Recent developments in the probiotics as live biotherapeutic products (LBPs) as modulators of gut brain axis related neurological conditions.

Probiotics have been defined as "living microorganisms that create health benefits in the host when taken in sufficient amounts. Recent developments in the understanding of the relationship between the microbiom and its host have shown evidence about the promising potential of probiotics to improve certain health problems. However, today, there are some confusions about traditional and new generation foods containing probiotics, naming and classifications of them in scientific studies and also their marketing. To clarify this confusion, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) declared that it has made a new category definition called "live biotherapeutic products" (LBPs). Accordingly, the FDA has designated LBPs as "a biological product that: i)contains live organisms, such as bacteria; ii)is applicable to the prevention, treatment, or cure of a disease/condition of human beings; and iii) is not a vaccine". The accumulated literature focused on LBPs to determine effective strains in health and disease, and often focused on obesity, diabetes, and certain diseases like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).However, microbiome also play an important role in the pathogenesis of diseases that age day by day in the modern world via gut-brain axis. Herein, we discuss the novel roles of LBPs in some gut-brain axis related conditions in the light of recent studies. This article may be of interest to a broad readership including those interested in probiotics as LBPs, their health effects and safety, also gut-brain axis.

A Comparison of the Indirect Calorimetry and Different Energy Equations for the Determination of Resting Energy Expenditure of Patients With Renal Transplantation.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the agreement between the resting energy expenditure (REE) obtained by indirect calorimetry and eight prediction equations in adult patients with renal transplantation and a newly developed REE prediction equation for use in patients with renal transplantation in the clinic. METHODS: A total of 51 patients (30 males and 21 females) were involved in the study. The REE was measured by indirect calorimetry and compared with the previous prediction equations. The agreement was assessed by the interclass correlation coefficient and by Bland-Altman plot analysis. RESULTS: No significant difference was found in terms of age and body mass index between the genders. Differences between the predicted and measured REEs were maximum in the Bernstein equation (-478 kcal) and minimum in the Cunningham equation (-69 kcal). It was found that underprediction values varied from 27.5% (chronic kidney disease equation) to 98.0% (Bernstein equation). The highest overprediction value was found in the Schofield equation (17.7%). The Cunningham equation and the new equation had the lowest root mean square error (265 kcal/day). In this study, fat-free mass (FFM) was found to be the most significant variable in multiple regression analysis (r2: 0.55). The new specific equation based on FFM was generated as 424.2 + 24.7∗FFM (kg). Besides that, it was found that the new equation and Cunningham equation were distributed randomly according to Bland-Altman analysis. A supplementary new equation based on available anthropometric measurements was developed as -1996.8 + 19.1∗height (cm) + 7.2∗body weight (kg). CONCLUSION: This study showed that most of the predictive equations significantly underestimated REE. In patients with renal transplantation, if the REE is not measurable by indirect calorimetry, the use of the proposed equations will be more accurate.

Risk Factors for Constipation in Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Aim: The objective of this study was to determine associations between physical activity, dietary fiber intake, water and fluid intake, and constipation as well as other possible risk factors for constipation in adults.Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 4561 (1812 male and 2749 female) adults, aged between 18-65 years, living in Ankara, Turkey. Participants having three or fewer bowel movements per week were considered constipated. Dietary fiber and fluid intake data were ascertained from a 62-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF) was used to evaluate participant physical activity.Results: Of the total cohort, 16.6% were diagnosed with constipation (13.6% males, 18.5% females). Logistic regression analysis showed a significantly greater risk of constipation in participants with female gender, advancing age, being obese. Participants who were moderately active (OR: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.62-0.91) and active (OR: 0.74, 95% CI: 0.59-0.90) had a decreased likelihood of constipation, when compared with inactive participants (p < 0.05). Participants in the middle upper quartile for water intake (OR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.57-0.88), had a decreased likelihood of constipation, when compared with participants in the lowest quartile. Participants in the middle upper quartile (OR: 0.74, 95% CI: 0.58-0.92) and the highest quartile for dietary fiber intake (OR: 0.66, 95% CI: 0.52-0.84), had a decreased likelihood of constipation, when compared with participants in the lowest quartile (p < 0.05).Conclusion: Constipation is common in the Turkish adult population. Insufficient physical activity, decreasing fiber and water intake, obesity, advancing age and female gender were associated with increased constipation risks. Combining regular physical activity and increasing fiber and water intake may protect from constipation, and relieve constipation symptoms.

Validity and reliability study of the Mediterranean Lifestyle Index: Turkish adaptation.

Objective: The Mediterranean Lifestyle Index (MEDLIFE) differs from similar scales in that it concurrently includes diet and lifestyle. The current study translated MEDLIFE into Turkish, and assessed its reliability and validity. Methods: A questionnaire was administered to 300 individuals 19-65 years of age. The questionnaire was subsequently re-administered to 87 research participants. The questionnaire, asking for general information, MEDLIFE, and information regarding anthropometric measurements, was sent to the users of an online platform. The scale was converted into the applicable Turkish form by an expert group. Test-retest reliability was evaluated with the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). In addition, kappa coefficients (k) and Bland-Altman graphs were determined for each item to assess reliability. Results: The mean scores before and after were 14.5 ± 3.68 and 14.3 ± 3.81, respectively, and the intercorrelation coefficient r was 0.817 for test-re-test reliability. Conclusion: The validity and reliability of the scale in the Turkish language was confirmed. This study is the first to translate MEDLIFE into another language and may aid in assessing the scale's adaptability to other languages. Food consumption record and physical activity record studies must be performed to ensure validity.

Relationship between Sensory Processing Skills and Feeding Behaviors in Children Aged 3-6 Years with Cerebral Palsy with Cerebral Visual Impairment.

The current study aimed to examine the relationship between sensory processing skills and feeding behavior in cerebral palsy (CP) children aged 3-6 years with cerebral visual impairment (CVI). A total of ninety mothers participated in the study in three groups: thirty mothers of children with CP with CVI, thirty mothers of children with CP without CVI, and thirty mothers of children with typical development (TD). The sensory processing skill of the children was evaluated with the Sensory Profile (SP), and feeding behavior was evaluated with the the Behavioral Pediatric Feeding Assessment Scale (BPFAS). In the triple comparison, a significant difference was found between the groups in all SP parameter and BPFAS scores (p < 0.001). Post hoc analysis revealed statistically significant differences between the groups in all parameters (p < 0.001). Feeding problems were detected in 65% of all groups. In the correlation analysis, a significant relationship was found between all parameters of the SP and the BPFAS (p < 0.05). In terms of sensory processing skills and feeding status, it was determined that children with CVI with CP had more problems than children with CP without CVI, and children with CP without CVI had more problems than children with TD. With these results, it was concluded that sensory processing problems affect feeding status, and visual impairment causes both sensory problems and feeding problems.

Probiotics, Live Biotherapeutic Products (LBPs), and Gut-Brain Axis Related Psychological Conditions: Implications for Research and Dietetics.

It is well-known that probiotics have key roles in the crosstalk between the gut and brain in terms of nutrition and health. However, when investigating their role in nutrition and health, it can be important to discriminate probiotics used as foods, food supplements, or drugs. For clarification of this terminology, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has established a new "live biotherapeutic products" (LBP) category, expressing pharmaceutical expectations and to reduce confusion in the literature. Growing evidence advises that the community of microorganisms found in the gut microbiota is associated with psychological conditions. Hence, it is thought that LBPs may positively affect depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia by reducing inflammation, improving gut microbiota, and balancing gut neurometabolites. This review focuses on the specific position of probiotics as LBPs in psychological conditions. Condition-specific potential pathways and mechanisms of LBPs and the prominent strains are discussed in the light of novel studies for future research, dietetic and pharmaceutical applications.

Understanding the role of the gut microbiome in gastrointestinal cancer: A review.

Gastrointestinal cancer represents one of the most diagnosed types of cancer. Cancer is a genetic and multifactorial disease, influenced by the host and environmental factors. It has been stated that 20% of cancer is caused by microorganisms such as Helicobacter pylori, hepatitis B and C virus, and human papillomavirus. In addition to these well-known microorganisms associated with cancer, it has been shown differences in the composition of the microbiota between healthy individuals and cancer patients. Some studies have suggested the existence of the selected microorganisms and their metabolites that can promote or inhibit tumorigenesis via some mechanisms. Recent findings have shown that gut microbiome and their metabolites can act as cancer promotors or inhibitors. It has been shown that gastrointestinal cancer can be caused by a dysregulation of the expression of non-coding RNA (ncRNA) through the gut microbiome. This review will summarize the latest reports regarding the relationship among gut microbiome, ncRNAs, and gastrointestinal cancer. The potential applications of diagnosing and cancer treatments will be discussed.