RESUMEN
Endometriosis is a disease characterized by regurgitated lesions which are invasive and migratory, embedding at ectopic, extra-uterine locations. Extracellular glucosylceramides (GlcCers), bioactive sphingolipids potentiating signals for cell migration, are found in elevated levels in endometriosis; however underlying mechanisms that result in cellular migration are poorly defined. Here, we demonstrated that internalized GlcCer induced migratory activity in immortalized human endometrial stromal cells (HESCs), with highest potency observed in long-chain GlcCer. Long-chain ceramide (Cer) similarly induced cellular migration and mass spectrometry results revealed that the migratory behavior was contributed through glycosylation of ceramides. Cells treated with GlcCer synthase inhibitor, or RNAi-mediated knockdown of glucosylceramide synthase (GCS), the enzyme catalyzing GlcCer production attenuated cell motility. Mechanistic studies showed that GlcCer acts through stromal cell-derived factor-1 alpha and its receptor, CXC chemokine receptor 4 (SDF-1α-CXCR4) signaling axis and is dependent on phosphorylation of LYN kinase at Tyr396, and dephosphorylation of Tyr507. Migration was prominently attenuated in cells exposed to CXCR4 antagonist, AMD3100, yet can be rescued with diprotin A, which prevents the degradation of SDF-1α. Furthermore, blocking of LYN kinase activity in the presence of SDF-1α and GlcCer reduced HESC migration, suggesting that LYN acts downstream of GlcCer-SDF-1α-CXCR4 axis as part of its intracellular signal transduction. Our results reveal a novel role of long-chain GlcCer and the dialog between GlcCer, LYNpTyr396 and SDF-1α-CXCR4 in inducing HESC migration. This finding may improve our understanding how endometriotic lesions invade to their ectopic sites, and the possibility of using GlcCer to modulate the SDF-1α-CXCR4-LYNpTyr396 axis in endometriosis.