Enhancing Green Product Generation of Photocatalytic NO Oxidation: A Case of WO3 Nanoplate/g-C3N4 S-Scheme Heterojunction.

Nitric oxide (NO) removal by photocatalytic oxidation over g-C3N4 has achieved more efficient results. However, there is a concern about the high NO-to-NO2 conversion yield of products, which is not suitable for the photocatalytic NO reaction. In this study, we modify g-C3N4 by WO3 nanoplates for the first time for photocatalytic NO oxidation over a WO3/g-C3N4 composite to enhance the green product selectivity under atmospheric conditions. The results indicate that the photocatalytic efficiency for NO removal by the WO3/g-C3N4 composite is drastically improved and achieves 52.5%, which is approximately 2.1 times higher than that of pure g-C3N4. Significantly, the green product (NO3-) selectivity of the WO3/g-C3N4 composite is 8.7 times higher than that of pure g-C3N4, and the selectivity remained high even after five cycles of photocatalytic tests. We also conclude that the enhanced green product selectivity of photocatalytic NO oxidation by the WO3/g-C3N4 composite is due to the separation and acceleration of the photogenerated charges of the WO3/g-C3N4 S-scheme heterojunction.

Visible light photocatalytic NOx removal with suppressed poisonous NO2 byproduct generation over simply synthesized triangular silver nanoparticles coupled with tin dioxide.

The treatment or conversion of air pollutants with a low generation of secondary toxic substances has become a hot topic in indoor air pollution abatement. Herein, we used triangle-shaped Ag nanoparticles coupled with SnO2 for efficient photocatalytic NO removal. Ag triangular nanoparticles (TNPs) were synthesized by the photoreduction method and SnO2 was coupled by a simple chemical impregnation process. The photocatalytic NO removal activity results show that the modification with Ag TNPs significantly boosted the removal performance up to 3.4 times higher than pristine SnO2. The underlying roles of Ag TNPs in NO removal activity improvement are due to some advantages of Ag TNPs. Moreover, the Ag TNPs contributed photogenerated holes as the main active species toward enhancing the NO oxidation reaction. In particular, the selectivity toward green products significantly improved from 52.78% (SnO2) to 86.99% (Ag TNPs/SnO2). The formation of reactive radicals under light irradiation was also verified by DMPO spin-trapping experiments. This work provides a potential candidate for visible-light photocatalytic NO removal with low toxic byproduct generation.

Harnessing potassium peroxymonosulfate activation of WO3/diatomite composites for efficient photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline.

The increasing prevalence of pharmaceutical contaminants in aquatic ecosystems poses profound challenges for both environmental sustainability and public health. Addressing this pressing issue requires the development of innovative, cost-effective, and efficient remediation approaches. Here we report the synthesis of WO3/diatomite composites and their photocatalytic degradation in conjunction with potassium peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation. By leveraging the synergistic effects, we observe a remarkable degradation of tetracycline, a significant pharmaceutical contaminant, under visible light. Analytically, we have elucidated the driving factors for the enhanced performance, emphasizing the optimal amount of WO3 (10%) in the composite and PMS concentration (3 mM). Specifically, the WO3/diatomite catalyst presents a degradation rate of 80.75% tetracycline (40 mg L-1) after 180 min of visible light irradiation. Also, we elucidate the primary roles of ˙SO4 - radicals in driving the photocatalytic reaction using free radical trapping studies. Our approach not only offers a direct solution to controlling pharmaceutical contamination but also opens new possibilities for advancing the design of composite-based photocatalysts by taking advantage of nature-derived materials.

Fe2O3/diatomite materials as efficient photo-Fenton catalysts for ciprofloxacin removal.

In this study, we used Fe2O3/diatomite material system toward ciprofloxacin (CIP) photo-Fenton removal in water under visible light (vis) excitation. The characterization of Fe2O3/diatomite catalysts was determined by X-ray diffraction patterns, Fourier-transform infrared analysis, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, and scanning electron microscopy. The photo-Fenton catalytic activity of the Fe2O3/diatomite was appraised by the removal efficiency of the CIP throughout the effect of the H2O2 with various parameters such as initial pH, catalyst amount, and H2O2 amount. The results indicate that 0.2 gL-1 Fe2O3/diatomite catalysts achieved the highest performance at approximately 90.03% with a 50 µL H2O2 concentration. Furthermore, the Fe2O3/diatomite catalysts have high stability, with over 80% CIP removed after five cycles. This study is inspired to develop a potential material for photo-Fenton degradation of antibiotics in wastewater.

Tin dioxide nanomaterial-based photocatalysts for nitrogen oxide oxidation: a review.

Semiconducting SnO2 photocatalyst nanomaterials are extensively used in energy and environmental research because of their outstanding physical and chemical properties. In recent years, nitrogen oxide (NO x ) pollutants have received particular attention from the scientific community. The photocatalytic NO x oxidation will be an important contribution to mitigate climate change in the future. Existing review papers mainly focus on applying SnO2 materials for photocatalytic oxidation of pollutants in the water, while studies on the decomposition of gas pollutants are still being developed. In addition, previous studies have shown that the photocatalytic activity regarding NO x decomposition of SnO2 and other materials depends on many factors, such as physical structure and band energies, surface and defect states, and morphology. Recent studies have been focused on the modification of properties of SnO2 to increase the photocatalytic efficiency of SnO2, including bandgap engineering, defect regulation, surface engineering, heterojunction construction, and using co-catalysts, which will be thoroughly highlighted in this review.

Photoelectrochemical water oxidation over TiO2 nanotubes modified with MoS2 and g-C3N4.

TiO2 nanotube arrays (TNAs) have been studied for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. However, there are two major barriers of TNAs, including a low photo-response and the fast charge carrier recombination in TNAs, leading to poor photocatalytic efficiency. Through a comparison of MoS2/TNAs and g-C3N4/TNAs, it was found that TNAs modified with MoS2 and g-C3N4 exhibited a current density of, respectively, 210.6 and 139.6 µA·cm-2 at an overpotential of 1.23 V vs RHE, which is 18.2 and 12 times higher than that of pure TNAs under the same conditions. The stability of the MoS2/TNAs heterojunction is higher than that of g-C3N4/TNAs.

Revisiting the Key Optical and Electrical Characteristics in Reporting the Photocatalysis of Semiconductors.

Photocatalysis has been studied and considered as a green and practical approach in addressing environmental pollution. However, factors that affect photocatalytic performance have not been systematically studied. In this work, we have presented a comprehensive roadmap for characterizing, interpreting, and reporting semiconductors' electrical and optical properties through routinely used techniques such as diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, electrochemical techniques (Mott-Schottky plots), photoluminescence, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy in the context of photocatalysis. Having precisely studied the band structure of three representative photocatalysts, we have presented and highlighted the essential information and details, which are critical and beneficial for studies of (1) band alignments, (2) redox potentials, and (3) defects. Further works with a comprehensive understanding of the band structure are desirable and hold great promise.

Insight into the degradation of p-nitrophenol by visible-light-induced activation of peroxymonosulfate over Ag/ZnO heterojunction.

In this report, the peroxymonosulfate activation over Ag/ZnO heterojunction under visible light (Ag/ZnO/PMS/Vis) for p-nitrophenol (p-NP) contaminant degradation was conducted in detail. Herein, the catalyst dosage was decreased, and the results showed that a dosage of 0.5 g L-1 Ag/ZnO and 4 mM PMS almost completely degraded 30 mg L-1 p-NP after 90 min of irradiation. In addition, the PMS activation mechanism of Ag/ZnO/PMS/Vis system was proposed by investigations of the influence of PMS concentration, the FTIR spectra, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and electrochemical analyses. Additionally, the role of SO4•- in the photocatalytic reaction is determined by a combination of a trapping test using isopropanol and tert-butanol as probe compounds and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. This report provides a potential alternative to remove persistent organic contaminants in sewage using PMS incorporated with Ag/ZnO under visible light irradiation.

Emerging 2D/0D g-C3N4/SnO2 S-scheme photocatalyst: New generation architectural structure of heterojunctions toward visible-light-driven NO degradation.

Enhancing and investigating the photocatalytic activity over composites for new models remains a challenge. Here, an emerging S-scheme photocatalyst composed of 2D/0D g-C3N4 nanosheets-assisted SnO2 nanoparticles (g-C3N4/SnO2) is successfully synthesized and used for degrading nitrogen oxide (NO), which causes negative impacts on the environment. A wide range of characterization techniques confirms the successful synthesis of SnO2 nanoparticles, g-C3N4 nanosheets, and 2D/0D g-C3N4/SnO2 S-scheme photocatalysts via hydrothermal and annealing processes. Besides, the visible-light response is confirmed by optical analysis. The S-scheme charge transfer was elucidated by Density-Functional Theory (DFT) calculation, trapping experiments, and electron spin resonance (ESR). We found that intrinsic oxygen vacancies of SnO2 nanoparticles and S-scheme charge transfer addressed the limitation of other heterojunction types. It is notable that compared pure SnO2 nanoparticles and g-C3N4, g-C3N4/SnO2 offered the best photocatalytic NO degradation and photostability under visible light with the removal of more than 40% NO at 500 ppb throughout the experiment. Benefiting from the unique structural features, the new generation architectural structure of S-scheme heterojunction exhibited potential photocatalytic activity and it would simultaneously act more promising for environmental treatment in the coming years.

Straightforward Synthesis of SnO2/Bi2S3/BiOCl-Bi24O31Cl10 Composites for Drastically Enhancing Rhodamine B Photocatalytic Degradation under Visible Light.

The pursuit of robust photocatalysts that can completely degrade organic contaminants with high performance as well as high energy efficiency, simplicity in preparation, and low cost is an appealing topic that potentially promotes photocatalysts for being used widely. Herein, we introduce a new and efficient SnO2/Bi2S3/BiOCl-Bi24O31Cl10 (SnO2/Bi2S3-Bi25) composite photocatalyst by taking advantage of the robust, simple, and potentially scalable one-pot synthesis, including the hydrothermal process followed by thermal decomposition. Interestingly, we observed the formation of BiOCl-Bi24O31Cl10 (abbreviated as Bi25) heterojunctions derived from reactions between Bi2S3 and SnCl4·5H2O precursor solutions under the hydrothermal condition and thermal decomposition of BiOCl. This Bi25 heterojunction acts as an interface to reduce the recombination of photogenerated electron-hole (e--h+) pairs as well as to massively enhance the visible light harvesting, thereby significantly enhancing the photocatalytic degradation performance of the as-prepared composite photocatalyst. In detail, the photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) activated by visible light using 15% SnO2/Bi2S3-Bi25 shows the efficiency of 80.8%, which is superior compared to that of pure Bi2S3 (29.4%) and SnO2 (0.1%). The SnO2/Bi2S3-Bi25 composite photocatalyst also presents an excellent photostability and easy recovery from dye for recycling. The trapping test revealed that the photogenerated holes play a crucial factor during the photocatalytic process, whereas superoxide radicals are also formed but not involved in the photocatalytic process. Successful fabrication of SnO2/Bi2S3-Bi25 composite photocatalysts via a straightforward method with drastically enhanced photocatalytic performance under visible light activation would be useful for practical applications.

Investigation on Photocatalytic Removal of NO under Visible Light over Cr-Doped ZnO Nanoparticles.

Removal of nitrogen oxide pollution has attracted much attention, and photocatalysis is considered as an effective method to treat polluted gas. Currently, modified semiconductors with approximate band gap are used as visible-light-driven photocatalysts. Herein, this is the first investigation of photocatalytic removal of NO under visible light over Cr-doped ZnO nanoparticles (Cr-ZnO NPs). Furthermore, the trapping species experiment and electron spin resonance measurement were conducted to identify the primary reactive factor of the photocatalytic reaction. In this study, Cr-ZnO NPs were synthesized by the sol-gel method with a narrow band gap, enhanced NO photocatalytic degradation performance, low NO2 conversion yield, and high stability under visible light.