGD) with 63 employees stratified by job category (sales, maintenance, shipping, restaurant, cafeteria, administrative staff, and sales managers). Employees were invited to participate in the FGD if they were at the store at the day and time of the FGD for their job type. FGDs were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and analyzed using the thematic method. This process involved the researches´ familiarizing themselves with the data, generating initial codes, searching for themes, reviewing the themes, defining and naming themes, and then interpreting the data. RESULTS: Employees defined healthy eating as eating foods that are fresh, diverse, and prepared hygienically. The most commonly reported facilitators of healthy eating at the worksite were availability of affordable healthy food options and employees' high health awareness. Major barriers to healthy eating included unavailability of healthy foods, unpleasant taste of food, and preference for fatty foods and meat. For lower-wage workers, affordability was a major concern. Other barriers included lack of time to eat work and long working hours. CONCLUSION: A broad range of factors affect healthy eating at the cafeteria, some related to nutrition and some related to the employees type of job. Availability of healthy, hygienic, and tasty food at an affordable price could lead to healthier food choices in the worksite cafeteria. These strategies, along with work schedules that allow sufficient time for healthy eating, may help improve dietary behaviors and health of employees.

[Barriers and opportunities for the regulation of food and beverage advertising to children in Mexico]. / Barreras y oportunidades para la regulación de la publicidad de alimentos y bebidas dirigida a niños en México.

OBJECTIVE: To identify barriers and opportunities for the regulation of food and beverage advertising to children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A qualitative study. Fourteen key informants from the congress, private sector, officials from the ministry of health and academics involved in the issue of regulation of advertising were interviewed. RESULTS: Barriers identified: conception of obesity as an individual problem, minimization of the negative effects on health, definition of the vulnerability of children bounded to their cognitive development. Facilitators support from various sectors of society regulation, extensive scientific discussion on the subject, successful experience and its lessons on tabacco industry. CONCLUSION: Mexico has key elements for achieving effective regulation on advertising.

[Culturally constructed meanings for consumption of sweetened beverages among schoolchildren in Mexico City]. / Significados culturalmente construidos para el consumo de bebidas azucaradas entre escolares de la Ciudad de México.

OBJECTIVE: Demonstrate the importance of the cultural factors that currently motivate Mexican children to consume sweetened beverages and examine their implications for the design of programs for the promotion of healthy lifestyles. METHODS: A qualitative phenomenological study involving nine peer interviews and four discussion groups was conducted among children aged 9 and 10 years in four public schools in southern Mexico City. The interviews employed nine photographs of beverages that are available in schools and homes. The aim was to identify the culinary rules associated with the consumption of sweetened beverages and the different views held by the children about the beverages. The complete interviews and group discussions were recorded and transcribed. Matrixes were developed for analysis of the subject categories identified during the study. The analysis was based on "continuous comparison" of the statements made by boys and girls, and among students from the four schools. RESULTS: Two main sociocultural elements, constructed in a given cultural framework, partly explain the children's current consumption patterns. The first, the nearly nonexistent concept that water is for drinking, with water consumption being limited to engagement in physical activity, in contrast to the wide range of circumstances and occasions found for the consumption of a sweetened beverage. Secondly, the identification of three principles that appear to underlie beverage consumption: the combination of salty food with sweet drinks, the important role of sweetened beverages at social events, and the close association between water consumption and the thirst induced by physical effort. CONCLUSIONS: The results show the importance of considering the role of socially significant elements in dietary practices and the need to also consider these elements when designing interventions for schoolchildren. It is also important to change the children's current views about what they drink, guiding and encouraging them to think of water as a drink to be consumed throughout the day and not only after physical activity. Finally, it is imperative in Mexico to guarantee free access to drinking water in schools and regulate food advertising that targets children.

Organoleptic properties, ease of use, and perceived health effects are determinants of acceptability of micronutrient supplements among poor Mexican women.

We assessed the acceptability of 3 micronutrient supplements for pregnant and lactating women: micronutrient powder (Sprinkles), a fortified food (Nutrivida), and tablets. Pregnant or lactating beneficiaries of the Oportunidades program participating in a cluster randomized supplementation trial in urban Mexico were surveyed about the acceptability of 1 of 3 supplements (n = 268). Semistructured interviews (n = 40) were also conducted with a subset of women in the trial and from adjacent rural areas. Acceptability of the supplements was evaluated based on women's perceptions and experiences with organoleptic qualities, ease of use, and perceived health effects (positive and negative). The median Likert scale ranking of organoleptic and use qualities for all 3 supplements was "I liked it" (2 on a scale of 1-5). However, responses to open-ended survey questions and semistructured interviews indicated decided preferences. Tablets and Sprinkles were strongly preferred over Nutrivida. In interviews, women expressed dislike of the smell, taste, and texture of Nutrivida; they found it cumbersome to store and prepare and reported the most negative effects with it. Between tablets and Sprinkles, tablets were preferred because of the absence of perceptible taste or smell and the simplicity of use. This study provides valuable insights into our currently limited understanding of women's perceptions and preferences among supplements by broadening the concept of acceptability beyond organoleptic properties. Such an analytical approach is useful for identifying both appropriate nutritional supplements within a given sociocultural context as well as the information that should be included in nutrition education to improve adherence.

Barreras y oportunidades para la regulación de la publicidad de alimentos y bebidas dirigida a niños en México / Barriers and opportunities for the regulation of food and beverage advertising to children in Mexico

Objetivos. Identificar barreras y oportunidades para la regulación de la publicidad de alimentos y bebidas para niños. Material y métodos. Estudio cualitativo. Se entrevistó a catorce informantes clave del ámbito legislativo, sector privado, funcionarios de la Secretaría de Salud y académicos involucrados en el tema de la regulación de la publicidad. Resultados. Barreras identificadas: concepción de la obesidad como problema individual, minimización de los efectos negativos sobre la salud, definición de la vulnerabilidad de la niñez acotada a su desarrollo cognitivo. Facilitadores: apoyo de varios sectores de la sociedad, a favor de la regulación, una amplia discusión científica acerca del tema, una experiencia exitosa similar con la industria del tabaco y sus lecciones. Conclusión. México cuenta con elementos clave para lograr una regulación eficaz de la publicidad.

Objective. To identify barriers and opportunities for the regulation of food and beverage advertising to children. Materials and methods. A qualitative study. Fourteen key informants from the congress, private sector, officials from the ministry of health and academics involved in the issue of regulation of advertising were interviewed. Results. Barriers identified: conception of obesity as an individual problem, minimization of the negative effects on health, definition of the vulnerability of children bounded to their cognitive development. Facilitators support from various sectors of society regulation, extensive scientific discussion on the subject, successful experience and its lessons on tabacco industry. Conclusion. Mexico has key elements for achieving effective regulation on advertising.

Significados culturalmente construidos para el consumo de bebidas azucaradas entre escolares de la Ciudad de México / Culturally constructed meanings for consumption of sweetened beverages among schoolchildren in Mexico City

OBJETIVO: Demostrar la importancia de los factores culturales que hoy motivan a los niños mexicanos a consumir bebidas azucaradas y examinar sus implicaciones para el diseño de programas de promoción de estilos de vida saludable. MÉTODOS: Estudio cualitativo fenomenológico. Se llevaron a cabo nueve entrevistas con pares y cuatro grupos de discusión con niños de entre 9 y 10 años de edad en cuatro escuelas públicas del sur de la Ciudad de México. Las entrevistas se realizaron con apoyo de nueve fotografías de bebidas disponibles en las escuelas y en los hogares. Se buscó identificar las reglas culinarias asociadas con el consumo de bebidas azucaradas y las diferentes valoraciones que hacen los niños acerca de las bebidas. Las entrevistas y los grupos de discusión se grabaron y transcribieron en su integridad. Se desarrollaron matrices de análisis en categorías temáticas identificadas durante el estudio. El análisis se basó en la "comparación continua" de los discursos de niños y niñas, y entre los alumnos de las cuatro escuelas. RESULTADOS: Dos principales elementos de índole sociocultural, construidos en un marco cultural determinado, explican en parte el actual patrón de consumo entre los niños. El primero, una casi inexistente conceptualización de los niños con respecto al consumo de agua, confinada a la realización de actividad física, contraria a la amplia gama de circunstancias y ocasiones que encontraron para el consumo de alguna bebida azucarada. Segundo, la identificación de tres principios que parecen estructurar el consumo de las bebidas -combinación de alimentos salados con bebidas dulces, rol protagónico de las bebidas azucaradas en eventos sociales y asociación estrecha del consumo de agua con la sed provocada por el esfuerzo físico. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados ponen en evidencia la importancia de considerar el papel de los elementos socialmente significativos en las prácticas alimentarias y la necesidad de considerarlos también en el diseño de las intervenciones con escolares. Resalta asimismo la necesidad de transformar la concepción actual de los niños con respecto a lo que beben, guiándolos y estimulándolos para que identifiquen el agua como una bebida que se toma a lo largo del día y no exclusivamente después de un esfuerzo físico. Finalmente, es perentorio en México que se garantice el acceso libre al agua potable dentro de las escuelas y se regule la publicidad alimentaria dirigida a los niños.

OBJECTIVE: Demonstrate the importance of the cultural factors that currently motivate Mexican children to consume sweetened beverages and examine their implications for the design of programs for the promotion of healthy lifestyles. METHODS: A qualitative phenomenological study involving nine peer interviews and four discussion groups was conducted among children aged 9 and 10 years in four public schools in southern Mexico City. The interviews employed nine photographs of beverages that are available in schools and homes. The aim was to identify the culinary rules associated with the consumption of sweetened beverages and the different views held by the children about the beverages. The complete interviews and group discussions were recorded and transcribed. Matrixes were developed for analysis of the subject categories identified during the study. The analysis was based on "continuous comparison" of the statements made by boys and girls, and among students from the four schools. RESULTS: Two main sociocultural elements, constructed in a given cultural framework, partly explain the children's current consumption patterns. The first, the nearly nonexistent concept that water is for drinking, with water consumption being limited to engagement in physical activity, in contrast to the wide range of circumstances and occasions found for the consumption of a sweetened beverage. Secondly, the identification of three principles that appear to underlie beverage consumption: the combination of salty food with sweet drinks, the important role of sweetened beverages at social events, and the close association between water consumption and the thirst induced by physical effort. CONCLUSIONS: The results show the importance of considering the role of socially significant elements in dietary practices and the need to also consider these elements when designing interventions for schoolchildren. It is also important to change the children's current views about what they drink, guiding and encouraging them to think of water as a drink to be consumed throughout the day and not only after physical activity. Finally, it is imperative in Mexico to guarantee free access to drinking water in schools and regulate food advertising that targets children.