The Impact of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Ethnic Discrimination, and Nativity on Nicotine Dependence among Female Hispanic Survivors of Physical Intimate Partner Violence.

Background: Nicotine dependence (ND) is an understudied public health problem among Hispanic women experiencing physical intimate partner violence (PIPV). Despite multiple calls for such studies, little is known about the associations of PTSD, ethnic discrimination, and nativity with ND among female Hispanic survivors of PIPV. Objectives: This study aimed to do the following: 1) replicate the PTSD-ND association in a sample of female Hispanic survivors of PIPV, and 2) examine the impact of ethnic discrimination and nativity on ND among 378 female Hispanic survivors of PIPV. We hypothesized that past-year PTSD and ethnic discrimination would be associated with greater odds of past-year ND (PY-ND) and being born outside the U.S. would be associated with lower odds of PY-ND. Data was used from 378 participants in the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions Wave 2 who were female, Hispanic, and experienced PIPV. Logistic regression was used to test the impacts of past-year PTSD, ethnic discrimination and nativity on PY-ND while controlling for past-year major depressive episode, age, and personal income. Results: Results supported our hypotheses. Specifically, past-year PTSD was associated with greater odds of PY-ND, AOR = 1.91, 95% CI [1.43-2.56], and past-year ethnic discrimination was associated with greater odds of PY-ND, AOR = 2.31, 95% CI [1.82-2.93], whereas being born outside the U.S. was associated with lower odds of PY-ND, AOR = 0.33, 95% CI [0.26-0.41]. Conclusions: Findings suggest the need for additional studies to understand how ethnic discrimination and nativity affect ND among Hispanic female survivors of PIPV.

HIV/STI Prevention Interventions for Women Who Have Experienced Intimate Partner Violence: A Systematic Review and Look at Whether the Interventions Were Designed for Disseminations.

This systematic review of HIV/STI prevention interventions for women who have experienced intimate partner violence (IPV) describes the interventions characteristics, impact on HIV-related outcomes, and whether the studies were designed for dissemination. Six intervention studies met the inclusion criteria. Two studies were randomized controlled trials. The interventions consisted of between one and eight individual and/or group sessions. The interventions durations ranged from 10 minutes to 18 hours. The interventions impacts were assessed across 12 HIV-related outcomes. Two randomized control trials showed significantly fewer unprotected sexual episodes or consistent safer sex among abused women in the treatment conditions compared to the control groups. Two studies chose a delivery site for scalability purposes and three interventions were manualized. Three studies examined intervention acceptability, feasibility or fidelity. HIV/STI prevention interventions for women who have experienced IPV may be improved with randomized control designs and greater efforts to design the interventions for dissemination.

RESUMEN: Esta revisión sistemática de las intervenciones de prevención del virus de inmunodeficiencia humana/ infección transmitida sexualmente para mujeres que experimentan violencia de pareja íntima (IPV) describe las características de la intervención, el impacto de las intervenciones en los resultados relacionados con el VIH y si los estudios se diseñaron para su diseminación. Seis estudios de intervención cumplieron con nuestros criterios de inclusión. Dos estudios fueron ensayos controlados aleatorios. Las intervenciones consistieron en 1­8 sesiones individuales y/o de grupo. La duración total de la intervención osciló entre 10 minutos y 18 horas. El impacto de las intervenciones se evaluó en 12 resultados relacionados con el VIH. Dos ensayos de control aleatorio mostraron significativamente menos episodios sexuales sin protección o sexo más seguro consistente entre las mujeres abusadas en una condición de tratamiento en comparación con el grupo de control. Dos estudios eligieron un lugar de entrega con fines de escalabilidad y tres intervenciones fueron manualizadas. Tres estudios examinaron la aceptabilidad, viabilidad o fidelidad de la intervención. Las intervenciones de prevención del VIH/ITS para mujeres que experimentan violencia de pareja íntima (IPV) pueden mejorarse con diseños de control aleatorios y mayores esfuerzos para diseñar las intervenciones teniendo en cuenta la difusión.

The impact of PTSD clusters on cannabis use in a racially diverse trauma-exposed sample: An analysis from ecological momentary assessment.

BACKGROUND: Accumulating evidence indicates a link between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and cannabis use and suggests that this link may vary as a function of the PTSD symptom cluster type. Consistent with negative reinforcement models of substance use, individuals with elevated Cluster D (Hyperarousal) symptoms may be more likely to use cannabis in response to elevated state anxiety and experience decreases in state anxiety after using cannabis. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to test hypotheses that the interaction of Cluster D and state anxiety would be related to subsequent cannabis use and that those with elevated Cluster D symptoms who used cannabis would report the greatest decreases in state anxiety. To test the specificity, we tested whether Clusters B (re-experiencing) and C (avoidance) showed similar relationships. METHODS: The present study used ecological momentary assessment to examine cannabis use among 87 cannabis-using individuals with PTSD symptoms (64.4% male, 56.3% non-Hispanic Caucasian). State anxiety and cannabis use were assessed over the two-week period via signal contingent (six random prompts per day), interval contingent (each bedtime), and event contingent (cannabis use episodes) assessments. RESULTS: Consistent with negative reinforcement models, participants with clinically significant Cluster D symptoms with elevated state anxiety had a greater likelihood of subsequent cannabis use and cannabis use resulted in less subsequent anxiety. The negative reinforcement hypothesis was only partially supported for those with Cluster B and C symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that negative reinforcement models may be especially relevant to understanding cannabis use among those with clinically elevated Cluster D symptoms.

Assessing and Mapping the Availability of the Female Condom in the Philadelphia Metropolitan Area.

This study assessed and mapped the availability of the female condom in relation to the male condom and HIV prevalence in the Philadelphia metropolitan area, which has a high density of HIV. One percent of the 1228 service providers contacted sold/provided the female condom and 77 % sold/provided the male condom. The lack of availability of the female condom suggests this product will have no public health impact on reducing HIV and that interventions that promote use of the female condom are not sustainable in this high-risk area. Our findings may help policy makers increase female condom availability in this area.

Gender-specific profiles of adverse childhood experiences, past year mental and substance use disorders, and their associations among a national sample of adults in the United States.

PURPOSE: This study examined profiles of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and mental and substance use disorders (MSUDs), and associations between distinct profiles of ACEs and MSUDs. METHODS: Participants were adults (N = 34, 652) involved in the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Latent class analysis was used to examine both profiles of ten ACEs and ten past year MSUDs. Dual latent class analysis regression was used to examine associations between profiles of ACEs and MSUDs. Given gender differences in ACEs and MSUDs, analyses were conducted separately for females and males. RESULTS: Four profiles of ACEs and three profiles of MSUDs were selected for both genders. The four profiles of ACEs were characterized by the following probabilities: high multiple ACEs, high parental substance abuse, high childhood physical abuse, and low ACEs. The three profiles of MSUDs were characterized by the following probabilities: high multiple MSUDs for females and low MSUDs except alcohol use disorders for males, moderate-to-high major depressive episode, and low MSUDs. When compared to the low ACEs and MSUDs profiles, members in the higher ACEs profiles had 3.71-89.75 times greater odds of also being members in the higher MSUDs profiles. However, more than one-third of members in the high multiple ACEs profiles were also in the low MSUDs profiles. CONCLUSIONS: Study findings suggest four profiles of the ACEs widely studied as part of the Adverse Childhood Experiences study and risk and resilience for recent MSUDs among men and women nationally affected by ACEs.

Experiences of Mothers Who Are Child Sexual Abuse Survivors: A Qualitative Exploration.

Child sexual abuse has been associated with a number of problems affecting women over their lifespan, including difficulties with parenting. However, there is a modest number of qualitative studies examining the impact of child sexual abuse on survivors who are mothers. There is a particular need for qualitative investigations that ask survivors who are mothers general questions about the impact of child sexual abuse on their lives rather than those that specifically ask about the impact of child sexual abuse on parenting. The former approach would allow survivors to describe effects that may impact parenting but that survivors do not consciously link to affecting their parenting. Such information may inform interventions to assist this population of survivors. This secondary data analysis examined themes revealed in interviews with 44 survivors of child sexual abuse who were mothers. Participants were seeking treatment for their child sexual abuse and completed an in-person interview in which they were asked open-ended questions about the sexual abuse they experienced as a child and how their abuse affects them now as adults. The interviews were recorded, transcribed, and coded using thematic analysis. The following six themes emerged from the narratives: (a) being a parent, (b) family of origin dysfunction, (c) the impact of abuse, (d) the abuse history and response to abuse, (e) coping, and (f) hopes and desires for the future. This study highlights several ways in which child sexual abuse impacts survivors who are mothers, areas for further study, and the need for interventions to assist this population in meeting the challenges they face as mothers.

HIV prevalence and risk behaviors among African American Women Who Trade Sex for Drugs Versus Economic Resources.

Trading sex for money, drugs, goods, services, or a place to stay is prevalent among women who use drugs and has been associated with women's risk of HIV acquisition. There is evidence that trading sex for drugs only may be associated with elevated risk of HIV compared with trading sex for money. The purpose of this study was to assess whether HIV risk behaviors and HIV prevalence differ among African American drug using women (N = 92) who traded sex for drugs only, traded sex for economic resources (defined as money, shelter, or other resources) only, or traded sex for both economic resources and drugs. In this study, lower rates of condom use and higher rates of HIV were found among women who traded sex for drugs only compared to women who traded sex for economic resources or for economic resources and drugs. These findings suggest that African American women who trade sex for drugs only represent an understudied yet highly vulnerable group.

Intimate partner sexual violence: a comparison of foreign- versus US-born physically abused Latinas.

Men's violence against women-particularly intimate partner sexual violence (IPSV)-is associated with the transmission of HIV. Men who physically abuse their female intimate partners often also sexually abuse them. Latinas are one of the fastest growing populations in the USA and at high-risk for contracting HIV, though little is known about IPSV against physically abused Latinas, including whether there is an association between nativity of the victim and the likelihood of sexual violence by intimate partners. This study examined the (1) prevalence of recent (past 6 months) IPSV against 555 physically abused, help-seeking Latinas and (2) relationship of nativity to recent IPSV. This study used data collected in 2002­2003 from participants in one major city on the East Coast and one West Coast county, who were involved in the Risk Assessment Validation (RAVE) Study. The RAVE Study assessed the accuracy of four different methods for predicting risk of future intimate partner violence. IPSV was defined as an abusive male partner physically forcing sex (rape) or making the woman have sex without a condom. Recent IPSV was reported by 38 % of the sample. Among those reporting recent IPSV, multiple assaults were common: 30%of women were raped and 51%were made to have unprotected sex six or more times during the past 6 months. IPSV was significantly associated with nativity. Physically abused Latinas who were foreign born had two times greater odds of reporting recent IPSV than physically abused Latinas born in the USA, after controlling for other demographic covariates. Exploratory post hoc analyses examining all pairwise comparisons of IPSV against Latinas born in the USA, Mexico, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean also revealed some significant differences that warrant further study with larger samples. HIV prevention efforts aimed at reducing IPSV in this population are needed.

Mental disorders associated with subpopulations of women affected by violence and abuse.

Violence against women is a major public health problem associated with mental disorders. Few studies have examined the heterogeneity of interpersonal violence and abuse (IVA) among women and associated mental health problems. Latent class analysis was used to identify subpopulations of women with similar lifetime histories of IVA victimization and to examine 10 associated past-year mental disorders. Participants were 19,816 adult women who participated in Wave 2 of the National Epidemiologic Study on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). The 3-class model was best supported by the data. Class 1 (6.7%) had a high probability of witnessing domestic violence as a child. Class 2 (21.8%) had a low probability of all events except lifetime sexual assault. Class 3 (71.5%) had a low probability for all events. Mental disorders were more common among members of Classes 1 and 2 than Class 3. For example, members in Class 1 were approximately 8 and 9 times more likely than members in Class 3 to have had posttraumatic stress disorder or a drug use disorder, respectively, during the past year. Of the 10 mental disorders, 5 were more common among members of Class 1 than of Class 2. Findings suggest the mental health consequences of IVA among women are extensive and interventions should be tailored for distinct subpopulations affected by IVA.

Brief report: the influence of posttraumatic stress on unprotected sex among sexually active adolescent girls and boys involved in the child welfare system of the United States.

While posttraumatic stress (PTS) has been positively associated with risky sexual behavior (RSB) among adult women, there is a paucity of research examining PTS in relation to RSB among adolescent girls and boys. This study aimed to replicate findings among adult women with sexually active adolescents (179 females and 106 males) involved in a national study of children in the United States child welfare system. After controlling for age and the complex study design, sexually active adolescent girls with clinically significant PTS symptoms were more than seven times more likely than those without such symptoms to report unprotected intercourse. In contrast, sexually active adolescent boys with clinically significant PTS symptoms were less likely than those without such symptoms to report unprotected intercourse. Research is needed to 1) understand the mechanisms linking PTS and RSB, 2) further explore gender differences reported here, and 3) inform RSB interventions in this high-risk population.

Examining whether the impact of different types of interpersonal violence and mental disorders on attempted suicide is greater for bisexual women.

OBJECTIVE: This national study examined whether different types of interpersonal violence and mental disorders were associated with greater risk for attempted suicide among bisexual women than heterosexual women. METHOD: Data were used from participants in Wave II of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions in the United States of America who identified as female and either heterosexual or bisexual (N = 19,261; 71% White). Logistic regression models tested the main and interactive effects of three types of interpersonal violence (i.e., childhood abuse, childhood neglect, or intimate partner violence [IPV]), four types of mental disorders (i.e., mood, anxiety, substance use, and posttraumatic stress) and sexual orientation (i.e., bisexual vs. heterosexual) on attempted suicide. A post hoc logistic regression also tested the main and interactive effects of four types of anxiety disorders (i.e., panic disorder, social phobia, specific phobia, and generalized anxiety disorder [GAD]) and sexual orientation on attempted suicide. RESULTS: Sexual orientation moderated the impact of childhood neglect, IPV, and anxiety disorders on attempted suicide. Bisexual women who experienced childhood neglect, IPV, or an anxiety disorder had 3.75, 1.43, and 6.24 greater odds, respectively, of attempted suicide, compared to heterosexual women who reported these problems. Additionally, bisexual women who had GAD had 1.66 greater odds of attempting suicide compared to heterosexual women who had GAD. CONCLUSIONS: Findings elucidate factors that may increase suicide risk in vulnerable populations as called for by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's suicide prevention strategic plan. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Sex/gender differences in the associations between adverse childhood experiences and intimate partner violence with mental disorders.

Sex and gender differences exist in mental and substance use disorders (MSUDs). Studies examining the moderating effects of sex/gender on MSUDs may help understand these differences. This national study explored whether sex/gender moderated (1) the associations between adverse childhood experience (ACEs; i.e., child abuse, child neglect, and child household dysfunction) and intimate partner violence (IPV) with MSUDs and (2) more associations with past year than lifetime MSUDs or mental (i.e., mood disorder, anxiety disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder) than substance use disorders (i.e., alcohol use disorder and nicotine dependence). Data was used from participants in the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Logistic regression tested the main effects of ACEs, IPV, and sex/gender on five, past-year and lifetime MSUDs along with the ACE-sex/gender and IPV-sex/gender interactions. Sex/gender moderated 60% of the ACEs-MSUD and IPV-MSUD associations and more associations with lifetime (54%) than past year MSUDs (46%) and substance use (94%) than mental disorders (38%). For nearly half of the moderated associations, ACEs and IPV were associated with greater odds of MSUDs for males. Males who experienced IPV had greater odds of lifetime mood, anxiety, and alcohol use disorders than females. This study advances sex and gender informed research.

The Impact of Homelessness on Recent Sex Trade among Pregnant Women in Drug Treatment.

This study is a secondary data analysis aimed to examine the influence of recent homelessness on recent sex trade among pregnant women in drug treatment after controlling for psychiatric comorbidity, age, education, and race. Eighty-one pregnant women from a drug treatment program in Baltimore, Maryland attended an in-person interview and completed the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders-IV for Axis I disorders, the HIV Risk Behavior Interview, and demographic questionnaires, which assessed psychiatric symptoms, recent homelessness, and sexual risk behavior respectively. Women who experienced recent homelessness had a 4.74 greater odds of having recently traded sex than women who had not been recently homeless, suggesting that homelessness uniquely influences sex trade beyond psychiatric status, which was also a significant correlate of recent sex trade. Addressing both homelessness and psychiatric problems may effectively reduce sex trade and risk for infectious diseases, which could adversely impact maternal and child health outcomes.

A national study of the influence of adverse childhood experiences on depression among Black adults in the United States.

BACKGROUND: There is a paucity of research examining the influence of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on depression among Black adults in the United States. This national study examined the influence of ten widely studied ACEs on past year major depressive episode (PY-MDE) among 6081 Black adults in the United States and in the context of other risk and protective factors. Other risk factors were intimate partner violence victimization, gender discrimination, and racial discrimination. Protective factors were religious service attendance and ethnic identity. METHODS: Data were drawn from wave two of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. RESULTS: Results from stratified analyses revealed that for both sexes, participants who reported any of the five types of child abuse/neglect or any of the five types of household dysfunction had greater odds of PY-MDE when controlling for other risk and protective factors. Some types of ACEs had a greater influence on PY-MDE than intimate partner violence, gender discrimination, or racial discrimination. LIMITATIONS: This study was cross-sectional. CONCLUSIONS: Findings document the long-term effects of ACEs on PY-MDE among Black adults nationally.

A systematic review of community stakeholder involvement during application of the ADAPT-ITT model to adapt trauma interventions for new populations.

OBJECTIVES: Adapting evidence-based interventions for new populations and involving community stakeholders in the adaptation process is important for improving the dissemination and efficacy of interventions aimed to prevent trauma or prevent/treat problems among trauma survivors. Yet, little is known about community stakeholders' involvement during the adaptation process. This systematic review aims to do the following: (a) identify studies applying the ADAPT-ITT model to adapt interventions for preventing trauma or preventing/treating problems among trauma survivors, (b) examine both the presence/absence of community stakeholders' involvement, and (c) identify innovative community stakeholder involvement during application of this model. METHOD: Six databases were searched for related studies. Data was extracted about community stakeholders' involvement during specific phases of the ADAPT-ITT model that allowed for greater community stakeholder involvement. One phase involves stakeholders providing suggested intervention modifications during what is called a "theater test." RESULTS: Thirty-two studies that described the adaptation of 19 interventions were identified. Most studies involved community stakeholders during the needs assessment and theater tests (83%). Few studies described community stakeholders as sharing decision making about which intervention to use for the new population (18%). Approximately half (44-50%) reported community stakeholders either received training on the adapted intervention or facilitated the adapted interventions during testing phase. Innovative strategies included using community stakeholder advisory boards to guide intervention selection and modifications. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest the need for improving community stakeholder involvement throughout the application of the ADAPT-ITT model to advance trauma science and provide examples of innovative strategies for doing so. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Alcohol, Drug and Sexual Risk Behavior Correlates of Recent Transactional Sex Among Female Black South African Drug Users.

Transactional sex among black South African women has become a mode of economic survival putting them at higher risk for HIV and other infectious disease. In order to inform HIV interventions, drug and sexual risk behavior correlates of recent transactional sex among a descriptive epidemiological, cross-sectional sample of 189, black, South African women in Pretoria were examined using log binomial regression. Prevalence of HIV seropositivity was extremely high among non-transactional sex workers (47.1%) and transactional sex workers (54.6%), albeit not significantly different. Adjusted regression results indicated that the probability of transactional sex was greater for drug using women who tested positive for cocaine use (Adjusted Prevalence Ratio (APR)=1.3, 95% CI=1.1, 1.5) and knew of anyone who died of AIDS (APR =1.5, 95% CI 1.1, 2.1). The probability of transactional sex was lower for female drug users who reported greater education (APR =0.6, 95% CI= 0.4, 0.8), condom use in their first sexual encounter (APR =0.7, 95% CI=0.6, 1.0) or reported a recent steady sexual partnership (APR =0.8, 95% CI=0.7, 0.9). Drug use-related interventions for female transactional sex workers may need to focus on methods for the reduction of not only drug use, especially cocaine use, but also the reduction of sexual risk behaviors.

Assessing Domestic Violence Shelter Workers Views and Practices Pertaining to HIV Prevention Services for Women Residing in Domestic Violence Shelters.

There is a need for studies to assess domestic violence (DV) shelter workers views about brief HIV prevention interventions for shelter residents to improve these workers' provision of HIV prevention interventions to shelter residents. This mixed methods study assessed DV shelter workers' views about the following: (a) the need for and appropriateness of HIV prevention services within DV shelters, (b) the utility (i.e., acceptability, systems support, understanding, and feasibility) of an HIV Risk Assessment and Safety Plan (HIV RASP) for women in DV shelters, and (c) suggested changes to or concerns about using the HIV RASP. Workers from DV shelters located in the 10 states in the United States with the highest rates of HIV reviewed the HIV RASP and answered survey questions about it including the Usage Rating Profile-Intervention (URP-I) Questionnaire and two open-ended questions. Although workers felt it was appropriate to provide HIV prevention interventions within DV shelters, only 23% reported that HIV prevention interventions had ever been implemented at their shelter and only 42% had provided residents with educational brochures about HIV prevention. Workers generally agreed that the HIV RASP was acceptable, understandable, and feasible. They somewhat disagreed about their ability to implement the tool independently. Findings suggest that little progress has been made in engaging DV shelter workers in HIV prevention efforts for residents during the past decade and reveal ways to improve the HIV RASP and overcome barriers to implementing it. The study findings may be used to help reduce gaps between the science and practice of HIV prevention for abused women.

HIV sexual risk behavior among low-income women experiencing intimate partner violence: the role of posttraumatic stress disorder.

Posttraumatic stress disorder resulting from intimate partner violence (IPV-related PTSD), drug problems, and alcohol problems were tested as correlates of women's sexual risk behavior. Participants were 136 low-income women experiencing physical violence by a male partner during the past 6 months. Sexual risk behavior was assessed by whether women had unprotected sex with a risky primary partner (i.e., HIV-positive, injection drug user, and/or nonmonogamous), unprotected sex with a risky nonprimary partner (i.e. HIV-positive or unknown status), or traded sex during the past 6 months. Nearly one in five women engaged in these recent sexual risk behaviors. Simultaneous logistic regression results revealed IPV-related PTSD, but not drug or alcohol problems, was significantly associated with sexual risk behavior while controlling for childhood abuse and demographic covariates. Women with IPV-related PTSD had four times greater odds of recent sexual risk behavior compared to women without IPV-related PTSD. Implications for HIV prevention interventions are discussed.

Recent sex trade and injection drug use among pregnant opiate and cocaine dependent women in treatment: The significance of psychiatric comorbidity.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined whether opioid and cocaine dependent pregnant women with psychiatric comorbidity were at elevated risk for infectious disease by virtue of recent sex trade and injection drug use that overlapped with pregnancy. We hypothesized that opioid and cocaine dependent women with psychiatric comorbidity would have greater odds for engaging in recent sex trade and injection drug use. METHODS: Eighty-one, HIV-seronegative pregnant women (59.3% African-American, 37% white, and 3.7% other) who were enrolled in drug treatment in Baltimore, Maryland were recruited into an HIV prevention intervention study, provided informed consent, and attended an in-person, baseline assessment administered by trained clinicians. Assessments included the The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders, the HIV Risk Behavior Interview, and a demographic questionnaire. The majority of women had lifetime histories of opioid and/or cocaine dependence (93.8%) and those with an additional lifetime non-substance-related Axis I disorder comprised the psychiatric comorbidity group. RESULTS: Thirty-percent reported recent sex trade and/or injection drug use that overlapped with pregnancy. While psychiatric comorbidity was associated with 6 times the odds of opioid and cocaine dependent pregnant women having recently traded sex it was not associated with recent injection drug use. CONCLUSIONS: Findings underscore the need to (1) treat comorbid psychiatric disorders among pregnant women in treatment for cocaine and opioid dependence and (2) integrate HIV prevention interventions into drug dependence treatment for pregnant women, particularly those with psychiatric comorbidity given their elevated risk for infectious disease.

Do journals instruct authors to address sex and gender in psychological science?

BACKGROUND: Sex and gender influence individuals' psychology, but are often overlooked in psychological science. The sex and gender equity in research (SAGER) guidelines provide instruction for addressing sex and gender within five sections of a manuscript (i.e., title/abstract, introduction, methods, results, and discussion) (Heidari et al., Res Integr Peer Rev 1:1-9, 2016). METHODS: We examined whether the 89 journals published by the American Psychological Association provide explicit instruction for authors to address sex and gender within these five sections. Both authors reviewed the journal instructions to authors for the words "sex," and "gender," and noted explicit instruction pertaining to these five sections. RESULTS: Only 8 journals (9.0%) instructed authors to address sex/gender within the abstract, introduction, and/or methods sections. No journals instructed authors to address sex and gender in the results or discussion sections. CONCLUSION: These journals could increase sex/gender equity and improve the reproducibility of psychological science by instructing authors to follow the SAGER guidelines.