Establishment of a cardiac biobank in a Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine.

Biobanks are considered to be important resources of Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine allowing the clarification of relevant disease mechanisms and the improvement of the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of both pediatric and adult cardiovascular diseases. To successfully establish a cardiovascular biobank, it is important to consider the public opinion and views on it and the factors involved in the willingness of the public to participate in the donation of genetic material. The literature was systematically reviewed to identify the attitude and willingness of patients affected by congenital and acquired heart disease to participate in biobanking research. Six relevant studies were identified in which it was indicated that psychosocial and demographic characteristics, as well as the patient's medical condition, could influence patient and family members' attitudes and willingness to participate in research. In both congenital and acquired heart diseases, participation in biobank research activities was higher if patients and their families were approached when hospitalized, but not during the acute moment of their illness. Other quantitative and qualitative studies are required to improve patient and family participation in these research initiatives.

Angles and geometric shapes, but not lines, in melanocytic lesions may be helpful in the clinical diagnosis of melanoma.

BACKGROUND: Geometric shapes have been suggested to be found in malignant melanomas. We have observed a number of melanomas presenting with linear and incomplete angulated figures. OBJECTIVE: To verify the assumption that geometric shapes, a linear border and/or incomplete angulated figures may indicate a potential melanoma. METHODS: Patients with surgically removed melanocytic lesions were admitted to the study. We evaluated the presence of a sharp linear demarcation, the presence of contiguous lines resulting in the formation of angle/s and the presence of complete geometric figure. We distinguished the obtained results into melanoma and benign melanocytic naevi. RESULTS: A total of 471 melanomas and 1979 melanocytic naevi were collected. Linear borders, angles and geometric figures were observed in 42 melanomas and in 75 benign melanocytic naevi. Angles with incomplete geometric configuration were observed in 21 melanomas and in 37 benign naevi (21/471 vs. 37/1979, 4.24% vs. 1.87%; P < 0.0016); complete even if irregular geometrical figures in 12 melanomas and 17 naevi (12/471 vs. 17/1979, 2.54% vs. 0.85%; P < 0.005). The presence of line(s) did not significantly differed in the two considered groups. CONCLUSIONS: Melanocytic lesions with angulated shapes and complete geometrical configurations might indicate a suspect melanoma. Only sharp linear demarcation of the lesion do not seem to be significantly associated with melanoma suspicion.

Adnexal polyp in a newborn baby.

Birthmarks can frequently be seen in newborn babies, but their etiopathogenesis is often unclear. These lesions can be divided into three groups: vascular birthmarks, pigmented birthmarks, and birthmarks resulting in abnormal development. Some birthmarks may require further analysis and clinical follow-up in order to rule out underlying defects, malignant potential, or correlation with syndromic diseases. Presented here is the case of a newborn baby with two simultaneous birthmarks: an adnexal polyp and a nevus anemicus. Adnexal polyps are considered an uncommon clinical observation

Unusual sites for poromas are not very unusual: a survey of 101 cases.

BACKGROUND: Poromas are benign adnexal tumours generally believed to be of eccrine origin, which usually develop on palmoplantar sites. However, it is thought that a percentage of poromas develop on non-palmoplantar or 'unusual' sites. AIM: To review cases of poromas with reference to their clinicoepidemiological characteristics, paying particular attention to the those located on sites other than the palms and soles. METHODS: All histologically confirmed poromas seen at our department between 1994 to 2012 were reviewed. The clinicoepidemiological data recorded included age at diagnosis, gender, location, size, colour, and preoperative and pathological diagnoses. RESULTS: In total, 101 poromas were reviewed, corresponding to 0.0058% of all the epithelial skin tumours biopsied in our department. The mean age was 65.05 years (range 30-100 years), and the male to female ratio was 1.52. All the lesions were solitary and asymptomatic, with no sign of bleeding. The most common presentation was a red or reddish lesion, particularly at palmoplantar sites, where 33 (32.7%) of the 101 poromas were located, Poromas found at other affected sites were more usually skin-coloured, and these lesions included 7 neoplasms located in the armpits and 18 on the head and neck. The correct preoperative diagnosis was made in 12 cases of 33 detected poromas (36%), all of which were localized to the palmoplantar surfaces. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our experience, we consider that there are no 'unusual' sites for poromas, and palmoplantar poromas were in fact in the minority. Furthermore, some localizations suggest derivation of these palmoplantar poromas from the folliculosebaceous apocrine unit.

Observational study on the mitotic rate and other prognostic factors in cutaneous primary melanoma arising from naevi and from melanoma de novo.

BACKGROUND: Melanomas can arise from naevi or appear de novo. The frequency or the effect of their origin on prognosis is still debated. Mitotic rate (MR) and ulceration of melanomas have been proposed as further new prognostic indexes. AIM: To determine the different prognostic factors in melanomas de novo and melanomas from pre-existing naevi and whether these two melanoma groups have different MR or presence of ulceration. METHODS: All patients with confirmed primary melanomas observed in our clinic from 1996 to July 2013 were included. The distinction between the two groups of melanomas was histologically based. We compared Breslow's thickness, the number of mitosis/mm(2) and the presence of ulceration between the naevus-associated melanoma and de novo melanoma group. RESULTS: Of the 873 melanomas, 626 (71.8%) have a de novo melanoma, 247 (28.2%) a naevus-associated melanoma. Breslow's thickness was not significantly different in the two groups (0.77 ± 1.47 mm vs. 0.59 ± 1.35 mm). The number of patients with presence of ulceration and MR ≥1 mitosis/mm(2) was not significantly different in the two groups (19.6% vs. 16.3%). In thicker melanomas (Breslow's thickness ≥ 1 mm), the number of patients with ≥6 mitosis/mm(2) was significantly higher (26.6% vs. 7.9%; P < 0.05) in the de novo melanoma group. CONCLUSIONS: When mitosis ≥ 1 mm/mm(2) , the results obtained do not show a better or worse prognosis based on Breslow's thickness, ulceration and MR in melanomas associated with naevus vs. melanomas de novo. When ≥6 mitosis/mm(2) are considered, the number of patients in the de novo melanoma group with thick melanoma is highly more represented. The debate about the cut-off value of mitosis ≥1 mm(2) is open.

Clinically and/or histologically pigmented poromas in Caucasian patients.

AIM: Pigmented poromas are rarely reported and considered to be more common in non-white people and on non-acral sites. Objective of the present study was to report our cases of pigmented poromas with particular attention to the presence of clinical and/or microscopic evidence of pigmentation, their characteristics and the diagnostic pitfall with other pathologies. METHODS: All the histologically confirmed poromas observed from January 1994 to July 2012 were considered. Clinic-epidemiological data were collected. The presence of clinical pigmentation was recorded as well as the presence of melanin pigmentation or melanocytes in the histologic specimens. RESULTS: One hundred and one patients with poromas were collected. All the patients were Caucasians. All the lesions were solitary. Only three patients had a clinically visible pigmented poromas. In eight cases the presence of melanin and melanocytes did not produce a clinically visible pigmentation. All the poromas with pigmentation did not occur on palmo-plantar surfaces. CONCLUSION: Pigmented poromas may be observed even in Caucasian patients and their clinical aspect mimic basal cell carcinoma and/or melanoma. The presence of pigment visible at the histology may not be observed in the clinical expression. The absence of pigmentation on palmo-plantar location is confirmed in all the reported cases.

Tinea capitis in the paediatric population in Milan, Italy: the emergence of Trichophyton violaceum.

Tinea capitis (TC) is the most common type of dermatophytosis in children. The epidemiology of TC depends on the geographical areas, and it changes over time. The aim of the study is to determine the incidence of TC and to identify the causative species in children observed at Dermatology Outpatient Department of the University of Milan, Italy, between January 2004 and December 2011. Four hundred and eighty-six children with suspected dermatomycosis were observed; TC was the most prevalent dermatomycoses with 86 cases. The most common isolated dermatophyte in scalp lesions was Trichophyton violaceum with 33 cases. The most recent epidemiological Italian studies still show zoophilic fungi as primary cause of TC. We are the first medical team in Italy to demonstrate a dominance of anthropophilic fungi, in particular T. violaceum.

Tinea corporis due to Trichophyton rubrum in a woman and Tinea capitis in her 15-day-old baby: molecular evidence of vertical transmission.

We report a case of a 40-year-old Caucasian woman who came under our observation with a 7-year history of a chronic erythematous scaly dermatitis, diagnosed as psoriasis, involving gluteal area and thighs, and treated with topical steroids without benefit. During pregnancy, a progressive worsening of her condition and an extension of cutaneous lesions were observed. Her newborn, a 15-day-old girl, presented a similar scaly and squamous lesion on her scalp. Mycological examination was positive for Trichophyton rubrum in both cases, and random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis confirmed the isogenicity of the two isolates. We performed a diagnosis of T. rubrum tinea corporis and tinea capitis. The case we describe illustrates an unusual clinical presentation of tinea corporis with remarkable extension of cutaneous lesions due to the diagnostic delay and the continuous use of local steroids, together with a rare tinea capitis in the newborn. Our experience highlights the possibility of mother-child transmission and the importance of an early diagnosis.

An unusual bilateral areolar dermatitis.

This article describes an uncommon clinical manifestation of contact dermatitis due to dyed tissues, showing bilateral plaque lesions on the mammary areolas. The clinical history, histological and patch testing examinations confirmed the diagnosis. The possible triggering factors related with this kind of contact dermatitis and possible differential diagnosis are briefly discussed.

[Dialysis and quality of life: identifying and managing critical aspects]. / Terapia dialitica e qualitá di vita: individuare le aree di criticitá per orientare alla metodica più idonea.

Living with a chronic disease is for the patient a ''disease experience'' that also affects the psychosocial sphere and has a negative impact on perceived quality of life. To estimate the effect of dialysis on the perceived quality of life and to identify by means of a specific questionnaire the aspects that are compromised most. From our results it emerged that the examined patients had a sufficiently good total perception of quality of life, even though about 30% of the patients reported critical aspects related to daily life and, in some age groups, also related to dialysis method. This study confirms the importance of developing educational and supportive predialysis programs in order to identify and reduce the critical aspects.

Polyurethane foam/nano hydroxyapatite composite as a suitable scaffold for bone tissue regeneration.

In bone tissue regeneration, the use of biomineralized scaffolds to create the 3D porous structure needed for well-fitting with defect size and appropriate cell interactions, is a promising alternative to autologous and heterologous bone grafts. Biomineralized polyurethane (PU) foams are here investigated as scaffold for bone tissue regeneration. Biomineralization of the foams was carried out by activation of PU surface by a two steps procedure performed for different times (1 to 4 weeks). Scaffolds were investigated for morphological, chemico-physical and mechanical properties, as well as for in vitro interaction with rat Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BMSCs). Untreated and biomineralized PU samples showed a homogenous morphology and regular pore size (average Ø=407µm). Phase and structure of formed calcium phosphates (CaPs) layer onto the PU foam were analyzed by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, proving the formation of bone-like nano hydroxyapatite. Biomineralization caused a significant increase of mechanical properties of treated foams compared to untreated ones. Biomineralization also affected the PU scaffold cytocompatibility providing a more appropriate surface for cell attachment and proliferation. Considering the obtained results, the proposed scaffold can be considered suitable for bone tissue regeneration.

Immunohistochemical localization of a novel beta 1 integrin in normal and pathologic squamous epithelia.

The 10.1.2 MoAb reacts with a novel alpha chain that associates with the beta 1 integrin chain and is widely distributed among epithelial and endothelial cells of human adult and fetal tissues. In the epidermis and in other squamous epithelia, alpha 10.1.2 chains are expressed exclusively in the basal cell layer. Here we describe the immunohistochemical localization of alpha 10.1.2 in human epidermis, in other squamous epithelia, as well as in cultured keratinocytes. alpha 10.1.2 chain localization has also been investigated in a variety of non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions of the skin, the uterine cervix, and the lung. We show that alpha 10.1.2 chains retain their basal keratinocyte localization in hyperplastic skin diseases and in benign tumors of the epidermis and that they are strongly expressed in basal cell carcinomas. In contrast, alpha 10.1.2 expression is decreased in keratinocytes that differentiate in vitro and is lost in epidermal dysplastic conditions, in the invading front of squamous cell carcinomas of the epidermis, in microinvasive cervical cancers, and in well-differentiated squamous lung tumors. These findings indicate that alpha 10.1.2 beta 1 integrin is downregulated during keratinocyte differentiation in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, lack of alpha 10.1.2 expression in basal cells of squamous epithelia is associated with early dysplastic changes and with the acquisition of invasive capacity.

Expression of the alpha 6 beta 4 integrin in lesional skin differentiates bullous pemphigoid (BP) from epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA).

The integrin alpha 6 beta 4 complex is a protein of the membrane of basal keratinocytes, localized at the surface of cells in contact with the basement membrane zone in normal skin. The expression of alpha 6 beta 4 was investigated in several autoimmune blistering skin diseases including bullous pemphigoid (BP), epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA), bullous systemic lupus erythematosus (BSLE), and pemphigus vulgaris (PV) by an indirect immunofluorescence technique. In lesional bullous skin of BP, alpha 6 beta 4 expression was either absent, or in some cases represented an unusual irregular patchy staining. In contrast, in lesional bullous skin from EBA, BSLE, and PV, alpha 6 beta 4 expression was comparable to that observed in normal skin, i.e., a linear staining of the BMZ. Thus, analysis of the alpha 6 beta 4 integrin reactivity on lesional skin, in conjunction with the typical localization of collagen IV, allows a rapid and accurate distinction between BP and EBA.

Expression of integrins in junctional and dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa.

Recently, monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) have been raised against a family of adhesive membrane receptors (R) for extracellular matrix molecules known as integrins. In order to ascertain whether these adhesive proteins are normally expressed in inherited epidermolysis bullosa (EB) dermal epidermal junction, we studied the reactivity of MoAb recognizing receptors for VLA-1 (R for unknown ligand), VLA-2 (R for collagen), VLA-3 (R for collagen, laminin, fibronectin), VLA-4 (R for unknown ligand), VLA-5 (R for fibronectin), VLA-6 (R for laminin), VNR alpha, and VNR beta (R for vitronectin) on cryostat skin sections from EB patients and normal controls and on cytospins of normal epidermal cell suspensions with indirect immunohistochemical methods. Two cases of junctional EB (EBj) (lethal and non-lethal), three cases of dominant dystrophic EB (EBdd), two cases of recessive dystrophic EB (EBdr), and two normal controls skin sections and cell suspensions entered the study. No significant modification of the distribution of these adhesive receptors was observed in junctional and dystrophic EB skin. Both in normal and EB specimens MoAb against VLA-2, VLA-3, and VNR alpha determinants showed reactivity with the total cytoplasmic membrane of basal keratinocytes and basement membrane zone. Interestingly, anti-VLA-6 MoAb was characterized by an intense linear staining of the dermal-epidermal junction with the same localization on the roof of the blisters in EBj, EBdd, and EBdr as bullous pemphigoid (BP) serum. On the basis of these results we suggest that anti-VLA-6 MoAb could be used instead of BP serum for immunohistochemical detection of the cleavage of blisters in EB.

Primary cutaneous gamma/delta T-cell lymphoma presenting as disseminated pagetoid reticulosis.

The first case of primary gamma/delta cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) with a fatal outcome is reported. The patient had the clinical and histopathologic features of disseminated pagetoid reticulosis, a rare form of CTCL characterized by a strong epidermotropic lymphoid infiltrate. Extensive immuno-cytochemical studies showed that the neoplastic cells were almost exclusively localized in the epidermis, expressed the gamma/delta variant of the T-cell receptor (CD3+, TCR-delta-1+) and were CD5+, CD7+, CD27+, CD29+, CD43+, CD44+, CD45+, CD45RA+, CD54+, CD69+, but beta F1-, Ti gamma a-, BB3-, A13-, CD2-, CD4-, CD8-, CD11a-, CD49d-, CD25-, CD30-, and HLA-DR-. A comparison of our results with those of the literature, which have not included gamma/delta T-cell receptor analysis, suggests that some reported cases of pagetoid reticulosis may have phenotypes similar to our case. Electron microscopy studies demonstrated that the gamma/delta T lymphocytes were villous, containing dense and multivesicular bodies, and formed close contacts with the surrounding keratinocytes, suggesting that these cells should have a role in the skin-associated lymphoid tissue. The proliferating cells in our case might represent the neoplastic counterpart of the recently reported CD2- subset of normal human peripheral blood gamma/delta T lymphocytes.

High sensitivity of human epidermal keratinocytes (HaCaT) to topoisomerase inhibitors.

In the panorama of the numerous established cell lines, the human keratinocyte line HaCaT has a very interesting feature, having a close similarity in functional competence to normal keratinocytes. This cell line has been used in many studies as a paradigm for epidermal cells and therefore we selected HaCaT as a cell model for investigating the activity of three antitopoisomerase drugs (Camptothecin, Doxorubicin, Ciprofloxacin) on in vitro cell growth. The effect was evaluated both by a 24-h cytotoxicity test and by a 7-day antiproliferation assay, in which the cell viability was assessed by an MTT (3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl) 2,5-diphenil-2-H-tetrazolium bromide) test. DNA topoisomerase I was also partially purified from a nuclear extract of HaCaT cells, the level of topo I catalytic activity was measured by a pBR322 DNA relaxation assay and then the in vitro effect of antitopoisomerase drugs on the target enzyme was also assessed. The results indicated that the in vitro sensitivity of human epidermal HaCaT cells to antitopoisomerase drugs is comparable to that of many human tumour cell lines. HaCaT cells express a high level of topoisomerase I activity that is significantly inhibited by both Camptothecin and Doxorubicin and to a minor degree by Ciprofloxacin. A high correlation between the cell sensitivity to the antitopoisomerase I drug measured by the MTT test and the in vitro direct inhibition of HaCaT topoisomerase I was observed, suggesting that HaCaT cells can represent a very interesting model both for studying cellular pharmacokinetics of antineoplastic drugs on keratinocytes and for predicting possible secondary effects, exerted by these drugs on cutaneous cells, during treatment with chemotherapy.

Impact of inherited polymorphisms in glutathione S-transferase M1, microsomal epoxide hydrolase, cytochrome P450 enzymes on DNA, and blood protein adducts of benzo(a)pyrene-diolepoxide.

The benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) metabolite benzo(a)pyrenediolepoxide (BPDE) is strongly implicated as a causative agent of lung cancer. To assess the risk of exposure to BaP, we made a combined analysis of levels of BPDE adducts to hemoglobin (Hb), serum albumin (SA), and lymphocyte DNA in 44 patients with incident lung cancer, as a prototype of a population mainly exposed to tobacco-derived BaP. We also investigated whether genetic polymorphisms of cytochrome P450IA1 (CYPIA1), microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEH), and glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1), which are involved in BaP metabolism, can be determinants of adduct formation. BPDE-Hb, BPDE-SA, and BPDE-DNA adducts were quantified as BaP tetrols released from hydrolysis of macromolecules and measured by high-resolution gas chromatography-negative ion chemical ionization-mass spectrometry to achieve high specificity and sensitivity. Individuals with detectable Hb adducts were positive for SA adducts but not vice versa, suggesting that BPDE-Hb adducts are less informative indicators of BaP exposure. Using PCR methods on DNA, we characterized GSTM1 deletion, CYPIA1 MspI and exon 7 valine variants, and mEH polymorphisms at amino acid positions 113 (EH3) and 139 (EH4). Levels of BPDE adducts were no different among CYPIA1, mEH, and GSTM1 genotypes. However, individuals with measurable BPDE-SA adducts were CYPIA1 variant carriers more frequently (P = 0.03). There was a slightly higher percentage of DNA detectable adducts in subjects with CYPIA1 exon 7 valine polymorphism. When subjects were classified by both polymorphisms on the mEH gene, those with two slow alleles (EH3 homozygous mutated) and no fast alleles (EH4 homozygous wild type) had a lower frequency of BPDE-SA adducts and no DNA adducts (P = 0.06). These results are based on a small number of observations thus far, but this exploratory study suggests that CYPIA1 and mEH variants might have an impact on BPDE exposure markers such as BPDE-SA adducts. Chemical specificity in adduct measurements is important to identify the biomarkers that reflect BaP exposure more accurately.