Fact or fiction? Does the position of the end-to-end (EEA) stapler spike matter for colorectal anastomoses using a double-stapled technique?

AIM: Surgeons often have strong opinions about how to perform colorectal anastomoses with little data to support variations in technique. The aim of this study was to determine if location of the end-to-end (EEA) stapler spike relative to the rectal transection line is associated with anastomotic integrity. METHOD: This study was a retrospective analysis of a quality collaborative database at a quaternary centre and regional hospitals. Patients with any left-sided colon resection with double-stapled anastomosis were included (December 2019 to August 2022). Our primary endpoint was a composite outcome including positive air insufflation test, incomplete anastomotic donut, or thin/eccentric donut. Our secondary endpoint was clinical leak. RESULTS: Overall, 633 patients were included and stratified by location of the stapler spike relative to the rectal transection line. Of note, 86 patients had an end-colon to anterior rectum ("reverse Baker") anastomosis with no crossing staple lines. The rates of the composite endpoint based on position of the stapler spike were 12.4% (anterior), 8.1% (through), 12.8% (posterior), 5.1% (corner), and 2.3% for the "reverse Baker" (p = 0.03). The overall rate of clinical leak was 3.8% and there were no differences between methods. In a multivariate analysis, the "reverse Baker" anastomosis was associated with decreased odds of poor anastomotic integrity when compared to anastomoses with crossing staple lines (OR 0.20, 95% CI: 0.05-0.87, p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: For anastomoses with crossing staple lines, the position of the stapler spike relative to the rectal staple line is not associated with differences in anastomotic integrity. In contrast, anastomoses with no crossing staple lines resulted in significantly lower rates of poor anastomotic integrity, but no difference in clinical leaks.

Development and Validation of a Symptom-based Scoring System for Bowel Dysfunction After Ileoanal Pouch Reconstruction.

OBJECTIVE: To utilize items identified as priorities by the Patient-Reported Outcomes after Pouch Surgery Delphi consensus study to create a validated tool for quantifying pouch function. BACKGROUND: The Patient-Reported Outcomes After Pouch Surgery Delphi consensus study identified 7 symptoms and 7 consequences as key domains for evaluating and analyzing ileoanal pouch function. METHODS: Pouch patients were recruited at inflammatory bowel disease centers and via patient advocacy websites. They were administered a questionnaire-based survey eliciting responses regarding the frequency of a variety of bowel symptoms. Associations between items and quality of life were computed in a score generation cohort of 298 patients by logistic regression modeling. Individual score values were designated to items to create an additive score titled the "Ileoanal Pouch Syndrome Severity Score." Validity was tested in a subsequent cohort of 386 patients using receiver operating characteristic area under the curve. In addition, test-rest validity, convergent validity, and clinical validity were evaluated. RESULTS: After the determination of item weights, the range of possible scores was 0 to 145. Score ranges were then determined as cutoff values for "ileoanal pouch syndrome." The score was then validated on the second patient cohort, with a receiver operating characteristic area under the curve of 0.83. Importantly, worsening severity of Ileoanal Pouch Syndrome score significantly correlated with higher rates of poor quality of life. Lastly, the questionnaire was rigorously validated to show test-retest validity, convergent validity compared with other bowel function scores, and clinical validity. CONCLUSIONS: This study developed a patient-centered, clinically useful scoring system that can quantify the range and severity of symptoms experienced by ileoanal pouch patients and their correlation with quality of life.

Development and Validation of a Symptom-Based Scoring System for Bowel Dysfunction After Ileoanal Pouch Reconstruction: The Ileoanal Pouch Syndrome Severity Score.

BACKGROUND: The Patient-Reported Outcomes After Pouch Surgery Delphi Consensus Study identified 7 symptoms and 7 consequences as key domains for evaluating and analyzing ileoanal pouch function. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to use items identified as priorities by the Patient-Reported Outcomes After Pouch Surgery Delphi Consensus Study to create a validated tool for quantifying pouch function. DESIGN: Patients were administered a questionnaire-based survey eliciting responses regarding frequency of a variety of bowel symptoms. SETTING: Patients with pouches were recruited at IBD centers and via patient advocacy websites. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Associations between items and quality of life were computed in a score generation cohort of 298 patients by logistic regression modeling. Individual score values were designated to items to create an additive score titled the Ileoanal Pouch Syndrome Severity Score. Validity was tested in a subsequent cohort of 386 patients using receiver operating characteristic area under the curve. In addition, test-retest validity, convergent validity, and clinical validity were evaluated. RESULTS: After the determination of item weights, the range of possible scores was found to be 0 to 145. Score ranges were then determined as cutoff values for "ileoanal pouch syndrome." The score was then validated on the second patient cohort, with a receiver operating characteristic area under the curve of 0.83. Importantly, worsening severity of Ileoanal Pouch Syndrome Score significantly correlated with higher rates of poor quality of life. Finally, the questionnaire was rigorously validated to show test-retest validity, convergent validity compared to other bowel function scores, and clinical validity. CONCLUSIONS: This study developed a patient-centered, clinically useful scoring system that can quantify the range and severity of symptoms experienced by patients with ileoanal pouches and their correlation with quality of life. DESARROLLO Y VALIDACIN DE UN SISTEMA DE PUNTUACIN BASADO EN SNTOMAS PARA LA DISFUNCIN INTESTINAL DESPUS DE LA RECONSTRUCCIN CON RESERVORIO ILEOANAL LA PUNTUACIN DE GRAVEDAD DEL SNDROME DE RESERVORIO ILEOANAL: ANTECEDENTES:En el estudio Delphi Consensus los resultados informados por el paciente después de la cirugía de reservorio identificaron 7 síntomas y 7 consecuencias como dominios clave para evaluar y analizar la función del reservorio ileoanal.OBJETIVO:Utilizar elementos identificados como prioritarios por el estudio de consenso Delphi de resultados informados por el paciente después de la cirugía de reservorio para crear una herramienta validada para cuantificar la función del reservorio.DISEÑO:A los pacientes se les administró una encuesta basada en un cuestionario que obtuvo respuestas con respecto a la frecuencia de una variedad de síntomas intestinales.ESCENARIO:Los pacientes con reservorio fueron reclutados en centros de enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal y a través de sitios web dirigidos al paciente.PRINCIPALES MEDIDAS DE RESULTADO:Las asociaciones entre los elementos y la calidad de vida se calcularon en una cohorte de generación de puntuación de 298 pacientes mediante un modelo de regresión logística. Se asignaron valores de puntuación individuales a los elementos para crear una puntuación aditiva denominada Puntuación de gravedad del síndrome de reservorio ileoanal. La validez se probó en una cohorte posterior de 386 pacientes utilizando el área característica operativa del receptor bajo la curva. Además, se evaluaron la validez del test-retest, la validez convergente y la validez clínica.RESULTADOS:Después de determinar el peso de los elementos, el rango de puntajes posibles fue de 0 a 145. Los rangos de puntaje se determinaron luego como valores de corte para el "síndrome de la reservorio ileoanal". A continuación, la puntuación se validó en la segunda cohorte de pacientes, con un área característica operativa del receptor bajo la curva de 0.3. Es importante destacar que el empeoramiento de la gravedad de la puntuación del síndrome de reservorio ileoanal se correlacionó significativamente con tasas más altas de mala calidad de vida. Por último, el cuestionario fue rigurosamente validado para mostrar validez test-retest, validez convergente en comparación con otras puntuaciones de función intestinal y validez clínica.CONCLUSIONES:Este estudio desarrolló un sistema de puntuación clínicamente útil y centrado en el paciente que puede cuantificar el rango y la gravedad de los síntomas experimentados por los pacientes con reservorio ileoanal y su correlación con la calidad de vida. (Traducción-Dr. Jorge Silva Velazco ).

Patients Undergoing Ileoanal Pouch Surgery Experience a Constellation of Symptoms and Consequences Representing a Unique Syndrome: A Report From the Patient-Reported Outcomes After Pouch Surgery (PROPS) Delphi Consensus Study.

OBJECTIVE: The primary aim was to create a patient-centered definition of core symptoms that should be included in future studies of pouch function. BACKGROUND: Functional outcomes after ileoanal pouch creation have been studied; however, there is great variability in how relevant outcomes are defined and reported. More importantly, the perspective of patients has not been represented in deciding which outcomes should be the focus of research. METHODS: Expert stakeholders were chosen to correlate with the clinical scenario of the multidisciplinary team that cares for pouch patients: patients, colorectal surgeons, gastroenterologists/other clinicians. Three rounds of surveys were employed to select high-priority items. Survey voting was followed by a series of online patient consultation meetings used to clarify voting trends. A final online consensus meeting with representation from all 3 expert panels was held to finalize a consensus statement. RESULTS: One hundred ninety-five patients, 62 colorectal surgeons, and 48 gastroenterologists/nurse specialists completed all 3 Delphi rounds. Fifty-three patients participated in online focus groups. One hundred sixty-one stakeholders participated in the final consensus meeting. On conclusion of the consensus meeting, 7 bowel symptoms and 7 consequences of undergoing ileoanal pouch surgery were included in the final consensus statement. CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first to identify key functional outcomes after pouch surgery with direct input from a large panel of ileoanal pouch patients. The inclusion of patients in all stages of the consensus process allowed for a true patient-centered approach in defining the core domains that should be focused on in future studies of pouch function.

Is Microsatellite Status Associated With Prognosis in Stage II Colon Cancer With High-Risk Features?

BACKGROUND: The influence of microsatellite instability on prognosis in high-risk stage II colon cancer is unknown. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between microsatellite instability and overall survival in high-risk stage II colon cancer. DESIGN: This is a retrospective review of the National Cancer Database from 2010 to 2016. SETTINGS: This study included national cancer epidemiology data from the American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer. PATIENTS: Included were 16,788 patients with stage II colon adenocarcinoma and known microsatellite status (1709 microsatellite unstable). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome measured was overall survival. RESULTS: Microsatellite unstable cancers with high-risk features had significantly better overall survival than microsatellite stable cancers with high-risk features (5-year survival 80% vs 72%, p = 0.01), and had survival equivalent to microsatellite stable cancers with low-risk features (5-year survival, 80%). When stratified by specific high-risk features, patients with lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion, or high-grade histology had overall survival similar to patients without these features, only in microsatellite unstable cancers. However, patients with high-risk features of T4 stage, positive margins, and <12 lymph nodes saw no survival benefit based on microsatellite status. This was confirmed on multivariable Cox regression modeling. A subgroup analysis of patients who did not receive chemotherapy similarly demonstrated that microsatellite unstable cancers with lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion, or high-grade histology had overall survival similar to microsatellite unstable cancers without those features. LIMITATIONS: The study is limited by the lack of specific clinical data and potential treatment bias. CONCLUSIONS: In microsatellite unstable cancers, lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion, and high-grade histology are not associated with worse overall survival, even when deferring adjuvant chemotherapy. These data support National Comprehensive Cancer Network recommendations to forego chemotherapy in stage II cancers with microsatellite instability and these features. In contrast, some high-risk features were associated with worse survival despite microsatellite unstable biology, and therapies to improve survival need to be explored. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/B500. ¿EL ESTADO MICROSATÉLITE ESTÁ ASOCIADO CON EL PRONÓSTICO EN EL CÁNCER DE COLON EN ESTADIO II CON CARACTERÍSTICAS DE ALTO RIESGO: Se desconoce la influencia de la inestabilidad microsatélite en el pronóstico del cáncer de colon en estadio II de alto riesgo.Investigar la relación entre la inestabilidad microsatélite y la supervivencia general en el cáncer de colon en estadio II de alto riesgo.Revisión retrospectiva de la base de datos nacional del cáncer de 2010 a 2016.Este estudio incluyó datos nacionales de epidemiología del cáncer de la Comisión de Cáncer del Colegio Americano de Cirujanos.16,788 pacientes con adenocarcinoma de colon en estadio II y estado microsatélite conocido (1,709 microsatélite inestables).Supervivencia global.Los cánceres microsatélite inestables con características de alto riesgo tuvieron una supervivencia general significativamente mejor que los cánceres microsatélite estables con características de alto riesgo (supervivencia a 5 años 80% vs 72%, p = 0.01), y tuvieron una supervivencia equivalente a los cánceres microsatélite estables con características de bajo riesgo (supervivencia a 5 años 80%). Al estratificar por características específicas de alto riesgo, los pacientes con invasión linfovascular, invasión perineural o histología de alto grado tuvieron una supervivencia general similar a la de los pacientes sin estas características, solo en cánceres microsatélite inestables. Sin embargo, los pacientes con características de alto riesgo en estadio T4, márgenes positivos y <12 ganglios linfáticos no tuvieron ningún beneficio de supervivencia basado en el estado de microsatélites. Esto se confirmó en un modelo de regresión de Cox multivariable. Un análisis de subgrupos de pacientes que no recibieron quimioterapia demostró de manera similar que los cánceres microsatélite inestables con invasión linfovascular, invasión perineural o histología de alto grado tenían una supervivencia general similar a los cánceres microsatélite inestables sin esas características.El estudio está limitado por la falta de datos clínicos específicos y el posible sesgo de tratamiento.En los cánceres microsatélite inestables, la invasión linfovascular, la invasión perineural y la histología de alto grado no se asocian con una peor sobrevida general, incluso cuando se aplaza la quimioterapia adyuvante. Estos datos respaldan las recomendaciones de la National Comprehensive Cancer Network de omitir la quimioterapia en los cánceres en estadio II con inestabilidad microsatélite y estas características. Por el contrario, algunas características de alto riesgo se asociaron con una peor supervivencia a pesar de la biología microsatélite inestable, y es necesario considerar las terapias para mejorar la supervivencia.Consulte Video Resumen en http://links.lww.com/DCR/B500. (Traducción-Dr. Jorge Silva Velazco).

Preliminary Report From the Pelvic Floor Disorders Consortium: Large-Scale Data Collection Through Quality Improvement Initiatives to Provide Data on Functional Outcomes After Rectal Prolapse Repair.

BACKGROUND: The surgical management of rectal prolapse is constantly evolving, yet numerous clinical trials and meta-analyses studying operative approaches have failed to make meaningful conclusions. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to report on preliminary data captured during a large-scale quality improvement initiative to measure and improve function in patients undergoing rectal prolapse repair. DESIGN: This was a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected surgical quality improvement data. SETTINGS: This study was conducted at 14 tertiary centers specializing in pelvic floor disorders from 2017 to 2019. PATIENTS: A total of 181 consecutive patients undergoing external rectal prolapse repair were included. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Preoperative and 3-month postoperative Wexner incontinence score and Altomare obstructed defecation score were measured. RESULTS: The cohort included 112 patients undergoing abdominal surgery (71 suture rectopexy/56% minimally invasive, 41 ventral rectopexy/93% minimally invasive). Those offered perineal approaches (n = 68) were older (median age, 75 vs 62 y; p < 0.01) and had more comorbidities (ASA 3-4: 51% vs 24%; p < 0.01) but also reported higher preintervention rates of fecal incontinence (Wexner 11.4 ± 6.4 vs 8.6 ± 5.8; p < 0.01). Patients undergoing perineal procedures had similar incremental improvements in function after surgery as patients undergoing abdominal repair (change in Wexner, -2.6 ± 6.4 vs -3.1 ± 5.6, p = 0.6; change in Altomare, -2.9 ± 4.6 vs -2.7 ± 4.9, p = 0.8). Similarly, patients undergoing posterior suture rectopexy and ventral mesh rectopexy had similar incremental improvements in overall scores; however, patients undergoing ventral mesh rectopexy had a higher decrease in the need to use pads after surgery. LIMITATIONS: The study was limited by its retrospective data analysis and 3-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Functional outcomes improved in all of the patients undergoing prolapse surgery. Larger cohorts are necessary to show superiority among surgical procedures. Quality improvement methods may allow for systematic yet practical acquisition of information and data analysis. We call for the creation of a robust database to benefit this patient population. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/B581. REPORTE PRELIMINAR DEL CONSORCIO DE TRASTORNOS DEL PISO PLVICO RECOLECCIN DE DATOS A GRAN ESCALA MEDIANTE INICIATIVAS DE MEJORAMIENTO DE LA CALIDAD PARA PROPORCIONAR INFORMACIN SOBRE LOS RESULTADOS FUNCIONALES: ANTECEDENTES:El tratamiento quirúrgico del prolapso rectal está evolucionando constantemente, sin embargo, numerosos estudios clínicos y metaanálisis que evalúan los tratamientos quirúrgicos no han logrado demostrar conclusiones significativas.OBJETIVO:Reportar datos preliminares obtenidos a gran escala durante una iniciativa de mejoramiento de la calidad para medir y mejorar la función en pacientes sometidos a reparación de prolapso rectal.DISEÑO:Análisis retrospectivo de datos recolectados prospectivamente de mejoramiento de la calidad quirúrgica.ENTORNO CLINICO:Este estudio se realizó en 14 centros terciarios especializados en trastornos del piso pélvico del 2017 al 2019.PACIENTES:Un total de 181 pacientes consecutivos sometidos a reparación de prolapso rectal externo.PRINCIPALES MEDIDAS DE VALORACION:Escala de incontinencia de Wexner y de defecación obstruida de Altomare preoperatoria y tres meses postoperatoria.RESULTADOS:El cohorte incluyó 112 pacientes sometidos a cirugía abdominal (71 rectopexia con sutura / 56% minimally invasive, 41 rectopexia ventral / 93% minimally invasive). Aquellos a los que se les realizaron abordajes perineales (n = 68) eran mayores (edad media de 75 vs. 62, p <0,01) y tenían mayorcomorbilidades (ASA 3-4: 51% vs. 24%, p <0,01), además reportaron una mayor tasa de incontinencia fecal previo a la intervención (Wexner 11,4 ± 6,4 vs. 8,6 +/- 5,8, p <0,01). Posterior a la cirugía, los pacientes sometidos a procedimientos perineales tuvieron mejoría progresiva en la función similar que los pacientes sometidos a reparación abdominal (cambio en Wexner -2,6 ± 6,4 vs. -3,1 ± 5,6, p = 0,6; cambio en Altomare -2,9 ± 4,6 vs. -2,7 ± 4,9, p = 0,8). De manera similar, los pacientes con rectopexia posterior con sutura y rectopexia ventral con malla tuvieron mejoría progresiva similares en las escalas generales; no obstante, pacientes con rectopexia ventral con malla tuvieron una mayor disminución en la necesidad de usar paños protectores después de la cirugía.LIMITACIONES:Análisis de datos retrospectivo y seguimiento de tres meses.CONCLUSIONES:Los resultados funcionales mejoraron en todos los pacientes sometidos a cirugía de prolapso. Se necesitan cohortes más grandes para demostrar superioridad entre los procedimientos quirúrgicos. Métodos de mejoramiento de la calidad pueden permitir la adquisición sistemática, pero práctica de información y análisis de datos. Hacemos un llamado para la creación de una base de datos sólida para beneficiar a esta población de pacientes. Consulte Video Resumen en http://links.lww.com/DCR/B581. (Traducción- Dr Francisco M. Abarca-Rendon).

Patients Undergoing Ileoanal Pouch Surgery Experience a Constellation of Symptoms and Consequences Representing a Unique Syndrome: A Report from the Patient-Reported Outcomes After Pouch Surgery (PROPS) Delphi Consensus Study.

BACKGROUND: Functional outcomes after ileoanal pouch creation have been studied; however, there is great variability in how relevant outcomes are defined and reported. More importantly, the perspective of patients has not been represented in deciding which outcomes should be the focus of research. OBJECTIVE: The primary aim was to create a patient-centered definition of core symptoms that should be included in future studies of pouch function. DESIGN: This was a Delphi consensus study. SETTING: Three rounds of surveys were used to select high-priority items. Survey voting was followed by a series of online patient consultation meetings used to clarify voting trends. A final online consensus meeting with representation from all 3 expert panels was held to finalize a consensus statement. PATIENTS: Expert stakeholders were chosen to correlate with the clinical scenario of the multidisciplinary team that cares for pouch patients, including patients, colorectal surgeons, and gastroenterologists or other clinicians. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: A consensus statement was the main outcome. RESULTS: patients, 62 colorectal surgeons, and 48 gastroenterologists or nurse specialists completed all 3 Delphi rounds. Fifty-three patients participated in online focus groups. One hundred sixty-one stakeholders participated in the final consensus meeting. On conclusion of the consensus meeting, 7 bowel symptoms and 7 consequences of undergoing ileoanal pouch surgery were included in the final consensus statement. LIMITATIONS: The study was limited by online recruitment bias. CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first to identify key functional outcomes after pouch surgery with direct input from a large panel of ileoanal pouch patients. The inclusion of patients in all stages of the consensus process allowed for a true patient-centered approach in defining the core domains that should be focused on in future studies of pouch function. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/B571. LOS PACIENTES SOMETIDOS A CIRUGA DE RESERVORIO ILEOANAL EXPERIMENTAN UNA CONSTELACIN DE SNTOMAS Y CONSECUENCIAS QUE REPRESENTAN UN SNDROME UNICO: Un Informe de los Resultados Reportados por los Pacientes Posterior a la Cirugía de Reservorio (PROPS) Estudio de Consenso DelphiANTECEDENTES:Los resultados funcionales después de la creación del reservorio ileoanal han sido estudiados; sin embargo, existe una gran variabilidad en la forma en que se definen y reportan los resultados relevantes. Más importante aún, la perspectiva de los pacientes no se ha representado a la hora de decidir qué resultados deberían ser el foco de investigación.OBJETIVO:El objetivo principal era crear en el paciente una definición centrada de los síntomas principales que debería incluirse en los estudios futuros de la función del reservorio.DISEÑO:Estudio de consenso Delphi.ENTORNO CLINICO:Se emplearon tres rondas de encuestas para seleccionar elementos de alta prioridad. La votación de la encuesta fue seguida por una serie de reuniones de consulta de pacientes en línea que se utilizan para aclarar las tendencias de votación. Se realizo una reunión de consenso final en línea con representación de los tres paneles de expertos para finalizar una declaración de consenso.PACIENTES:Se eligieron partes interesadas expertas para correlacionar con el escenario clínico del equipo multidisciplinario que atiende a los pacientes con reservorio: pacientes, cirujanos colorrectales, gastroenterólogos / otros médicos.PRINCIPALES MEDIDAS DE VALORACION:Declaración de consenso.RESULTADOS:Ciento noventa y cinco pacientes, 62 cirujanos colorrectales y 48 gastroenterólogos / enfermeras especialistas completaron las tres rondas Delphi. 53 pacientes participaron en grupos focales en línea. 161 interesados participaron en la reunión de consenso final. Al concluir la reunión de consenso, siete síntomas intestinales y siete consecuencias de someterse a una cirugía de reservorio ileoanal se incluyeron en la declaración de consenso final.LIMITACIONES:Sesgo de reclutamiento en línea.CONCLUSIONES:Este estudio es el primero en identificar resultados funcionales claves después de la cirugía de reservorio con información directa de un gran panel de pacientes con reservorio ileoanal. La inclusión de pacientes en todas las etapas del proceso de consenso permitió un verdadero enfoque centrado en el paciente para definir los dominios principales en los que debería centrarse los estudios futuros de la función del reservorio. Consulte Video Resumen en http://links.lww.com/DCR/B571.

Metrics Used to Quantify Fecal Incontinence and Constipation.

While fecal incontinence and constipation can be measured through physiological testing, the subjective experience of severity and impact on health-related quality of life lead to both being most effectively captured through patient-reported measures. Patient-reported measures of severity and impact help to determine baseline symptoms, guide clinical decision making, and compare various treatments. Here, we take pause to review the psychometric qualities that make effective instruments, and discuss some of the most commonly used instruments along with the reasons behind their use. In addition, we highlight the benefits of a standardized instrument designed to evaluate the major symptoms of patients presenting with pelvic floor disorders (including fecal incontinence and constipation). Ultimately, we aim to provide guidance in choosing appropriate instruments for clinical and research use.

Colorectal Surgical Site Infection Prevention Kits Prior to Elective Colectomy Improve Outcomes.

INTRODUCTION: Patient compliance with preoperative mechanical and antibiotic bowel preparation, skin washes, carbohydrate loading, and avoidance of fasting are key components of successful colorectal ERAS and surgical site infection (SSI)-reduction programs. In July 2016, we began a quality improvement project distributing a free SSI Prevention Kit (SSIPK) containing patient instructions, mechanical and oral bowel preparation, chlorhexidine washes, and carbohydrate drink to all patients scheduled for elective colectomy, with the goal of improving patient compliance and rates of SSI. METHODS: This was a prospective data audit of our first 221 SSIPK+ patients, who were compared to historical controls (SSIPK-) of 1760 patients undergoing elective colectomy from January 2013 to March 2017. A 1:1 propensity score system accounted for nonrandom treatment assignment. Matched patients' complications, particularly postoperative infection and ileus, were compared. RESULTS: SSIPK+ (n = 219) and SSIPK- (n = 219) matched patients were statistically identical on demographics, comorbidities, BMI, surgical indication, and procedure. SSIPK+ patients had higher compliance with mechanical (95% vs 71%, P < 0.001) and oral antibiotic (94% vs 27%, P < 0.001) bowel preparation. This translated into lower overall SSI rates (5.9% vs 11.4%, P = 0.04). SSIPK+ patients also had lower rates of anastomotic leak (2.7% vs 6.8%, P = 0.04), prolonged postoperative ileus (5.9% vs 14.2%, P < 0.01), and unplanned intubation (0% vs 2.3%, P = 0.02). Furthermore, SSIPK+ patients had shorter mean hospital length of stay (3.1 vs 5.4 d, P < 0.01) and had fewer unplanned readmissions (5.9% vs 14.6%, P < 0.001). There were no differences in rates of postoperative pneumonia, urinary tract infection, Clostridium difficile colitis, sepsis, or death. CONCLUSION: Provision of a free-of-charge SSIPK is associated with higher patient compliance with preoperative instructions and significantly lower rates of surgical site infections, lower rates of prolonged postoperative ileus, and shorter hospital stays with fewer readmissions. Widespread utilization of such a bundle could therefore lead to significantly improved outcomes.

Can We Predict Surgically Complex Diverticulitis in Elective Cases?

BACKGROUND: Diverticulitis is separated into complicated and uncomplicated, based on the patient's presentation at the time of his or her initial attack of acute diverticulitis. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for persistent complex diverticulitis, defined as an abscess, fistula, or stricture, at the time of elective surgery, and to characterize outcomes in this patient population. DESIGN: This was a retrospective review of 2010 to 2016 in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Project database. SETTINGS: Individuals diagnosed with diverticulitis who underwent elective surgery were included. PATIENTS: A total of 1502 patients underwent elective surgery for diverticulitis, of which 559 (37%) patients had a surgical indication of persistent complex diverticulitis. INTERVENTIONS: We performed logistic regression analysis to identify risk factors for complex diverticulitis and evaluated a new prediction model. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The predictive factors of persistent complex diverticulitis for elective colon resection were measured. RESULTS: The patients with complex diverticulitis were older (p < 0.001), had worse functional status (p < 0.001), more comorbidities (diabetes mellitus and hypertension), and a higher Charlson Comorbidity Index (2.7 vs 1.6, p < 0.001). They were more likely to have a history of tobacco or alcohol use (p < 0.001) and to be malnourished. Interestingly, patients found to have persistent complex diverticulitis did not have more episodes than patients with uncomplicated cases did (p = 0.67). Surgical time was longer in complex diverticulitis, and the patients were more likely to require diverting stomas and concurrent resections of adjacent structures. The area under the curve from the test set was (0.75; 95% CI, 0.72-0.78), sensitivity and specificity were 0.890 (95% CI, 0.870-0.891) and 0.450 (95% CI, 0.410-0.490). LIMITATIONS: The study was limited by its retrospective review and observational bias. CONCLUSIONS: Patients undergoing elective surgery for complex diverticulitis did not have more episodes. Instead, complex diverticulitis may be a reflection of a complicated patient, suggesting that complicated patients should have a different algorithm of care at the time of their initial presentation with diverticulitis to prevent the development of complex disease. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/B183. ¿PODEMOS PREDECIR DIVERTICULITIS QUIRÚRGICAMENTE COMPLEJA EN CASOS ELECTIVOS?: La diverticulitis se divide en complicada y sin complicaciones, según la presentación del paciente en el momento de su ataque inicial de diverticulitis aguda.El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar los factores de riesgo para la diverticulitis compleja persistente, definida como un absceso, fístula o estenosis, en el momento de la cirugía electiva, y caracterizar los resultados en esta población de pacientes.Esta fue una revisión retrospectiva del 2010-2016 en la base de datos del Proyecto de Mejora de la Calidad Quirúrgica Nacional del Colegio Estadounidense de Cirujanos.Se incluyeron individuos diagnosticados con diverticulitis que se sometieron a cirugía electiva.1502 pacientes fueron sometidos a cirugía electiva por diverticulitis, de los cuales 559 (37%) pacientes tenían una indicación quirúrgica de diverticulitis compleja persistente.Realizamos un análisis de regresión logística para identificar los factores de riesgo de diverticulitis compleja y evaluamos un nuevo modelo de predicción.Se midieron los factores predictivos de diverticulitis compleja persistente para la resección de colon electiva.Los pacientes con diverticulitis compleja eran mayores (p <0,001), tenían un peor estado funcional (p <0,001), más comorbilidades (diabetes e hipertensión) y un índice de comorbilidad de Charlson más alto (2,7 frente a 1,6, p <0,001). Tenían más probabilidades de tener antecedentes de consumo de tabaco o alcohol (p <0.001) y estar desnutridos. Curiosamente, los pacientes con diverticulitis compleja persistente no tuvieron más episodios que los pacientes sin complicaciones (p = 0,67). El tiempo quirúrgico fue más largo en la diverticulitis compleja y era más probable que requirieran estomas para desvio y resecciones concurrentes de estructuras adyacentes. El área bajo la curva de prueba fue (0.75, intervalo de confianza del 95% 0.72-0.78), la sensibilidad y la especificidad fueron 0.890 (intervalo de confianza del 95%; 0.870-0.891) y 0.450 (intervalo de confianza del 95%; 0.410-0.490), respectivamente.El estudio estuvo limitado por su revisión retrospectiva y sesgo observacional.Los pacientes sometidos a cirugía electiva por diverticulitis compleja no tuvieron más episodios. En cambio, la diverticulitis compleja puede ser un reflejo de un paciente complicado, lo que sugiere que los pacientes complicados deben tener un algoritmo de atención diferente al momento de su presentación inicial con diverticulitis para prevenir el desarrollo de una enfermedad compleja. Consulte Video Resumen en http://links.lww.com/DCR/B183. (Traducción-Dr. Yesenia Rojas-Kahlil).

Bowel Function After J-Pouch May Be More Complex Than Previously Appreciated: A Comprehensive Analysis to Highlight Existing Knowledge Gaps.

BACKGROUND: Functional outcomes following J-pouch for ulcerative colitis have been studied, but lack standardization in which symptoms are reported. Furthermore, the selection of symptoms studied has not been patient centered. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to utilize a validated bowel function survey to determine which symptoms are present after J-pouch creation, and whether patients display a functional profile similar to low anterior resection syndrome. DESIGN: This study is a retrospective analysis of a prospectively maintained single-center database. SETTINGS: This study was conducted at the colorectal surgery center of a tertiary care academic hospital PATIENTS:: Included were 159 patients with J-pouch, ≥6 months after ileostomy reversal. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcomes were individual answers to the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center Bowel Function Instrument. The original Bowel Function Instrument validation cohort was used as an historical comparison (n = 127). RESULTS: The mean total Bowel Function Instrument score for the J-pouch cohort was 59.9 ± 9.7 compared with a reported average score of 63.7 ± 11.6 for patients with low anterior resection in the validation cohort (p < 0.001), indicating worse bowel function in patients with J-pouch. When evaluating the Bowel Function Instrument subscales, patients with J-pouch reported frequency subscale scores of 18.2 ± 3.8, diet scores of 12.2 ± 3.8, and urgency scores of 15.9 ± 3.7, compared with 21.7 ± 4.5 (p < 0.001), 14.1 ± 3.7 (p < 0.001), and 15.0 ± 3.9 (p = 0.04) for patients undergoing rectal resection. Furthermore, 90.4% of patients with J-pouch state that they are sometimes, rarely, or never able to wait 15 minutes to get to the toilet. In addition, 56.4% of patients report having another bowel movement within 15 minutes of the last bowel movement, sometimes, always, or most of the time, and 50.6% of patients say that they sometimes, rarely, or never feel like their bowels have been totally emptied after a bowel movement. LIMITATIONS: This study is limited because it took place at a single center and the Bowel Function Instrument was only validated for patients undergoing rectal resection. CONCLUSIONS: Patients that undergo J-pouch surgery exhibit a constellation of bowel function symptoms that is more complex than fecal incontinence and frequency alone, despite the focus on these functional outcomes in the literature. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/B73. LA FUNCIÓN INTESTINAL DESPUÉS DE LA BOLSA EN J PUEDE SER MÁS COMPLEJA DE LO QUE SE APRECIABA ANTERIORMENTE: UN ANÁLISIS EXHAUSTIVO PARA RESALTAR LAS BRECHAS DE CONOCIMIENTO EXISTENTES: Se han estudiado los resultados funcionales después de la bolsa en J para la colitis ulcerosa, pero carecen de estandarización en la que se informen los síntomas. Además, la selección de los síntomas estudiados no se ha centrado en el paciente.Utilizar una encuesta validada de la función intestinal para determinar qué síntomas están presentes después de la bolsa en J y si los pacientes muestran un perfil funcional similar al síndrome de resección anterior baja.Análisis retrospectivo de una base de datos de un solo centro mantenida prospectivamente.Centro de cirugía colorrectal de un hospital académico de atención terciaria.159 pacientes con bolsa en J, ≥6 meses después de la reversión de ileostomía.Instrumento para la función intestinal del "Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center"; cohorte de validación original de instrumentos de función intestinal utilizada como comparación histórica (n = 127).La puntuación media total del instrumento de función intestinal para la cohorte de bolsa J fue 59.9 ± 9.7 en comparación con un puntaje promedio reportado de 63.7 ± 11.6 para pacientes con resección anterior baja en la cohorte de validación (p < 0.001), lo que indica peor función intestinal en pacientes con bolsa en J. Al evaluar las subescalas del instrumento de función intestinal, los pacientes con bolsa en J informaron puntuaciones de subescala de frecuencia de 18.2 ± 3.8, puntuaciones de dieta de 12.2 ± 3.8 y puntuaciones de urgencia de 15.9 ± 3.7, en comparación con 21.7 ± 4.5 (p < 0.001), 14.1 ± 3.7 (p < 0.001) y 15.0 ± 3.9 (p = 0.04) respectivamente para pacientes con resección rectal. Además, el 90.4% de los pacientes con bolsa en J afirman que a veces, rara vez o nunca pueden esperar 15 minutos para llegar al baño. Además, el 56.4% de los pacientes reportan haber tenido otra evacuación intestinal dentro de los 15 minutos posteriores a la última evacuación intestinal, a veces, siempre o la mayor parte del tiempo, y el 50.6% de los pacientes dicen que a veces, rara vez o nunca sienten que sus intestinos han sido vaciados totalmente después de una evacuación intestinal.Estudio en un solo centro, instrumento de función intestinal validado solo para pacientes con resección rectalLos pacientes que se someten a una bolsa en J exhiben una constelación de síntomas de la función intestinal que es más compleja que la incontinencia fecal y la frecuencia sola, a pesar del enfoque en estos resultados funcionales en la literatura.Consulte Video Resumen en http://links.lww.com/DCR/B73. (Traducción-Dr. Gonzalo Federico Hagerman).

Implementation of liposomal bupivacaine transversus abdominis plane blocks into the colorectal enhanced recovery after surgery protocol: a natural experiment.

BACKGROUND: Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) programs are now standard of care for colorectal surgery. Efforts have been aimed at decreasing postoperative opioid consumption. The goal of this study is to evaluate the effect of liposomal bupivacaine transversus abdominis plane (TAP) blocks on opioid use and its downstream effect on rates of ileus and hospital length of stay (LOS). METHODS: We performed a retrospective pre- and postintervention time-trend analysis (2016-2018) of ERAS patients undergoing laparoscopic colorectal surgery at two academic medical centers within the same hospital system. The intervention was liposomal bupivacaine TAP blocks versus standard local infiltration with bupivacaine with a primary outcome of total morphine milligram equivalents (MME) administered within 72 h of surgery. Secondary outcomes included hospital LOS and rate of postoperative ileus. RESULTS: There were 556 patients included at the control hospital, and 384 patients were included at the treatment hospital. Patients at both hospitals were similar with regard to age, body mass index, comorbidities, and surgical indication. In an adjusted time-trend analysis, the treatment hospital was associated with a significant decrease in MME administered (- 15.9 mg, p = 0.04) and hospital LOS (- 0.8 days, p < 0.001). There was no significant decrease in the rate of ileus at the treatment hospital (- 6.9%, p = 0.08). CONCLUSIONS: In a time-trend analysis, the addition of liposomal bupivacaine TAP blocks into the ERAS protocol resulted in significantly reduced opioid use and shorter hospital LOS for patients undergoing surgery at the treatment hospital. Liposomal bupivacaine TAP blocks should be considered for inclusion in the standard ERAS protocol.

The Contributions of Internal Intussusception, Irritable Bowel Syndrome, and Pelvic Floor Dyssynergia to Obstructed Defecation Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Recently, there has been a trend toward surgical management of internal intussusception despite an unclear correlation with constipation symptoms. OBJECTIVE: This study characterizes constipation in patients with obstructed defecation syndrome and identifies whether internal intussusception or other diagnoses such as irritable bowel syndrome may be contributing to symptoms. DESIGN: Patients evaluated for obstructed defecation at a pelvic floor disorder center were studied from a prospectively maintained database. With the use of defecography, patients were classified by Oxford Rectal Prolapse Grade. Coexisting disorders such as enterocele, rectocele, and dyssynergia were also identified. The presence of irritable bowel syndrome was defined using Rome IV criteria, and constipation severity was quantified with the Varma constipation severity instrument. SETTINGS: This study was conducted at a tertiary care university medical center (Massachusetts General Hospital). PATIENTS: The study included 317 consecutive patients with defecography imaging and a completed constipation severity instrument survey from May 2007 to July 2016. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome measures were the Varma Constipation Severity Instrument overall score and obstructed defecation subscale score. RESULTS: Of 317 patients evaluated, 95 (30.0%) had no internal intussusception, 126 (39.7%) had intra-rectal intussusception, and 96 (30.3%) had intra-anal intussusception. There was no association between rising grade of internal intussusception and either overall constipation score or obstructed defecation subscale score. Irritable bowel syndrome was associated with an increase in overall constipation score and obstructed defecation subscale score (40.5 ± 13.6 vs 36.0 ± 15.1, p = 0.007, and 22.3 ± 5.8 vs 20.0 ± 6.6, p < 0.001). Multivariate regression found irritable bowel syndrome and dyssynergia to be associated with a significant increase in obstructed defecation subscale scores. LIMITATIONS: The study was limited because it was an observational study from a single center. CONCLUSIONS: Patients referred for surgical management of obstructive defecation syndrome should be screened and treated for irritable bowel syndrome and dyssynergia before considering surgical intervention. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A782.

Predictors of Prolonged Opioid Use Following Colectomy.

BACKGROUND: The United States is in the middle of an opioid epidemic. Gastrointestinal surgery has been ranked in the top 3 surgical subspecialties for highest opioid prescribing. OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study is to determine the rate of and risk factors for prolonged opioid use following colectomy. DESIGN: This study utilized data (2015-2017) from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program from 5 institutions. SETTINGS: This study was conducted at 2 academic and 3 community hospitals. PATIENTS: Included were 1243 patients who underwent colectomy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome was rate of prolonged opioid use defined as a new opioid prescription 90 to 180 days postoperatively. RESULTS: A total of 132 (10.6%) patients were prolonged opioid users. In univariate analysis, patients who were prolonged opioid users were significantly more likely to have had more than one opioid prescription in the prior year, to have a higher ASA classification, to undergo an open procedure, to have an ostomy created, and to be discharged with a high quantity of opioids (all p < 0.05). Prolonged opioid users were significantly more likely to have a complication (p = 0.007) or readmission (p = 0.003) within 30 days of the index procedure. In multivariable analysis, prior opioid use (OR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.6-4.2; p < 0.001), ostomy creation (OR, 2.1; 95% CI,1.2-3.7; p = 0.01), higher quantity of opioid prescription at discharge (OR, 1.9; 95% CI,1.1-3.3; p = 0.03), higher ASA classification (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.1-2.6; p = 0.02), and hospital readmission (OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.2-3.4; p = 0.01) were independent predictors of prolonged opioid use. LIMITATIONS: This study is a retrospective review, and all variables related to prolonged opioid use are not collected in the data. CONCLUSIONS: A significant proportion of patients undergoing colectomy become prolonged opioid users. We have identified risk factors for prolonged postoperative opioid use, which may allow for improved patient education and targets for intervention preoperatively, as well as implementation of programs for monitoring and cessation of opioid use in the postoperative period. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A973. PREDICTORES DEL USO PROLONGADO DE OPIOIDES DESPUÉS DE LA COLECTOMÍA: Los Estados Unidos se encuentran en medio de una epidemia de opioides. La cirugía gastrointestinal ha sido clasificada entre las tres subespecialidades quirúrgicas principales para la prescripción más alta de opioides. OBJETIVO: El objetivo de este estudio es determinar la tasa y los factores de riesgo para el uso prolongado de opioides después de la colectomía. DISEÑO:: Este estudio utilizó datos (2015-2017) del Programa Nacional de Mejoramiento de la Calidad Quirúrgica del Colegio Americano de Cirujanos de cinco instituciones. MARCO: Dos hospitales académicos y tres comunitarios. PACIENTES: 1,243 pacientes sometidos a una colectomía. MEDIDAS DE RESULTADO PRINCIPALES: El resultado primario fue la tasa de uso prolongado de opioides, definida como una nueva receta de opioides entre 90 y 180 días después de la operación. RESULTADOS: Un total de 132 (10.6%) pacientes fueron usuarios de opioides por tiempo prolongado. En el análisis univariado, los pacientes que eran usuarios prolongados de opioides tenían una probabilidad significativamente mayor de haber tenido más de una receta de opioides en el año anterior, tenían una clasificación más alta de la Asociación Americana de Anestesiólogos, se sometieron a un procedimiento abierto, se les creó una ostomía y se les dio de alta con una cantidad grande de opioides (todos p < 0.05). Los usuarios de opioides prolongados fueron significativamente más propensos a tener una complicación (p = 0.007) o readmisión (p = 0.003) dentro de los 30 días del procedimiento índice. En el análisis multivariado, el uso previo de opioides (OR, 2.6; IC 95%, 1.6-4.2; p < 0.001), creación de ostomía (OR, 2.1; IC 95%, 1.2-3.7; p = 0.01), mayor cantidad de prescripción de opioides al dar de alta (OR, 1.9; IC 95%, 1.1-3.3; p = 0.03), clasificación más alta de la Asociación Americana de Anestesiólogos (OR, 1.7; IC 95%, 1.1-2.6; p = 0.02) y reingreso hospitalario (OR, 2.0; IC del 95%, 1.2-3.4, p = 0.01) fueron predictores independientes del uso prolongado de opioides. LIMITACIONES: Este estudio es una revisión retrospectiva y todos los variables relacionadas con el uso prolongado de opioides no se colectaron en los datos. CONCLUSIONES: Una proporción significativa de pacientes con colectomía se convierten en usuarios prolongados de opioides. Hemos identificado factores de riesgo para el uso prolongado de opioides postoperatorios, que pueden permitir una mejor educación del paciente y objetivos para la intervención preoperatoria, así como la implementación de programas para la supervisión y cese del uso de opioides en el período postoperatorio. Vea el Video de Resumen en http://links.lww.com/DCR/A973.

Implementation of an ERAS Pathway in Colorectal Surgery.

Enhanced Recovery after Surgery (ERAS) protocols have been demonstrated to improve hospital length of stay and outcomes in patients undergoing colorectal surgery. This article presents the specific components of an ERAS protocol implemented at the authors' institution. In particular, details of both surgical and anesthetic ERAS pathways are provided with explanation of all aspects of preoperative, perioperative, and postoperative care. Evidence supporting inclusion of various aspects within the ERAS protocol is briefly reviewed. The ERAS protocol described has significantly benefitted postoperative outcomes in colorectal patients and can be employed at other institutions wishing to develop an ERAS pathway for colorectal patients. A checklist is provided for clinicians to easily reference and facilitate implementation of a standardized protocol.

Questionable benefit of the pulmonary artery catheter after cardiac surgery in high-risk patients.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of pulmonary artery catheterization on clinical outcomes after cardiac surgery in higher-risk patients. DESIGN: Retrospective national database analysis. SETTING: U.S. hospitals. PARTICIPANTS: A weighted sample of 2,063,337 patients undergoing cardiac surgery identified from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2010. INTERVENTIONS: Pulmonary artery catheterization. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Compared to patients who did not receive a pulmonary artery catheter, those who did on the whole were on average slightly older (66.6±11.9 years v 65.5±12.8 years, p<0.001), more likely to have pulmonary hypertension (7.5% v 5.1%, p<0.001), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (24.6% v 20.7%, p<0.001), obesity (15.0% v 13.1%, p<0.001), and chronic renal failure (10.9% v 9.2%, p<0.001). In multivariate analysis, the risk of operative mortality in patients who underwent pulmonary artery catheterization was significantly higher than in those who did not (4.6% v 3.1%, p<0.001), adjusted OR 1.34 (95% CI 1.26-1.43, p<0.001). In propensity matched subgroup analysis operative mortality risk was higher in octogenarian patients (OR 1.24, p = 0.24), and patients with congestive heart failure (OR 1.39, p = 0.023) who underwent pulmonary artery catheterization. No significant difference in operative mortality was observed in low-risk patients according to whether or not they underwent pulmonary artery catheterization. The incidence of prolonged mechanical ventilation and length of stay>30 days was higher in patients who underwent pulmonary artery catheterization in all subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: In contemporary practice pulmonary artery catheters do not appear to be associated with reductions in operative mortality or morbidity and are associated with increases in duration of ventilation and length of stay in the intensive care unit.

In-hospital mortality and morbidity after robotic coronary artery surgery.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to assess the impact of robotic approaches on outcomes of coronary bypass surgery. DESIGN: Retrospective national database analysis. SETTING: United States hospitals. PARTICIPANTS: A weighted sample of 484,128 patients undergoing isolated coronary artery surgery identified from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 2008 through 2010. INTERVENTIONS: Robotically assisted coronary artery bypass surgery versus conventional bypass surgery. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Robotic approaches were used in 2,582 patients (0.4%). Patients undergoing robotic surgery were less likely to be female (odds ratio [OR] 0.71, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.57-0.87), present with acute myocardial infarction (OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.38-0.73), or have cerebrovascular disease (OR 0.41, 95% CI 0.23-0.71) compared to patients undergoing conventional surgery. In 59% of robotic cases, a single bypass was performed, and 2 bypasses were performed in 25% of cases. After adjusting for comorbidity, reduced postoperative stroke (0.0% v 1.5%, p = 0.045) and transfusion (13.5% v 24.4%, p = 0.001) rates were observed in patients who underwent robotic single-bypass surgery compared to conventional surgery. In patients undergoing multiple bypass grafts, higher mortality (1.1% v 0.5%), and cardiovascular complications (12.2% v 10.6%) were observed when robotic assistance was used, but the differences were not statistically significant (p = 0.5). The mean number of robotic cases carried out annually at institutions sampled was 6. CONCLUSIONS: Robotic assistance is associated with lower rates of postoperative complications in highly selected patients undergoing single coronary artery bypass surgery, but the benefits of this approach are reduced in patients who require multiple coronary artery bypass grafts.

Endogenous ß-glucocerebrosidase activity in Abca12⁻/⁻epidermis elevates ceramide levels after topical lipid application but does not restore barrier function.

ABCA12 mutations disrupt the skin barrier and cause harlequin ichthyosis. We previously showed Abca12(-/-) skin has increased glucosylceramide (GlcCer) and correspondingly lower amounts of ceramide (Cer). To examine why loss of ABCA12 leads to accumulation of GlcCer, de novo sphingolipid synthesis was assayed using [(14)C]serine labeling in ex vivo skin cultures. A defect was found in ß-glucocerebrosidase (GCase) processing of newly synthesized GlcCer species. This was not due to a decline in GCase function. Abca12(-/-) epidermis had 5-fold more GCase protein (n = 4, P < 0.01), and a 5-fold increase in GCase activity (n = 3, P < 0.05). As with Abca12(+/+) epidermis, immunostaining in null skin showed a typical interstitial distribution of the GCase protein in the Abca12(-/-) stratum corneum. Hence, we tested whether the block in GlcCer conversion could be circumvented by topically providing GlcCer. This approach restored up to 15% of the lost Cer products of GCase activity in the Abca12(-/-) epidermis. However, this level of barrier ceramide replacement did not significantly reduce trans-epidermal water loss function. Our results indicate loss of ABCA12 function results in a failure of precursor GlcCer substrate to productively interact with an intact GCase enzyme, and they support a model of ABCA12 function that is critical for transporting GlcCer into lamellar bodies.