Evaluation of a portable, lightweight modular system to deliver high inspired oxygen to trauma casualties without the use of pressurised cylinders.

INTRODUCTION: Administering supplemental oxygen is a standard of care for trauma casualties to minimise the deleterious effects of hypoxaemia. Forward deployment of oxygen using pressurised cylinders is challenging, for example, logistics (weight and finite resource) and environmental risk (fire and explosion). Oxygen concentrators may overcome these challenges. Although previous studies successfully demonstrated fractional inspired oxygen (FiO2) >0.8 using oxygen concentrators and ventilators, the systems did not fulfil the size, weight and power requirements of agile military medical units. This study evaluated whether a modular system of commercially available clinical devices could supply high FiO2 to either ventilated or spontaneously breathing casualties. METHODS: As a proof of principle, we configured an Inogen One G5 oxygen concentrator, Ventway Sparrow ventilator and Wenoll rebreather system to ventilate a simulated lung (tidal volume 500 mL). Casualty oxygen consumption (gas withdrawal inspiratory limb) and carbon dioxide (CO2) production (CO2 added expiratory limb) were simulated (respiratory quotient of 0.7-0.8). Three circuit configurations were evaluated: open (supplementary oxygen introduced into air inlet of ventilator); semiclosed (ventilator replaces rebreather bag of Wenoll, oxygen connected to either ventilator or Wenoll); and semiclosed with reservoir tubing (addition of 'deadspace' tube between ventilator patient circuit and Wenoll). Data presented as mean and 95% reference range. RESULTS: There were modest increases in FiO2 with increasing Inogen settings in 'open' configuration 0.23 (0.23-0.24) and 0.30 (0.28-0.32) (Inogen output 420 and 1260 mL/min, respectively). With the 'semiclosed' configuration and oxygen added directly into rebreather circuit, FiO2 increased to 0.36 (0.36-0.37). The addition of the 'reservoir tubing' elevated FiO2 to 0.78 (0.71-0.85). FiO2 remained stable over a 4-hour evaluation period. Fractional inspired carbon dioxide CO2 increased over time, reaching 0.005 after 170 (157-182) min. CONCLUSION: Combining existing lightweight devices can deliver high (>0.8) FiO2 and offers a potential solution for the forward deployment of oxygen without needing pressurised cylinders.

LMIC Research Centers' Experiences Hosting U.S. and LMIC Trainees: Evaluation of the Fogarty Global Health Fellows and Scholars Program, 2012 to 2020.

In this mixed-methods study, we explore themes that emerged from a survey assessing the programmatic experiences of mentors and administrators at institutions in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) hosting trainees supported by the Fogarty International Center's Global Health Program for Fellows and Scholars. A total of 89 of 170 potential respondents representing 31 countries completed the survey (response rate, 52.4%). There was agreement among respondents that their institutions received sufficient funds to support trainees and had the capacity to manage operational and financial aspects of the program. A majority also agreed that both LMIC and U.S. trainees were beneficial to the host institutions, and that trainee projects were relevant to the needs of the host country. Respondents felt that program benefits to LMIC trainees could be improved by increasing the research consumables budget, increasing the flexibility of program timelines, and increasing engagement between LMIC and U.S. trainees and institutions. Respondents indicated that both U.S. and LMIC trainees behaved professionally (including demonstrating respectful and ethical behavior) and took appropriate initiative to conduct their research projects. Findings from this study will help inform innovations to similar training initiatives that will enhance sustainability and improve program performance, and will be responsive to local needs.

Building Physician-Scientist Skills in R Programming:A Short Workshop Report.

Introduction: Statistical analysis programs require coding experience and a basic understanding of programming, skills which are not taught as part of medical school or residency curricula. Methods: We conducted a five-day course for early-career Nigerian physician-scientists interested in learning common statistical tests and acquiring R programming skills. The workshop included didactic presentations, small group learning activities, and interactive discussions. A baseline questionnaire captured participant demographics and solicited participants' level of confidence in understanding/performing common statistical tests. REDCap questionnaires were emailed to obtain feedback on educational format and content. A post-workshop assessment covered participants' overall impression of the program. Results: A total of 23 participants attended the program. Most participants were male (n=14, 60.9%) and at an early stage in their career (assistant professor, n=20, 87.0%). Approximately 70% of respondents indicated having received some prior training in statistics. The proportion of participants without experience using R and SAS software (90% and 85%, respectively) was greater than the corresponding proportions for Stata (55%) and SPSS (20%). Prior to the workshop, most respondents expressed being "not at all confident" in performing one-way ANOVA (60%), logistic regression (68%), simple linear regression (60%), and McNemar's test (80%). There was a statistically significant post-workshop improvement in the level of confidence in understanding and performing common statistical tests. The course was rated on a 0-100 scale as "moderately difficult" (mean ± SD: 51.7 ± 19.5). Most participants felt comfortable in putting the knowledge learned into practice (82.2 ± 17.1). Conclusion and Public Health Implications: Introductory R can be taught to junior physician-scientists in resource-limited settings and can inform the development and implementation of similar training initiatives in analogous settings.

A canine distemper virus seroprevalence study of dogs on three islands in the Torres Strait region, Australia.

Canine distemper virus (CDV) can cause mortality in domestic dogs, which is easily prevented by the consistent application of vaccination protocols. The aim of this study was to determine if the dog populations of three strategically located islands in the Torres Strait of Australia, adjacent to Papua New Guinea, are infected by CDV. Eighty-four serum samples were collected from 70 dogs resident on Saibai, Dauan and Boigu Islands during 2017-2018. Sera were tested for CDV antibodies by a virus neutralization test (VNT). Overall, 7 (8.3%) sera from 6 (8.6%) dogs resident on all three islands were test positive. VNT titres ranged from 20 to >1280. Male adult dogs were more commonly seropositive than female and juvenile dogs. Considering the origin and age of test positive dogs, and veterinary visits to these islands, it was concluded that there is evidence of exposure to a field strain of CDV - rather than previous vaccination - in 4 of the 70 dogs (5.7%) tested in this study. Given the strategic location of these islands in a zone of high biosecurity risk, ongoing surveillance of pathogens such as CDV could inform on potential disease spread pathways in this region. In addition, the presence of high serological titres in the apparent absence of clinical disease requires further investigation.

A truncated laminin chain homologous to the B2 chain: structure, spatial expression, and chromosomal assignment.

We describe the identification of a novel laminin chain. Overlapping clones were isolated from a human fibrosarcoma HT1080 cell cDNA library spanning a total of 5,200 bp. A second set of clones contained an alternative 3' end sequence giving a total of 4,316 bp. The longer sequence contained an open reading frame for a 1,193-residue-long polypeptide. The alternative sequence was shortened at the carboxyl-terminal end coding for a 1,111-residue-long polypeptide. The amino acid sequence contained 21 amino acids of a putative signal peptide and 1,172 residues or alternatively 1,090 residues of a sequence with five distinct domains homologous to domains I-V in laminin chains. Comparison of the amino acid sequences showed that the novel laminin chain is homologous to the laminin B2 chain. However, the structure of the novel laminin chain isolated here differs significantly from that of the B2 chain in that it has no domain VI and domains V, IV, and III are shorter, resulting in a truncated laminin chain. The alternative sequence had a shortened domain I/II. In accordance with the current nomenclature, the chain characterized here is termed B2t. Calculation of possible chain interactions of laminin chains with the B2t chain domain I/II indicated that the B2t chain can replace the B2 chain in some laminin molecules. The gene for the laminin B2t chain (LAMB2T) was localized to chromosome 1q25-q31 in close proximity to the laminin B2 chain gene. Northern analysis showed that the B2t chain is expressed in several human fetal tissues but differently from the laminin B1 and B2 chains. By in situ hybridization expression of the B2t chain was localized to specific epithelial cells in skin, lung, and kidney as opposed to a general epithelial and endothelial cell expression of the laminin B2 chain in the same tissues.

Human laminin M chain (merosin): complete primary structure, chromosomal assignment, and expression of the M and A chain in human fetal tissues.

The primary structure of the human laminin M chain was determined from cDNA clones isolated from human placental libraries. The clones covered a total of 6,942 bp, with 49-bp encoding a 5' end untranslated region and 6,893-bp coding for a translated sequence. The complete human laminin M chain contains a 22-residue signal peptide and 3,088 residues of the mature M chain. The M chain has a domain structure similar to that of the human and mouse A chains. The homology between the two human laminin heavy chains is highest in the short arm region and lowest in the long arm helical domain I + II. Northern blot analysis of human fetal tissues showed that the M chain was expressed in most tissues such as cardiac muscle, pancreas, lung, spleen, kidney, adrenal gland, skin, testis, meninges, choroid plexus, and some other regions of the brain, but not in liver, thymus, and bone. In situ hybridization localized the expression of the M chain gene to cells of mesenchymal origin. In contrast, expression of the A chain was observed only in kidney, testis, neuroretina and some region of brain as determined by Northern analyses. Epithelial and endothelial cells were negative for both M and A chain gene transcripts. The gene for the human M chain (LAMM) was localized to chromosome 6q22-->23.

Clinical care in the "Hot Zone".

The threat of chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear incidents is unlikely to decrease and preparations to deal with this type of incident are well established in most European emergency medical systems. In the UK medical care is not currently provided in the "Hot" or contaminated zone. This article discusses the background to the current threat and suggests that, where survivors are present in the "Hot Zone", medical care should be started there to minimise delay and maximise the chances of survival.

Neutron activation analysis for the characterization of seawater uranium adsorbents.

This work details the development of an iterative neutron activation analysis (NAA) based workflow to precisely quantify metal ion uptake in an adsorbent. The workflow is iterative because it explores the dependence between independent variables defining the adsorbent fabrication procedure and the time-dependent uptake. It can be adapted to other adsorbents provided they have an affinity for ions which are amenable to efficient quantification using NAA. For this work, the ability of silver nanoparticles to mitigate the negative effects of biofouling on uranium transfer to an adsorbent was ultimately of interest, and hence motivates the development of this method. The limits of U detection and quantification were found to be 0.609 and 3.01µgg-1, respectively; these were obtained using modest irradiation and counting times. The uncertainties arising from the NAA procedure were no more than 9.9%, far smaller than other sources of uncertainty present in the analysis. These results provided solid evidence that adsorbent shape and structure, rather than uniformity of composition, drives variability in adsorption of uranium.

Loop of Henle bicarbonate accumulation in vivo in the rat.

We have carried out perfusion studies on hydropenic and bicarbonate-loaded rats to provide direct in vivo observations on bicarbonate accumulation in the short loops of Henle. Analysis of early distal tubular fluid was made during bicarbonate-free saline perfusion from the end proximal to the early distal site, documenting accumulation of "new" bicarbonate. During perfusion in hydropenic rats, steady-state bicarbonate concentrations were suggested by early distal values of approximately equal to mM, which were independent of perfusion rate and virtually indistinguishable from bicarbonate concentration measured during free flow when filtered bicarbonate was allowed to enter the loop. Thus, loop bicarconate accumulation was apparently sufficient to allow new bicarbonate to enter at a rate comparable to that delivered to the early distal site during free flow, recognizing of course that free-flow delivery rates are the result of complex components of filtration and bidirectional fluxes. In bicarbonate-loaded rats, however, bicarbonate accumulation rates although higher than in hydropenia, were much lower than free-flow delivery rates. Furthermore, early distal bicarbonate concentrations during bicarbonate loading fell as perfusion rate increased, presumably because of a limitation to increasing ionic bicarbonate entry.

Molecular cloning and chromosomal mapping of DNA rearranged with the parathyroid hormone gene in a parathyroid adenoma.

Parathyroid adenomas are common benign neoplasms for which no chromosomal defects have been described. We recently found two parathyroid adenomas bearing clonal restriction fragment abnormalities involving the PTH locus, and now show that in one of these tumors: (a) a DNA rearrangement occurred at the PTH locus; (b) the rearrangement separated the PTH gene's 5' flanking region from its coding exons, conceivably placing a newly adjacent gene under the influence of PTH regulatory elements; (c) the DNA that recombined with PTH normally maps to 11q13, the known chromosomal location of several oncogenes and the gene for multiple endocrine neoplasia type I; and (d) the rearrangement was a reciprocal, conservative recombination of the locus on 11q13 (Human Gene Mapping Library assignment D11S287) with PTH (on 11p15). These data provide molecular cytogenetic evidence for the clonal occurrence of a major chromosome 11 aberrancy in this benign parathyroid tumor. The D11S287 clone could prove useful in genetic linkage analyses, in determining precise 11q13 breakpoints in other neoplasms, and in identifying a gene on chromosome 11 that may participate in parathyroid tumor development.

Two chromosomal locations for human ornithine decarboxylase gene sequences and elevated expression in colorectal neoplasia.

The polyamines are known to be essential for cellular proliferation. Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) is a rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of these amines, and activity is elevated in colorectal tumors and polyps. Two ODC genes (designated ODC1 and ODC2) were localized by somatic cell hybridization and in situ techniques to 2p25 and 7q31-qter, respectively. Investigation of the expression of ODC in colorectal neoplasia reveals a consistent increase in mRNA expression compared with normal adjacent mucosa and control mucosa, ranging from 1.3- to 12.2-fold. No amplification of the loci was seen. Comparison of ODC mRNA expression with ODC activity from the same samples revealed no direct correlation, suggesting that regulation of ODC in this system occurs at the posttranscriptional level.

Respiratory protection for Health Care Workers.

Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear incidents are rare, but the likelihood of any medical facility having to deal with contaminated or contagious casualties is not, Health Care Workers (HCW) often being exposed to infectious or toxic substances. Although medical staff routinely take measures to protect themselves against exposure to infection by wearing protective clothing, they rarely consider the inhalational route as a threat. This paper presents a series of cases where HCW's have been exposed to toxic or infectious material through the respiratory route, discusses standards of respiratory protection and describes how this risk can be mitigated to protect medical personnel.

tyk2, prototype of a novel class of non-receptor tyrosine kinase genes.

We previously identified a novel protein tyrosine kinase gene, tyk2, by screening a human lymphoid cDNA library with a tyrosine kinase domain specific c-fms restriction fragment under low stringency hybridization conditions. We have now isolated and sequenced a full length tyk2 cDNA clone; demonstrated that this gene is widely expressed in hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cell lines; and mapped it to chromosome 19p13.2. The cDNA clone is 4176 nucleotides long and codes for a putative protein with a molecular weight of 134 kilodaltons. Hydrophobicity analysis of our sequence does not identify a transmembrane domain, which is found in all members of the receptor class of protein tyrosine kinases; nor can we detect an SH2 domain, found in all previously identified non-receptor protein kinases. We therefore propose that tyk2 is the prototype of a new class of non-receptor protein tyrosine kinases.

Polymorphic human insulin-responsive glucose-transporter gene on chromosome 17p13.

Glucose uptake by heart, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue is acutely regulated by insulin, which stimulates facilitative glucose transport, at least in part, by promoting the translocation of transporters from an intracellular pool to the plasma membrane. cDNAs encoding the major human insulin-responsive glucose transporter have been isolated and indicate that the insulin-responsive glucose transporter expressed by heart, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue is a 509-amino acid protein having 65.3, 54.3, and 57.5% identity with the erythrocyte/HepG2, liver, and fetal muscle glucose transporters, respectively. The gene encoding the insulin-responsive glucose transporter (designated GLUT4) was mapped to the p11----p13 region of the short arm of human chromosome 17 by analyzing its segregation in a panel of reduced human-mouse somatic cell hybrids. In situ hybridization to prometaphase chromosomes indicated that GLUT4 was in band p13. A common two-allele restriction-fragment-length polymorphism (RFLP) was identified with Kpn I, and linkage of this RFLP to other polymorphic DNA markers in this region of chromosome 17 provides a set of probes that will be useful for examining the role of this gene in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus.

Polymorphic human glucose transporter gene (GLUT) is on chromosome 1p31.3----p35.

The glucose transporter is a membrane glycoprotein that is involved in the uptake of glucose by most, if not all, animal cells. A cloned cDNA that encodes the human protein was used to map the gene to a specific chromosomal region and to identify a DNA polymorphism. The human gene (designated GLUT) was assigned to chromosome 1p31.3----p35 by hybridization of the probe to DNA from a panel of human-mouse somatic cell hybrids containing different human chromosomes and by in situ hybridization to isolated metaphase chromosomes. The most likely location of GLUT is in 1p33. A common two-allele restriction-fragment-length polymorphism was identified with Xba I.

Estrogen receptor-beta mRNA expression in rat ovary: down-regulation by gonadotropins.

We have examined the expression and regulation of the two estrogen receptor (ER alpha and ER beta) genes in the rat ovary, using Northern blotting, RT-PCR, and in situ hybridization histochemistry. Northern blotting results show that the ovary expresses both ER alpha and ER beta genes as single (approximately 6.5-kb) and multiple (ranging from approximately 1.0-kb to approximately 10.0-kb) transcripts, respectively. ER alpha mRNA is expressed at a level lower than ER beta mRNA in immature rat ovaries. This relationship appears unchanged between sexually mature adult rats and immature rats. In sexually mature adult rats undergoing endogenous hormonal changes, whole ovarian content of ER beta mRNA, as determined by RT-PCR, remained more or less constant with the exception of the evening of proestrus when ER beta mRNA levels were decreased. Examination of ER beta mRNA expression at the cellular level, by in situ hybridization, showed that ER beta mRNA is expressed preferentially in granulosa cells of small, growing, and preovulatory follicles, although weak expression of ER beta mRNA was observed in a subset of corpora lutea, and that the decrease in ER beta mRNA during proestrous evening is attributable, at least in part, to down-regulation of ER beta mRNA in the preovulatory follicles. This type of expression and regulation was not typical for ER alpha mRNA in the ovary. Although whole ovarian content of ER alpha mRNA was clearly detected by RT-PCR, no apparent modulation of ER alpha mRNA levels was observed during the estrous cycle. Examination of ER alpha mRNA expression at the cellular level, by in situ hybridization, showed that ER alpha mRNA is expressed at a low level throughout the ovary with no particular cellular localization. To further examine the potential role of the preovulatory pituitary gonadotropins in regulating ER beta mRNA expression in the ovary, we used immature rats treated with gonadotropins. In rats undergoing exogenous hormonal challenges, whole ovarian content of ER beta mRNA, as determined by RT-PCR, remained more or less unchanged after an injection of PMSG. In contrast, a subsequent injection of human CG (hCG) resulted in a substantial decrease in whole ovarian content of ER beta mRNA. In situ hybridization for ER beta mRNA shows that small, growing, and preovulatory follicles express ER beta mRNA in the granulosa cells. The preovulatory follicles contain ER beta mRNA at a level lower than that observed for small and growing follicles. In addition, there is an abrupt decrease in ER beta mRNA expression in the preovulatory follicles after hCG injection. The inhibitory effect of hCG on ER beta mRNA expression was also observed in cultured granulosa cells. Moreover, agents stimulating LH/CG receptor-associated intracellular signaling pathways (forskolin and a phorbol ester) readily mimicked the effect of hCG in down-regulating ER beta mRNA in cultured granulosa cells. Taken together, our results demonstrate that 1) the ovary expresses both ER alpha and ER beta genes, although ER beta is the predominant form of estrogen receptor in the ovary, 2) ER beta mRNA is localized predominantly to the granulosa cells of small, growing, and preovulatory follicles, and 3) the preovulatory LH surge down-regulates ER beta mRNA. These results clearly implicate the physiological importance of ER beta in female reproductive functions.

Differential roles for signal transducers and activators of transcription 5a and 5b in PRL stimulation of ERalpha and ERbeta transcription.

PRL has been shown to stimulate mRNA expression of both ERalpha and ERbeta in the rat corpus luteum and decidua of pregnancy. To investigate whether PRL may stimulate ER expression at the level of transcription and which transcription factors may mediate this stimulation, we have cloned the 5'-flanking regions of both rat ER genes. A constitutively active PRL receptor (PRL-R(CA)) stimulated both ERalpha and ERbeta promoter activity, indicating that PRL is acting to stimulate ER transcription. Putative signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat)5 response elements were identified at -189 in the ERalpha promoter and at -330 in the ERbeta promoter. Mutation of these response elements or overexpression of dominant negative Stat5 prevented stimulation of ERalpha and ERbeta promoter activity, indicating that PRL regulation of ER expression requires both intact Stat5 binding sites as well as functional Stat5. Interestingly, either Stat5a or Stat5b could stimulate ERalpha transcription while stimulation of ERbeta occurred only in the presence of Stat5b. Through mutational analysis, a single nucleotide difference between the ERalpha and ERbeta Stat5 response elements was shown to be responsible for the lack of Stat5a-mediated stimulation of ERbeta. These findings indicate that PRL stimulation of ER expression occurs at the level of transcription and that PRL regulation of ERalpha can be mediated by either Stat5a or Stat5b, while regulation of ERbeta appears to be mediated only by Stat5b.

Gastric inhibitory polypeptide: structure and chromosomal localization of the human gene.

Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) is a 42-amino-acid hormone which may have a role in the regulation of insulin secretion. The characterization of cDNA clones encoding this hormone indicates that it is derived by proteolytic processing of a 153-amino-acid precursor. The human gene coding for the human GIP precursor spans approximately 10 kilobase pairs and consists of six exons. Similar to genes encoding other members of the glucagon superfamily, each exon appears to encode a distinct region of the GIP precursor or its mRNA. The promoter region of the human GIP gene contains potential binding sites for a number of transcriptional factors including Sp 1, AP-1, and AP-2. The human GIP gene has been assigned to chromosome 17q21.3----q22.

Human islet amyloid polypeptide gene: complete nucleotide sequence, chromosomal localization, and evolutionary history.

The gene-encoding human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP), a recently discovered 37 amino acid hormone-like polypeptide which is expressed in the insulin-producing beta-cells of the endocrine pancreas, has been isolated and characterized. The coding region of the gene is interrupted in the 5'-untranslated region and NH2-terminal propeptide by introns of 330 and 4808 base pairs (bp), respectively. Exon 1 (104 bp) encodes most of the 5'-untranslated region of the mRNA; exon 2 (95 bp) encodes 15 nucleotides of 5'-untranslated region, the putative 22 amino acid signal peptide and five residues of the NH2-terminal propeptide; exon 3 (1246 bp) encodes the remainder of the NH2-terminal propeptide (residues 6-9), the IAPP moiety and its processing signals and the 16 amino acid COOH-terminal propeptide, as well as the 3'-untranslated region of the mRNA (1059 bp). Analysis of the nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequence of intron 2 of the hIAPP gene did not reveal any homology with the structurally related calcitonin/calcitonin-gene-related peptide genes and indicated that, in contrast to these latter genes, the hIAPP gene apparently gives rise to only a single hormonal product. The transcriptional initiation site was identified about 28 bp downstream from a TATAA sequence. The hIAPP gene was localized to the p12.3 region of chromosome 12.