Effects of the multi-channeled oral irrigation (MCOI) unit in preventing dental plaque formation and gingivitis: A randomized controlled trial.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of COMORAL a new multi-channeled oral irrigation (MCOI) unit with pulsating water jet, in plaque score reduction and gingivitis. METHODS: This was a single-blinded clinical randomized controlled trial (NCT05031260). Forty-two healthy subjects between 18 to 35 years old were initially recruited, and the control group (n = 20) and the intervention group (n = 17) were randomly assigned. Both groups were asked to brush their teeth one or two times a day without any supplementary oral hygiene products while the intervention group used COMORAL 3 times a day, 5 days a week. Clinical indices including gingival index (GI), plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), pocket depth (PD), gingival recession (GR), and clinical attachment loss (CAL) were obtained at the baseline (D0), day 14 (D14), and day 28 (D28). Saliva was collected to examine the presence of periodontal pathogens. The repeated measures analysis of variance or generalized estimating equation was used to compare the interaction between groups and time points. The independent t-test or Mann-Whitney test were used for intergroup differences at each time point. RESULTS: At V0, PI, GI, BOP, and PD scores showed no differences between the two groups. At V1 and V2, these scores showed significant difference between two groups (P < 0.05) such that the intervention group showed gradual decreases while the control group showed no change. There were no differences in GR, CAL, and periodontal pathogens between the two groups. COMORAL showed improvement in reducing gingival inflammation and dental plaque formation adjuvant to routine toothbrushing in healthy adults. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The results of this study can be useful to clinicians when selecting oral hygiene devices that can help improve patients' routine oral hygiene practice and their overall oral health.

Peri-implant health, peri-implant mucositis, and peri-implantitis: Case definitions and diagnostic considerations.

The objective of this review is to identify case definitions and clinical criteria of peri-implant healthy tissues, peri-implant mucositis, and peri-implantitis. The case definitions were constructed based on a review of the evidence applicable for diagnostic considerations. In summary, the diagnostic definition of peri-implant health is based on the following criteria: 1) absence of peri-implant signs of soft tissue inflammation (redness, swelling, profuse bleeding on probing), and 2) the absence of further additional bone loss following initial healing. The diagnostic definition of peri-implant mucositis is based on following criteria: 1) presence of peri-implant signs of inflammation (redness, swelling, line or drop of bleeding within 30 seconds following probing), combined with 2) no additional bone loss following initial healing. The clinical definition of peri-implantitis is based on following criteria: 1) presence of peri-implant signs of inflammation, 2) radiographic evidence of bone loss following initial healing, and 3) increasing probing depth as compared to probing depth values collected after placement of the prosthetic reconstruction. In the absence of previous radiographs, radiographic bone level ≥3 mm in combination with BOP and probing depths ≥6 mm is indicative of peri-implantitis.

Ligature-induced peri-implantitis and periodontitis in mice.

AIM: Peri-implantitis (PI), inflammation around dental implants, shares characteristics with periodontitis (PD). However, PI is more difficult to control and treat, and detailed pathophysiology is unclear. We aimed to compare PI and PD progression utilizing a murine model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four-week-old male C57BL/6J mice had their left maxillary molars extracted. Implants were placed in healed extraction sockets and osseointegrated. Ligatures were tied around the implants and second molars. Controls did not receive ligatures. Mice were sacrificed 1 week, 1 and 3 months (n ≥ 5/group/time point) post-ligature placement. Bone loss analysis was performed. Histology was performed for: haematoxylin and eosin (H&E), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), toluidine blue and calcein. RESULTS: PI showed statistically greater bone loss compared to PD at 1 and 3 months. At 3 months, 20% of implants in PI exfoliated; no natural teeth exfoliated in PD. H&E revealed that alveolar bone surrounding implants in PI appeared less dense compared to PD. PI presented with increased osteoclasts, MMP-8 and NF-κB, compared to PD. CONCLUSION: PI exhibited greater tissue and bone destruction compared to PD. Future studies will characterize the pathophysiological differences between the two conditions.

Peri-implant diseases and conditions: Consensus report of workgroup 4 of the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions.

A classification for peri-implant diseases and conditions was presented. Focused questions on the characteristics of peri-implant health, peri-implant mucositis, peri-implantitis, and soft- and hard-tissue deficiencies were addressed. Peri-implant health is characterized by the absence of erythema, bleeding on probing, swelling, and suppuration. It is not possible to define a range of probing depths compatible with health; Peri-implant health can exist around implants with reduced bone support. The main clinical characteristic of peri-implant mucositis is bleeding on gentle probing. Erythema, swelling, and/or suppuration may also be present. An increase in probing depth is often observed in the presence of peri-implant mucositis due to swelling or decrease in probing resistance. There is strong evidence from animal and human experimental studies that plaque is the etiological factor for peri-implant mucositis. Peri-implantitis is a plaque-associated pathological condition occurring in tissues around dental implants, characterized by inflammation in the peri-implant mucosa and subsequent progressive loss of supporting bone. Peri-implantitis sites exhibit clinical signs of inflammation, bleeding on probing, and/or suppuration, increased probing depths and/or recession of the mucosal margin in addition to radiographic bone loss. The evidence is equivocal regarding the effect of keratinized mucosa on the long-term health of the peri-implant tissue. It appears, however, that keratinized mucosa may have advantages regarding patient comfort and ease of plaque removal. Case definitions in day-to-day clinical practice and in epidemiological or disease-surveillance studies for peri-implant health, peri-implant mucositis, and peri-implantitis were introduced. The proposed case definitions should be viewed within the context that there is no generic implant and that there are numerous implant designs with different surface characteristics, surgical and loading protocols. It is recommended that the clinician obtain baseline radiographic and probing measurements following the completion of the implant-supported prosthesis.

Salivary exRNA biomarkers to detect gingivitis and monitor disease regression.

AIM: This study tests the hypothesis that salivary extracellular RNA (exRNA) biomarkers can be developed for gingivitis detection and monitoring disease regression. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Salivary exRNA biomarker candidates were developed from a total of 100 gingivitis and non-gingivitis individuals using Affymetrix's expression microarrays. The top 10 differentially expressed exRNAs were tested in a clinical cohort to determine whether the discovered salivary exRNA markers for gingivitis were associated with clinical gingivitis and disease regression. For this purpose, unstimulated saliva was collected from 30 randomly selected gingivitis subjects, the gingival and plaque indexes scores were taken at baseline, 3 and 6 weeks and salivary exRNAs were assayed by means of reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Eight salivary exRNA biomarkers developed for gingivitis were statistically significantly changed over time, consistent with disease regression. A panel of four salivary exRNAs [SPRR1A, lnc-TET3-2:1, FAM25A, CRCT1] can detect gingivitis with a clinical performance of 0.91 area under the curve, with 71% sensitivity and 100% specificity. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical values of the developed salivary exRNA biomarkers are associated with gingivitis regression. They offer strong potential to be advanced for definitive validation and clinical laboratory development test.

Hybrid Geoid Model: Theory and Application in Brazil.

Determination of the ellipsoidal height by Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) is becoming better known and used for purposes of leveling with the aid of geoid models. However, the disadvantage of this method is the quality of the geoid models, which degrade heights and limit the application of the method. In order to provide better quality in transforming height using GNSS leveling, this research aims to develop a hybridization methodology of gravimetric geoid models EGM08, MAPGEO2015 and GEOIDSP2014 for the State of São Paulo, providing more consistent models with GNSS technology. Radial Basis Function (RBF) neural networks were used to obtain the corrector surface, based on differences between geoid model undulations and the undulations obtained by GNSS tracking in benchmarks. The experiments showed that the most suitable interpolation for correction modeling is the linear RBF. Checkpoints indicate that the geoid hybrid models feature root mean square deviation ± 0.107, ± 0.104 and ± 0.098 m, respectively. The results shows an improvement of 30 to 40% in consistencies compared with the gravimetric geoids, providing users with better quality in transformation of geometric to orthometric heights.

Numerical Simulations to Assess ART and MART Performance for Ionospheric Tomography of Chapman Profiles.

The incomplete geometrical coverage of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) makes the ionospheric tomographic system an ill-conditioned problem for ionospheric imaging. In order to detect the principal limitations of the ill-conditioned tomographic solutions, numerical simulations of the ionosphere are under constant investigation. In this paper, we show an investigation of the accuracy of Algebraic Reconstruction Technique (ART) and Multiplicative ART (MART) for performing tomographic reconstruction of Chapman profiles using a simulated optimum scenario of GNSS signals tracked by ground-based receivers. Chapman functions were used to represent the ionospheric morphology and a set of analyses was conducted to assess ART and MART performance for estimating the Total Electron Content (TEC) and parameters that describes the Chapman function. The results showed that MART performed better in the reconstruction of the electron density peak and ART gave a better representation for estimating TEC and the shape of the ionosphere. Since we used an optimum scenario of the GNSS signals, the analyses indicate the intrinsic problems that may occur with ART and MART to recover valuable information for many applications of Telecommunication, Spatial Geodesy and Space Weather.

Bird and ant synergy increases the seed dispersal effectiveness of an ornithochoric shrub.

Seed dispersal may involve different vectors of dispersal in two or more sequential phases (i.e., diplochory). However, contributions of each phase to the overall seed dispersal effectiveness (SDE) are poorly understood and hard to evaluate due to post-dispersal processes that affect seed and seedling survival. We investigated the simultaneous bird (phase 1, in plant canopy) and ant (phase 2, on the floor) contributions to SDE with the ornithochoric shrub Erythroxylum ambiguum in a Brazilian Atlantic forest. Twelve species of birds fed on fruit and dispersed approximately 26 % of the seed crop. The remaining seed crop, 90 % of which contained viable seeds, fell to the ground beneath the parental plant. Ants either cleaned seeds in fruits or carried fallen fruit and seeds from bird feces to their nests. Although E. ambiguum has no adaptation for ant dispersal, ants were as quantitatively important as birds. Birds and ants equally increased germination rates compared to controls. However, birds deposited seeds farther from the parent, where seedling survival was higher (78 %) than it was beneath the parent (44 %), whereas ants carried seeds to their nests, where seedling survival was higher (83 %) than in controls away from their nests (63 %). Diplochory allowed a 42 % increase in SDE compared to dispersal in phase 1 alone. High lipid content in the fruit pulp of E. ambiguum may facilitate the inclusion of ants in a second step of dispersal after diaspores reach the floor. Ants can also buffer the dispersal of diplochorous plants against decreases in phase 1 dispersers.

Structural and thermodynamic studies of two centrin isoforms from Blastocladiella emersonii upon calcium binding.

Centrins are calcium-binding proteins associated with microtubules organizing centers. Members of two divergent subfamilies of centrins were found in the aquatic fungus Blastocladiella emersonii, contrasting with the occurrence of only one member known for the better explored terrestrial fungi. BeCen1 shows greatest identity with human centrins HsCen1, HsCen2 and green algae centrin CrCenp, while BeCen3 records largest identity with human centrin HsCen3 and yeast centrin Cdc31p. Following the discovery of this unique feature, BeCen1 and BeCen3 centrins were produced to study whether these proteins had distinct features upon calcium binding. Circular dichroism showed opposite calcium binding effects on the α-helix arrangement of the secondary structure. The spectra indicated a decrease in α-helix signal for holo-BeCen1 contrasting with an increase for holo-BeCen3. In addition, only BeCen1 refolds after being de-natured. The fluorescence emission of the hydrophobic probe ANS increases for both proteins likely due to hydrophobic exposure, however, only BeCen1 presents a clear blue shift when calcium is added. ITC experiments identified four calcium binding sites for both proteins. In contrast to calcium binding to BeCen1, which is mainly endothermic, binding to BeCen3 is mainly exothermic. Light-scattering evidenced the formation of large particles in solution for BeCen1 and BeCen3 at temperatures above 30°C and 40°C, respectively. Atomic force microscopy confirmed the presence of supramolecular structures, which differ in the compactness and branching degree. Binding of calcium leads to different structural changes in BeCen1 and BeCen3 and the thermodynamic characteristics of the interaction also differ.

Salivary biomarkers in the diagnosis of periodontal diseases.

Periodontal diseases are considered some of the most prevalent diseases in the adult population, affecting as much as 80 percent of people. Diagnosis can be performed by measuring pocket depth and bleeding upon probing. These diseases can be easily addressed in their early stages, but many choose to ignore the signs and symptoms. Saliva has recently emerged as a potential tool to aid in the diagnosis of periodontal diseases and the prediction of treatment outcomes.

Acute Exposure to Two Biocides Causes Morphological and Molecular Changes in the Gill Ciliary Epithelium of the Invasive Golden Mussel Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1857).

Limnoperna fortunei, the golden mussel, is a bivalve mollusk considered an invader in South America. This species is responsible for ecological and economic damages due to its voluminous fouling capability. Chemical biocides such as MXD-100™ and sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC) are often used to control L. fortunei infestations in hydraulic systems. Thus, we proposed to investigate the effects of different periods (24, 48 and 72 h) of exposure to MXD-100™ (0.56 mg L-1) and NaDCC (1.5 mg L-1) on the gills of L. fortunei through morphological and molecular analyses. NaDCC promoted progressive morphological changes during the analyzed periods and only an upregulation of SOD and HSP70 expression during the first 24 h of exposure. MXD-100™ led to severe morphological changes from the first period of exposure, in addition to an upregulation of SOD, CAT, HSP70 and CYP expression during the first 24 h. In contrast, MXD-100™ led to a downregulation of CAT transcription between 24 and 48 h. In static conditions, NaDCC causes lethal damage after 72 h of exposure, and that exposure needs to be continuous to achieve the control of the species. Meanwhile, the MXD-100™ treatment presented several effects during the first 24 h, showing acute toxicity in a shorter period of time.

The Child Emotion Facial Expression Set: A Database for Emotion Recognition in Children.

Background: This study developed a photo and video database of 4-to-6-year-olds expressing the seven induced and posed universal emotions and a neutral expression. Children participated in photo and video sessions designed to elicit the emotions, and the resulting images were further assessed by independent judges in two rounds. Methods: In the first round, two independent judges (1 and 2), experts in the Facial Action Coding System, firstly analysed 3,668 emotions facial expressions stimuli from 132 children. Both judges reached 100% agreement regarding 1,985 stimuli (124 children), which were then selected for a second round of analysis between judges 3 and 4. Results: The result was 1,985 stimuli (51% of the photographs) were produced from 124 participants (55% girls). A Kappa index of 0.70 and an accuracy of 73% between experts were observed. Lower accuracy was found for emotional expression by 4-year-olds than 6-year-olds. Happiness, disgust and contempt had the highest agreement. After a sub-analysis evaluation of all four judges, 100% agreement was reached for 1,381 stimuli which compound the ChildEFES database with 124 participants (59% girls) and 51% induced photographs. The number of stimuli of each emotion were: 87 for neutrality, 363 for happiness, 170 for disgust, 104 for surprise, 152 for fear, 144 for sadness, 157 for anger 157, and 183 for contempt. Conclusions: The findings show that this photo and video database can facilitate research on the mechanisms involved in early childhood recognition of facial emotions in children, contributing to the understanding of facial emotion recognition deficits which characterise several neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders.

The Modified Apically Repositioned Flap Technique and Its Potential to Create Attached Gingiva in Areas with No Keratinized Tissue: A Long-Term (1 to 11 Years) Retrospective Case Series Study.

The modified apically repositioned flap (MARF) technique has been previously published as a successful method to increase the zone of attached gingiva with numerous advantages, such as simplicity, predictability, and long-term stability. However, this technique has only been used in areas with at least 0.5 mm of attached gingiva, presurgically. In the current study, the MARF technique was utilized in 21 sites (teeth) with no attached gingiva and only mucosa comprising the marginal tissue. The long-term follow-up results over the course of 1 to 11 years (average follow-up: 3.2 years) show a statistically significant increase of 3.6 ± 0.8 mm for keratinized tissue and of 2.21 ± 0.83 mm for attached gingiva, and no increases in probing depths or marginal tissue recession. These results indicate that the MARF procedure has generated keratinized tissue and attached gingiva in areas with a presurgical absence of these tissues.

A surgical reentry study on the influence of platelet-rich plasma in enhancing the regenerative effects of bovine porous bone mineral and guided tissue regeneration in the treatment of intrabony defects in humans.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the additional benefits provided by the incorporation of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) into a regenerative protocol consisting of bovine porous bone mineral (BPBM) and guided tissue regeneration (GTR) in the treatment of intrabony defects in humans. METHODS: Twenty-three paired intrabony defects were surgically treated using a split-mouth design. Defects were treated with BPBM/GTR/PRP (experimental group) or with BPBM/GTR (control group). The clinical parameters evaluated included changes in probing depth, clinical attachment level, and defect fill as revealed by reentry surgeries at 6 months. RESULTS: Preoperative probing depths, attachment levels, and transoperative bone measurements were similar for the two groups. Post-surgical measurements taken at 6 months revealed that both treatment modalities resulted in a significant decrease in probing depth, gain in clinical attachment, and bone fill of the defects compared to baseline. Postoperative differences observed between the two groups were 0.72 +/- 0.36 mm at buccal sites and 0.90 +/- 0.32 mm at lingual sites for probing depth, 0.82 +/- 0.41 mm at buccal sites and 0.78 +/- 0.38 at lingual sites for gain in clinical attachment, and 0.85 +/- 0.36 mm at buccal sites and 0.94 +/- 0.42 mm at lingual sites for defect fill, all favoring the experimental sites. However, none of the differences were statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Within the limitations related to using a small sample size, PRP did not significantly augment the effects of BPBM and GTR in promoting the clinical resolution of intrabony defects.

Rieger Syndrome: Rehabilitation With Dental Implants.

INTRODUCTION: Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome (ARS), also known as Rieger syndrome, is a rare autosomal dominant condition defined by craniofacial, ocular, dental, periumbilical, and systemic anomalies. CASE PRESENTATION: This case report describes in detail a multidisciplinary approach to successfully restore the oral function and esthetics of a 22-year-old patient diagnosed with ARS. The patient's clinical evaluation revealed that the area corresponding with teeth #13, #12, #11, #21, #22, and #23 was occupied by four malformed and/or deciduous teeth. The four anterior teeth were extracted, and socket preservation was performed using bovine-derived porous bone mineral. Six months after extractions, two implants were placed in the location of the lateral incisors and additional bone graft was performed. Two months after the initial healing, a temporary fixed partial was delivered and 9 months after implant placement the implants were restored with a porcelain-fused-to-metal fixed partial denture. CONCLUSIONS: The use of implant-supported fixed partial dentures to restore missing teeth in patients with ARS provides biological and mechanical advantages over conventional, fixed, or removable prosthodontics. Further evaluation is needed to determine the longevity and long-term prognosis of dental implants in patients with ARS.

Prognostic value of cardiopulmonary exercise testing in children with heart failure secondary to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy in a non-beta-blocker therapy setting.

BACKGROUND: Peak oxygen consumption and resting left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) are independent predictors of survival in adult heart failure (HF) patients. AIM: To evaluate these factors in children. METHODS: We prospectively studied 31 children with NYHA class I to III HF (mean LVEF 26+/-10%; mean age 8.6+/-1.9 years). All had dilated cardiomyopathy and were awaiting heart transplantation. A cardiopulmonary treadmill exercise test was performed and LVEF determined by radionuclide ventriculography. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 1282 days, 20 children reached at least one end-point (death or heart transplantation). Clinical data from the 11 children without events and the 20 children with events are as follows: NYHA class 1+/-0 vs. 2+/-0.9 (p<0.01); SBP 118+/-17 vs. 102+/-16 (p=0.01); DBP 70+/-10 vs. 61+/-10 (p=0.02); heart rate 165+/-22 vs. 148+/-22 (NS); double-product 19+/-4 vs. 15+/-4 (p=0.01); end-tidal carbon dioxide tension (PetCO2) 35+/-5 vs. 30+/-6 (NS); oxygen consumption (VO2) 22+/-5.4 vs. 18.3+/-5.7 (NS); exercise time 19+/-4 vs. 13+/-6 (p<0.003), and LVEF 31+/-8 vs. 22+/-10 (p=0.02). These variables all correlated with prognosis on univariate analysis. In multivariate analysis, only decreasing exercise time and LVEF were predictive of events during follow-up (p<0.001 and 0.04). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that reduction in LVEF and exercise tolerance in children with heart failure is predictive of functional status.

Benign masseter muscle hypertrophy.

Idiopathic hypertrophy of the masseter muscle is a rare disorder of unknown cause. Some authors associate it with the habit of chewing gum, temporo-mandibular joint disorder, congenital and functional hypertrophies, and emotional disorders (stress and nervousness). Most patients complain of the cosmetic change caused by facial asymmetry, also called square face, however, symptoms such as trismus, protrusion and bruxism may also occur. The goals of the present investigation were: to report a case of idiopathic masseter hypertrophy, describe its symptoms and treatment. The patient reported bilateral bulging in the region of the mandible angle, of slow and progressive evolution. He did not complain of pain or discomfort, however there was bilateral otalgia, nighttime trismus and stress. In his physical exam we noticed bilateral masseter hypertrophy without local inflammatory alterations. We indicated surgical treatment with an extraoral approach. Complementary tests are indicated when there is diagnostic doubts. Treatment varies from conservative to surgical, and the later depends on surgeon skill and experience.

The Modified Apically Repositioned Flap Technique: A Long-Term (4 to 16 Years) Retrospective Study.

Attached gingiva is desirable for the maintenance of gingival health. Although many methods are used to increase the zone of attached gingiva, the modified apically repositioned flap (MARF) technique has the advantages of simplicity and predictability. The short-term follow-up of the MARF technique demonstrated an increase in keratinized tissue and attached gingiva. This study evaluated long-term results of the MARF technique as used to increase the apicocoronal dimensions of keratinized tissue and attached gingiva in 28 sites (25 patients; average follow-up of 9 years). There was a statistically significant increase in keratinized tissue and attached gingiva with no increase in probing depths or gingival recession. These results suggest that the MARF procedure predictably generates keratinized tissue and attached gingiva with long-term stability.

Peri-implant health, peri-implant mucositis, and peri-implantitis: Case definitions and diagnostic considerations.

The objective of this review is to identify case definitions and clinical criteria of peri-implant healthy tissues, peri-implant mucositis, and peri-implantitis. The case definitions were constructed based on a review of the evidence applicable for diagnostic considerations. In summary, the diagnostic definition of peri-implant health is based on the following criteria: 1) absence of peri-implant signs of soft tissue inflammation (redness, swelling, profuse bleeding on probing), and 2) the absence of further additional bone loss following initial healing. The diagnostic definition of peri-implant mucositis is based on following criteria: 1) presence of peri-implant signs of inflammation (redness, swelling, line or drop of bleeding within 30 seconds following probing), combined with 2) no additional bone loss following initial healing. The clinical definition of peri-implantitis is based on following criteria: 1) presence of peri-implant signs of inflammation, 2) radiographic evidence of bone loss following initial healing, and 3) increasing probing depth as compared to probing depth values collected after placement of the prosthetic reconstruction. In the absence of previous radiographs, radiographic bone level ≥3 mm in combination with BOP and probing depths ≥6 mm is indicative of peri-implantitis.

Genomewide Association Study Identifies Cxcl Family Members as Partial Mediators of LPS-Induced Periodontitis.

Periodontitis (PD) is characterized by bacterial infection and inflammation of tooth-supporting structures and can lead to tooth loss. PD affects ∼47% of the US population over age 30 years and has a heritability of about 50%. Although the host immunoinflammatory response and genetic background play a role, little is known of the underlying genetic factors. We examined natural genetic variation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced PD across a panel of inbred mouse strains, the hybrid mouse diversity panel (HMDP). We observed a strain-dependent sixfold difference in LPS-induced bone loss across the HMDP with a heritability of 53%. We performed a genomewide association study (GWAS) using FAST-LMM, which corrects for population structure, and identified loci significantly associated with PD. We examined candidate genes at a locus on chromosome 5, which suggested a relationship between LPS-induced bone loss and, together with expression data, identified Cxcl family members as associated with PD. We observed an increase in Cxcl10 protein, as well as immune cells and pro-inflammatory cytokines in C57BL/6J (high bone loss strain) but not in A/J (low bone loss strain) after LPS injections. Genetic deletion of CXCR3 (Cxcl9 and10 receptor) demonstrated a ∼50% reduction in bone loss and reduced osteoclasts after LPS injections. Furthermore, WT mice treated with AMG-487 (a CXCR3 antagonist) showed a ∼45% reduction in bone loss and decreased osteoclasts after LPS injections. We conclude that CXCR3 is a strong candidate for modulating the host response in individuals susceptible to PD. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.