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1.
Proc Biol Sci ; 288(1961): 20211769, 2021 10 27.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34666518

RESUMEN

We consider the opportunities and challenges associated with organizing a conference online, using a case study of a medium-sized (approx. 400 participants) international conference held virtually in August 2020. In addition, we present quantifiable evidence of the participants' experience using the results from an online post-conference questionnaire. Although the virtual meeting was not able to replicate the in-person experience in some aspects (e.g. less engagement between participants) the overwhelming majority of respondents found the meeting an enjoyable experience and would join similar events again. Notably, there was a strong desire for future in-person meetings to have at least some online component. Online attendance by lower-income researchers was higher compared with a past, similar-themed in-person meeting held in a high-income nation, but comparable to one held in an upper-middle-income nation. This indicates that online conferences are not a panacea for diversity and inclusivity, and that holding in-person meetings in developing economies can be at least as effective. Given that it is now relatively easy to stream contents of meetings online using low-cost methods, there are clear benefits in making all presented content accessible online, as well as organizing online networking events for those unable to attend in person.


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COVID-19 , Humanos
3.
Rev. biol. trop ; 69(supl. 1)mar. 2021.
Artículo en Inglés | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1507794

RESUMEN

Introduction: The Gulf of Papagayo (GP) is a site of socioeconomic importance located in the North Pacific of Costa Rica. The ecosystem services of this site represent a benefit in local communities, and its dynamics are influenced by a coastal upwelling system that affects fishing and commercial activity. Objective: The objective of this study was to characterize the spatio-temporal variability of the main hydrographic parameters through measurements in situ during the period 2017-2019. Methods: Eight measurement campaigns were carried out, where a CTD probe was deployed to perform vertical profiles in 23 stations distributed throughout the GP, to characterize the variations in temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and chlorophyll concentration. Results: A minimum in surface and bottom temperature associated with upwelling caused by the wind was found in the first period of the year. The increase in salinity was associated with the decrease in temperature, being its highest value in the first period of the year, decreasing until reaching a minimum in November. The maximum chlorophyll concentration ​​coincided with the lowest surface temperatures and the minimum oxygen values were associated ​​with the minimum bottom temperatures, both occurring during the upwelling season. The parameter distribution was similar on dry and rainy seasons in stations located inside Bahía Culebra, likely attributed to the bathymetry effect. Conclusions: Bathymetry determines a south-north asymmetry for salinity and temperature. Subsurface cooling events coincide with strong wind periods. Upwelling influences the surface and bottom hydrographic dynamic in GP and determines the seasonal variability. The negative ENSO phase of 2018 corresponded with the strongest upwelling period, possibly promoting the interaction of upwelled coastal waters and the Costa Rica Thermal Dome.


Introducción: El Golfo de Papagayo (GP) es un sitio de alta importancia socioeconómica ubicado en el Pacifico Norte de Costa Rica. Los servicios ecosistémicos de este sitio representan un beneficio a las comunidades locales, y su dinámica está influenciada por un sistema de surgencia costera que influye en la actividad pesquera y comercial. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar la variabilidad espacio-temporal de los principales parámetros hidrográficos a través de mediciones in situ durante el período 2017-2019. Metodología: Se realizaron 8 campañas de medición, donde se desplegó una sonda CTD para realizar perfiles verticales en 23 estaciones distribuidas en todo el GP, para caracterizar las variaciones de temperatura, salinidad, oxígeno disuelto y concentración de clorofila. Resultados: En el primer período del año se encontró una temperatura mínima de superficie y fondo asociada a la surgencia causada por el viento. El aumento de salinidad estuvo asociado a la disminución en la temperatura, siendo su valor más alto en el primer período del año y disminuyendo hasta alcanzar un mínimo en Noviembre. Los valores más altos de clorofila estuvieron relacionados con las temperaturas más bajas en superficie y los valores más bajos de oxígeno con las temperaturas más bajas en fondo. Se caracterizó la hidrografía de Bahía Culebra en relación con la parte externa de GP. Conclusiones: La batimetría determina una asimetría sur-norte de salinidad y temperatura. Los eventos de enfriamiento subsuperficiales coinciden con períodos de fuertes vientos. La surgencia influye en la dinámica hidrográfica de superficie y fondo en GP y determina la variabilidad interanual. El evento La Niña de 2018 mostró el período de surgencia más fuerte, posiblemente promoviendo la interacción de las aguas costeras y el Domo Térmico de Costa Rica.

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