Evolving portal hypertension through Baveno VII recommendations.

The Baveno VII consensus workshop has provided several novel recommendations regarding the management of patients with clinically significant portal hypertension (CSPH). The expert panel summarized the existing data into simple clinical rules to aid clinicians in their clinical practice. The use of non-invasive tests (NITs), especially liver stiffness measurement (LSM), have gain an important role in daily practice. The use of LSM alone or in combination with platelet count can be used to rule-in and rule-out compensated advanced chronic liver disease (cACLD) and CSPH. Further decompensation events were defined as a prognostic stage associated with an even higher mortality than that associated with first decompensation. Moreover, the term hepatic recompensation was introduced in Baveno VII consensus implying a partial or complete regression of the functional and structural changes of cirrhosis after the removal of the underlying etiology. This review will summarize the reader main aspects of Baveno VII consensus regarding the use of NITs in cACLD, analyze further decompensation events, and evaluate recent recommendations for prophylaxis and management of liver decompensation events.

Clinical, biochemical and histological features related to treatment response and prognosis in autoimmune hepatitis.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a rare disease with a complex and not fully understood pathogenesis. Prognostic factors that might influence treatment response, relapse rates, and transplant-free survival are not well established. This study investigates clinical and biochemical markers associated with response to immunosuppression in patients with AIH. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included 102 patients with AIH treated with immunosuppressants and followed at the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil, from 1990 to 2018. Pretreatment data such as clinical profiles, laboratory, and histological exams were analyzed regarding biochemical response at one year, histological remission, relapse, and death/transplantation rates. RESULTS: Cirrhosis was present in 59 % of cases at diagnosis. One-year biochemical remission was observed in 55.7 % of the patients and was found to be a protective factor for liver transplant. Overall survival was 89 %. Patients with ascites at disease onset showed a higher aspartate aminotransferase (AST)/ alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ratio and elevated Model of end-stage liver disease (MELD) score. The presence of ascites was significantly associated with a 20-fold increase in mortality rate. CONCLUSIONS: AIH has a severe clinical phenotype in Brazilians, with high rates of cirrhosis and low remission rates. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential for achieving remission and reducing complications. The presence of ascites is significantly associated with mortality, emphasizing the importance of monitoring and prompt intervention. This study also stresses the need for further research on AIH in Latin America.

Response to Ursodeoxycholic Acid May Be Assessed Earlier to Allow Second-Line Therapy in Patients with Unresponsive Primary Biliary Cholangitis.

BACKGROUND: Response to ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) in primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) has been traditionally assessed 1 to 2 years after treatment initiation. With the development of new drugs, some patients may benefit from an earlier introduction of second-line therapies. AIMS: This study aims to identify whether well-validated response criteria could correctly identify individuals likely to benefit from add-on second-line therapy at 6 months. METHODS: Analysis of a multicenter retrospective cohort which included only patients with clear-cut PBC. RESULTS: 206 patients with PBC (96.6% women; mean age 54 ± 12 years) were included. Kappa concordance was substantial for Toronto (0.67), Rotterdam (0.65), Paris 1 (0.63) and 2 (0.63) criteria at 6 and 12 months, whereas Barcelona (0.47) and POISE trial (0.59) criteria exhibited moderate agreement. Non-response rates to UDCA was not statistically different when assessed either at 6 or 12 months using Toronto, Rotterdam or Paris 2 criteria. Those differences were even smaller or absent in those subjects with advanced PBC. Mean baseline alkaline phosphatase was 2.73 ± 1.95 times the upper limit of normal (× ULN) among responders versus 5.05 ± 3.08 × ULN in non-responders (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: After 6 months of treatment with UDCA, the absence of response by different criteria could properly identify patients who could benefit from early addition of second-line therapies, especially in patients with advanced disease or high baseline liver enzymes levels.

Risk factors for cancer in patients with primary biliary cholangitis and autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cholangitis overlap syndrome.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and PBC overlap syndrome (AIH/PBC) have been associated with a higher risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and extra-hepatic malignancy (EHM). This study aims to assess potential risk factors associated with cancer development in PBC and AIH/PBC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Brazilian Cholestasis Study Group database was reviewed to compare clinical and laboratory features of PBC patients with HCC and EHM with those without cancer. RESULTS: Among the 752 PBC patients enrolled, 64 of them with AIH/PBC, 87 cancers were identified in 72 patients, including 20 cases of HCC and 67 of EHM. Patients with HCC had a higher prevalence of cirrhosis (95% vs. 32.5% of those subjects without cancer, p≤0.001), smoking (55% vs. 12.3%, p≤0.001), CREST syndrome (30% vs 7.6%, p=0.003) and prior azathioprine (30% vs 8%, p= 0.005) and prednisone (35% vs 14%, p= 0.018) use, whereas patients with EHM had a higher prevalence of smoking (42.3% vs 12.4% of those subjects without cancer, p= <0.001), AMA positivity (96.6% vs 80.1%, p≤0.001), azathioprine therapy (21% vs 7.9%, p= 0.01) and concurrent other autoimmune diseases. In multivariate analysis, cirrhosis, obesity and prior azathioprine therapy were independent risk factors for HCC, while Sjogren syndrome and psoriasis were associated with EHM. Fibrates reduced EHM risk. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of EHM is higher when compared to HCC in PBC patients. Cirrhosis, obesity, prior azathioprine use, and concurrent autoimmune diseases were significantly associated with cancer in PBC.

Anti-mitochondrial Antibody-Negative Primary Biliary Cholangitis Is Part of the Same Spectrum of Classical Primary Biliary Cholangitis.

BACKGROUND: Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic cholestatic liver disease in which anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMA) are the diagnostic hallmark. Whether AMA-negative PBC patients represent a different phenotype of disease is highly debated. AIMS: The purpose of our study was to compare AMA-positive and AMA-negative PBC patients in a large non-white admixed Brazilian cohort. METHODS: The Brazilian Cholestasis Study Group multicentre database was reviewed to assess demographics, clinical features and treatment outcomes of Brazilian PBC patients, stratifying data according to AMA status. RESULTS: A total of 464 subjects (95.4% females, mean age 56 ± 5 years) with PBC were included. Three hundred and eighty-four (83%) subjects were AMA-positive, whereas 80 (17%) had AMA-negative PBC. Subjects with AMA-negative PBC were significantly younger (52.2 ± 14 vs. 59.6 ± 11 years, p = 0.001) and had their first symptom at an earlier age (43.2 ± 13 vs. 49.5 ± 12 years, p = 0.005). Frequency of type 2 diabetes was significantly increased in subjects with AMA-negative PBC (22.5% vs. 12.2%, p = 0.03). Lower IgM (272.2 ± 183 vs. 383.2 ± 378 mg/dL, p = 0.01) and triglycerides (107.6 ± 59.8 vs.129.3 ± 75.7 mg/dL, p = 0.025) and higher bilirubin (3.8 ± 13.5 vs. 1.8 ± 3.4 mg/dL, p = 0.02) levels were also observed in this subgroup. Response to ursodeoxycholic acid varied from 40.5 to 63.3% in AMA-positive and 34 to 62.3% in AMA-negative individuals, according to different response criteria. Outcomes such as development of liver-related complications, death and requirement for liver transplantation were similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: AMA-negative PBC patients are similar to their AMA-positive counterparts with subtle differences observed in clinical and laboratory features.

Clinical features and treatment outcomes of primary biliary cholangitis in a highly admixed population.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Little is known about primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) in non-whites. The purpose of this study was to evaluate clinical features and outcomes of PBC in a highly admixed population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The Brazilian Cholestasis Study Group multicentre database was reviewed to assess demographics, clinical features and treatment outcomes of Brazilian patients with PBC. RESULTS: 562 patients (95% females, mean age 51 ± 11 years) with PBC were included. Concurrent autoimmune diseases and overlap with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) occurred, respectively, in 18.9% and 14%. After a mean follow-up was 6.2 ± 5.3 years, 32% had cirrhosis, 7% underwent liver transplantation and 3% died of liver-related causes. 96% were treated with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and 12% required add-on therapy with fibrates, either bezafibrate, fenofibrate or ciprofibrate. Response to UDCA and to UDCA/fibrates therapy varied from 39%-67% and 42-61%, respectively, according to different validated criteria. Advanced histological stages and non-adherence to treatment were associated with primary non-response to UDCA, while lower baseline alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels correlated with better responses to both UDCA and UDCA/fibrates. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical features of PBC in highly admixed Brazilians were similar to those reported in Caucasians and Asians, but with inferior rates of overlap syndrome with AIH. Response to UDCA was lower than expected and inversely associated with histological stage and baseline AST and ALP levels. Most of patients benefited from add-on fibrates, including ciprofibrate. A huge heterogeneity in response to UDCA therapy according to available international criteria was observed and reinforces the need of global standardization.

Pregnancy Outcomes in Wilson's Disease Women: Single-Center Case Series.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate and compare pregnancy outcomes in women with Wilson's disease (WD) undergoing different therapies during pregnancy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective review of medication in WD patients during pregnancy and the outcomes. RESULTS: Of 26 pregnancies, zinc was used in 14 (53.8%), D-penicillamine in 4 (15.4%) patients, and 8 (30.8%) were untreated. Spontaneous abortion was observed in 8 (30.8%) pregnancies - untreated patients (4/8 pregnancies), zinc (2/14 pregnancies) and D-penicillamine (2/4 pregnancies) -, healthy outcome in 12 (46.1%) and birth defects in 6 (23.1%). All cases of birth defects occurred in patients using zinc therapy (6/14 pregnancies). CONCLUSIONS: A remarkably high frequency of fetal complications shed lights on the potentially harmful effect of WD drugs during childbearing age. Zinc's safety profile may have to be better evaluated during pregnancy, as all of birth defects occurred with zinc therapy.

A cost of illness comparison for toxigenic Clostridioides difficile diagnosis algorithms in developing countries.

BACKGROUND: Availability of several commercial tests with different Clostridioides difficile targets contributes to uncertainty and controversies around the optimal diagnostic algorithm. While numerous studies have estimated the financial impact of C. difficile infection, models to guide testing strategies decisions in developing countries, where economic value significantly impacts clinical practice, are currently not available. AIM: To determine the cost of illness of different C. difficile infection (CDI) diagnostic strategies in developing countries. METHODS: Cost-comparison analysis was performed to compare eleven different algorithms of CDI diagnosis. The basis of calculation was a hypothetical cohort of 1000 adult inpatients suspected of CDI. We analyzed turnaround time of test results (i.e., time from taking sample to results emission), test performance (i.e., sensitivity and specificity) and testing costs. Patients were divided in true positive, false positive, true negative and false negative in order to integrate test performance and economics effects. Additional medical costs were calculated: costs of hygiene, medication, length of stay and intensive care unit costs, based on a Brazilian University Hospital costs. CDI prevalence was considered 22.64%. FINDINGS: From laboratory-assisted tests, simultaneous glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and toxin A/B rapid immunoassay arbitrated by nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) presented the lowest cost of illness (450,038.70 USD), whereas standalone NAAT had the highest (523,709.55 USD). Empirical diagnosis only presented the highest overall cost (809,605.44 USD). CONCLUSION: The two-step algorithm with simultaneous GDH and toxin A/B rapid immunoassay arbitrated by NAAT seems to be the best strategy for CDI diagnosis in developing countries.

Impact of simultaneous glutamate dehydrogenase and toxin A/B rapid immunoassay on Clostridium difficile diagnosis and treatment in hospitalized patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea in a university hospital of Brazil.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Clostridium difficile is a major cause of health care-associated infection, but disagreement between diagnostic tests is an ongoing barrier to clinical decision-making. Conventional enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for toxin detection is currently the most frequently used technique for C. difficile infection (CDI) diagnosis, but its low sensitivity makes the development of an alternative strategy necessary for improving the diagnosis in developing countries. METHODS: Between years 2011 and 2015, 154 stool samples from patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea were examined by toxigenic culture and EIA for the diagnosis of CDI. In the year 2015, when glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) test was first available in Brazil, 53 of those fecal specimens were also tested by the C. diff Quik Chek Complete rapid immunoassay. At this time, we prospectively assessed the impact of this test on CDI treatment rates before and after it was introduced in clinical practice. RESULTS: The GDH component of C. diff Quik Chek Complete test had a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 95.1% compared with toxigenic culture, with 89.8% concordance. The Tox A/B II EIA and the toxin portion of C. diff Quik Chek Complete yielded sensitivities between values of 50-58.3%, with 100% specificities. The introduction of GDH test increased the number of treated patients with CDI from 57.7% to 100%. CONCLUSIONS: Glutamate dehydrogenase test is a reliable method for the diagnosis of CDI and greatly increases the number of properly treated patients with CDI. Therefore, this exam should be considered the mainstay for the laboratory diagnosis of CDI in developing countries.

Guillain-Barré syndrome during adalimumab therapy for Crohn´s disease: coincidence or consequence?

We report the case of a 64-year-old patient diagnosed with extensive ileal Crohn´s disease who developed Guillain-Barré syndrome after starting biological therapy with adalimumab. Neurologic involvement associated with inflammatory bowel diseases is recognized as an extra-intestinal manifestation. After the breakthrough of antitumor necrosis factor alpha (anti-TNF-α) agents, an increasing number of cases of acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathies have been reported; however, only one case has been described in a patient with Crohn´s disease. Although a causal relationship between Guillain-Barré syndrome and TNF-α antagonist therapy cannot be proven, this report emphasizes the need to monitor for neurologic signs and symptoms in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases, with or without biological therapy, to avoid severe and irreversible complications associated with demyelinating diseases.

A new and simple score to predict adequate and deep response to ursodeoxycholic acid in patients with primary biliary cholangitis: the ALP-A score.

BACKGROUND: Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is the standard treatment for primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), but a significant proportion of patients do not respond adequately, leading to increased risk of adverse outcomes. This study aims to develop a new and straightforward predictive score to identify PBC patients likely to achieve a complete response to UDCA. METHODS: A logistic regression analysis was conducted using a derivation cohort of PBC patients to identify pre-treatment variables associated with response to UDCA. This analysis led to the development of the ALP-A score, calculated as: Age at diagnosis divided by (alkaline phosphatase at diagnosis/upper limit of normal). ALP-A score accuracy was evaluated using the area under the ROC curve, validated with a large external cohort from Brazil. Additionally, the correlation between the ALP-A score and the previously validated UDCA response score (URS) was assessed. RESULTS: ALP-A score had good predictive power for adequate (AUC 0.794; 95% CI, 0.737-0.852) and deep (0.76; 95% CI, 0.69-0.83) UDCA response at 1 year of treatment. A cutoff score of 17 and 23 points was determined to be the optimal threshold for distinguishing adequate and deep responders, respectively, from non-responders. ALP-A score demonstrated a sensitivity of 73%, specificity of 71%, positive predictive value of 65%, negative predictive value of 78%, and overall accuracy of 72% for biochemical response. The URS displayed similar discriminative ability (AUC 0.798; 95% CI, 0.741-0.855). CONCLUSION: ALP-A score performs comparably to URS but offers the great advantage of simplicity for routine clinical use. It serves as a valuable tool to identify PBC patients less likely to respond to UDCA treatment, facilitating early consideration of alternative therapeutic approaches.

ß-Blockers in Hepatosplenic Schistosomiasis: A Narrative Review.

Hepatosplenic schistosomiasis (HSS) is a serious complication of chronic schistosomiasis that can result in portal hypertension and variceal bleeding. ß-blockers, a class of medications commonly used to treat hypertension and other cardiovascular conditions, have been investigated for their potential use in preventing variceal bleeding in HSS. Several studies have shown that ß-blockers can reduce portal pressure and prevent variceal bleeding effectively in these patients. However, there are limited data on the long-term efficacy and safety of ß-blockers in this setting, and further research is needed to determine the optimal use of these medications. This review summarizes the evidence supporting current recommendations of ß-blocker use in patients with HSS.

Poor cardiorespiratory fitness may be an indicator of more severe liver inflammation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients.

INTRODUCTION: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is related to cardiovascular disease. Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is an important indicator of cardiovascular health. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the CRF of NAFLD patients. METHODS: Cross-sectional study, including 32 patients with biopsy-proved NAFLD. The patients underwent ergometric test (ET) and six-minute walk test (6MWT) to determine CRF. The test results were compared to disease parameters and with each other. RESULTS: Considering the ET, 20 (62.5%) patients had very poor or poor CRF, and in 12 (37.5%), it was regular or good. In the 6MWT, 13 (40.6%) individuals had poor CRF, in 12 (37.5%), it was very poor, and in seven (21.9%), regular. NAFLD activity score (NAS) ≥5 was observed in 12 (37.5%) individuals. Twelve (37.5%) patients were sedentary, 11 (34.4%), insufficiently active, and nine (28.1%), active. Obesity and liver inflammation on biopsy were associated with very poor/poor CRF. NAS ≥5 and sedentary lifestyle were independently associated with very poor/poor CRF by ET. Although mean VO2max values determined by both tests were similar, no correlation of VO2max determined by ET and 6MWT was observed, as occurred for the distance walked in 6MWT and values of metabolic equivalent (MET) determined by ET. There was no reproducibility between CRF determined by ET and 6MWT. CONCLUSION: Most NAFLD patients had very poor or poor CRF. Severe liver injury (NAS ≥5) and sedentary lifestyle were independently associated with very poor/poor fitness, according to ET. No reproducibility was observed between the CRF defined by ET and 6MWT.

Autoimmune hepatitis presenting with peripheral eosinophilia: Case report and literature review.

Acute hepatitis presenting with blood eosinophilia are scarcely reported. Different clinical courses of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) have been associated with acute hepatitis with eosinophilia, however it is still unclear if the latter is a common manifestation of different autoimmune diseases, part of a similar spectrum of eosinophil-associated liver injury or even a trigger to AIH. We report a case of a 32 years old woman who presented with subacute hepatitis, peripheral eosinophilia, hypergammaglobulinemia and liver biopsy suggestive of AIH. The role of eosinophils in autoimmune liver diseases deserves further studies in order to clarify its physiopathology aspects.

Carvedilol as secondary prophylaxis for variceal bleeding in hepatosplenic schistosomiasis.

BACKGROUND: Upper variceal bleeding (UVB) is a possible complication of portal hypertension secondary to hepatosplenic schistosomiasis (HSS). Propranolol is a non-selective beta-blocker used as secondary prophylaxis for UVB, but no previous studies have addressed carvedilol effects in rebleeding prevention. METHODS: A retrospective exploratory study of 57 patients with chronic HSS and index UVB treated with endoscopic variceal ligation and propranolol or carvedilol was conducted. The primary outcome was UVB-free time in the first 12 mo after the initial bleeding episode. RESULTS: Propranolol was used for secondary UVB prophylaxis in 43 (75.4%) participants (median dose 80 [interquartile range - IQR 60-80] mg/d) and carvedilol in 14 (24.6%) participants (median dose 12.5 [IQR 7.9-25.0] mg/d). During a 12-mo follow-up, rebleeding was observed in 13 (22.8%) patients, 9 (20.9%) of those treated with propranolol and 4 (28.6%) treated with carvedilol (p=0.715). Mean time from the beginning of drug prophylaxis to rebleeding was 6±3 mo and there was no difference between that for propranolol vs carvedilol subgroups. Portal vein thrombosis did not influence the bleeding recurrence in either subgroup. CONCLUSION: Carvedilol may be equally effective as propranolol in preventing secondary UVB in HSS at 12-mo follow-up.

Identification of candidate antigens from adult stages of Toxocara canis for the serodiagnosis of human toxocariasis.

In the present work, we identified adult Toxocara canis antigens through sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for potential use in human toxocariasis immunodiagnosis. The sensitivity and specificity of several semi-purified antigens, as well as their cross-reactivity with other parasitic infections, were assessed by IgM and IgG-enzime linked immunosorbent assay. Whilst we found that the crude extract of the parasite presented limited sensitivity, specificity and high cross-reactivity against other parasites, we identified 42, 58, 68 and 97-kDa semi-purified antigens as the most promising candidates for immunodiagnosis. Moreover, the 58 and 68-kDa antigens presented the lowest IgM cross-reactivity. When tested as a combination, a mixture of the 58 and 68-kDa antigens presented 100% sensitivity and specificity, as well as minor cross-reactivity. Although the combination of the 42, 58, 68 and 97-kDa antigens presented 100% sensitivity at a dilution of 1:40, the low specificity and high cross-reactivity observed suggested a limited use for diagnostic purposes. Our data suggested that the 58 and 68-kDa antigens might be most suitable for the immunodiagnosis of human toxocariasis.

Fibrates for the Treatment of Primary Biliary Cholangitis Unresponsive to Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An Exploratory Study.

Aim: Up to 40% of patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) will have a suboptimal biochemical response to ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), which can be improved by the addition of fibrates. This exploratory study aims to evaluate the long-term real-life biochemical response of different fibrates, including ciprofibrate, in subjects with UDCA-unresponsive PBC. Methods: The Brazilian Cholestasis Study Group multicenter database was reviewed to assess the response rates to UDCA plus fibrates in patients with UDCA-unresponsive PBC 1 and 2 years after treatment initiation by different validated criteria. Results: In total, 27 patients (100% women, mean age 48.9 ± 9.2 years) with PBC were included. Overall response rates to fibrates by each validated criterion varied from 39 to 60% and 39-76% at 12 and 24 months after treatment combination, respectively. Combination therapy resulted in a significant decrease in ALT and ALP only after 2 years, while GGT significantly improved in the first year of treatment. Treatment response rates at 1 and 2 years appear to be comparable between ciprofibrate and bezafibrate using all available criteria. Conclusion: Our findings endorse the efficacy of fibrate add-on treatment in PBC patients with suboptimal response to UDCA. Ciprofibrate appears to be at least as effective as bezafibrate and should be assessed in large clinical trials as a possibly new, cheaper, and promising option for treatment of UDCA-unresponsive PBC patients.

Clinical Features and Outcomes of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis in the Highly Admixed Brazilian Population.

Background: Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is associated with a broad phenotypic spectrum in different populations from diverse ethnic and racial backgrounds. This study aimed to describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of PSC in a multicenter cohort of patients from Brazil. Methods: Data from the Brazilian Cholestasis Study Group were retrospectively reviewed to assess demographic information and clinical characteristics of PSC, as well as the outcomes, such as transplantation-free survival. Results: This cohort included 210 patients. After excluding 33 (15.7%) patients with PSC and overlap syndrome of autoimmune hepatitis, 177 (97 males, median age 33 (21-42) years) with clear-cut PSC were eligible for this study. Most of the patients (n = 139, 78.5%) were symptomatic, and 104 (58.7%) had advanced PSC at the time of diagnosis. Concurrent inflammatory bowel disease was observed in 78 (58.6%) of the investigated patients (n = 133), and most of them had ulcerative colitis (n = 61, 78.2%). The 1- and 5-year survival free of liver transplantation or death were 92.3 ± 2.1% and 66.9 ± 4.2%, respectively, and baseline advanced PSC, pruritus, and elevated bilirubin levels were independent risk factors for the composite adverse outcome. Females were significantly older and had lower bilirubin levels than males at baseline, but survival was not associated with sex. Approximately 12.4% (n = 22) of patients with PSC died, and 32.8% (n = 58) underwent liver transplantation at a median follow-up time of 5.3 and 3.2 years. Conclusion: Multiethnic Brazilian PSC patients exhibited a less pronounced male predominance and a lower frequency of inflammatory bowel disease than Caucasians. Adverse outcomes were more frequent, probably due to advanced disease at baseline.