The status of endoscopic therapies for gastroesophageal reflux disease.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is exceedingly common and can significantly impact quality of life through heartburn, troublesome regurgitation, or atypical symptoms. The initial approach is conservative lifestyle changes followed by medications with escalation to antireflux surgery as needed. Endoscopic therapy may represent a bridge between pharmacotherapy and surgery and represents an appropriate option for select individuals. RECENT FINDINGS: Appropriate patient selection for endoscopic antireflux therapies is critical to the success of the intervention. Candidates for endoscopic treatment with trans-oral incisionless fundoplication (TIF) include those with a small (<2 cm) or no hiatal hernia and a Hill valve grade 1 or 2. Transoral incisionless fundoplication with concomitant hiatal hernia repair (cTIF) is a safe and effective option that addresses both the crural diaphragm and gastroesophageal flap valve (GEFV). SUMMARY: Endoscopic interventions for GERD continue to evolve and are not all created equal. Given our current understanding of the mechanisms of GERD, the TIF procedure stands out in its ability to re-create the optimal GEFV. In those patients with altered anatomy, endoscopic approaches may offer at least partial benefit.

Combination Topical Epinephrine and Non-steroidal Inflammatory Drugs in the Prevention of Post-ERCP Pancreatitis: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: The utility of combination rectal NSAID and topical epinephrine (EI) or rectal NSAID and normal saline (SI) sprayed on duodenal papilla in the prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP) has been studied but results have been conflicting. AIMS: To evaluate the benefit of using combination prophylaxis in preventing PEP. METHODS: A literature search was performed using Scopus, PubMed/MEDLINE, and Cochrane databases in May 2021. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving adults patients who underwent ERCP and received EI versus SI were eligible for inclusion. The pooled effect was expressed as odds ratio (OR) to assess the rate of PEP, severity of PEP, and specific adverse events. The results were pooled using Reviewer Manager 5.4 software. RESULTS: Six RCTs involving 4016 patients were included in the final analysis. The EI group did not demonstrate any significant benefit over SI group in preventing PEP (OR = 1.00, 95% CI [0.68, 1.45], P = 0.98), irrespective of gender or the epinephrine concentration used. The tests for subgroup differences were not statistically significant with P-values of 0.66 and 0.28, respectively. The addition of topical epinephrine to rectal NSAID did not improve the rate of moderate to severe PEP (OR = 0.94, P = 0.86) or PEP in high-risk patients (OR = 1.14, 95%, P = 0.73). The rates of infection, including cholangitis and sepsis (OR = 0.63, P = 0.07), gastrointestinal bleeding (OR = 1.25, P = 0.56) and procedure-related death (OR = 0.71, P = 0.59) were similar between both groups. CONCLUSION: The addition of topical epinephrine did not demonstrate any benefit over rectal NSAID alone in preventing PEP or reducing other procedure-related adverse events.

Performance of Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Versus Percutaneous Liver Biopsy in Diagnosing Stage 3-4 Fibrosis.

BACKGROUND: Percutaneous liver biopsy (P-bx) is the gold standard for diagnosing advanced fibrosis. Despite the proven technical feasibility of EUS-guided liver bx (EUS-bx) as a novel alternative way of liver biopsy, the clinical applicability remains to be determined. AIMS: The primary aim of this study is to evaluate if EUS-bx, compared to P-bx, can effectively and safely obtain adequate specimen and accurately predict hepatic fibrosis. METHODS: This is a single center, retrospective chart review among patients with liver diseases at a tertiary endoscopy center from February 2011 to March 2020. We assessed the EUS-bx versus P-bx outcomes by success rate, performance, and safety profile. The primary outcome was the association between EUS-bx clinical variables and the presence of histologic liver fibrosis stage ≥ 3. The secondary outcomes were the associations between EUS-bx and variables indicative of fibrosis. RESULTS: Fifty-nine patients underwent EUS-bx; and 59, P-bx. All EUS-bx procedures were successfully completed. All 56/56 (100%) of EUS-bx vs. 50/52 (96.2%) P-bx were considered adequate samples. Tissue lengths were significantly longer in the EUS-bx cohort (p < 0.0001) with a trend towards a greater number of portal tracts. 46/56 (82.1%) cases of EUS-bx vs. 32/52 (61.5%) of P-bx had > 10 portal tracts; 21/56 (37.5%) cases of EUS-bx vs. 14/52 (26.9%) of P-bx had > 15 portal tracts. There were 6 (10.2%) EUS-bx vs. 1 (1.7%) P-bx related complication leading to a phone call (p = 0.061). CONCLUSIONS: EUS-bx can safely performed and accurately predict liver fibrosis stage as the standard P-bx without being influenced by procedure-related factors.

Transoral incisionless fundoplication for recurrent symptoms after laparoscopic fundoplication.

BACKGROUND: Revision of a failed laparoscopic fundoplication carries higher risk of complication and lower chance of success compared to the original surgery. Transoral incisionless fundoplication (TIF) may be an endoscopic alternative for select GERD patients without need of a moderate/large hiatal hernia repair. The aim of this study was to assess feasibility, efficacy, and safety of TIF 2.0 after failed laparoscopic Nissen or Toupet fundoplication (TIFFF). METHODS: This is a multicenter retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent TIFFF between September 2017 and December 2020 using TIF 2.0 technique (EsophyX Z/Z+) performed by gastroenterologists and surgeons. Patients were included if they had (1) recurrent GERD symptoms, (2) pathologic reflux based upon pH testing or Grade C/D esophagitis or Barrett's esophagus, and (3) hiatal hernia ≤ 2 cm. The primary outcome was improvement in GERD Health-Related Quality of Life (GERD-HRQL) post-TIFFF. The TIFFF cohort was also compared to a similar surgical re-operative cohort using propensity score matching. RESULTS: Twenty patients underwent TIFFF (median 4.1 years after prior fundoplication) and mean GERD-HRQL score improved from 24.3 ± 22.9 to 14.75 ± 21.6 (p = 0.014); mean Reflux Severity Index (RSI) score improved from 14.1 ± 14.6 to 9.1 ± 8.0 (p = 0.046) with 8/10 (80%) of patients with normal RSI (< 13) post-TIF. Esophagitis healed in 78% of patients. PPI use decreased from 85 to 55% with 8/20 (45%) patients off of PPI. Importantly, mean acid exposure time decreased from 12% ± 17.8 to 0.8% ± 1.1 (p = 0.028) with 9/9 (100%) of patients with normalized pH post-TIF. There were no statistically significant differences in clinical efficacy outcomes between TIFFF and surgical revision, but TIFFF had significantly fewer late adverse events. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic rescue with TIF is a safe and efficacious alternative to redo laparoscopic surgery in symptomatic patients with appropriate anatomy and objective evidence of persistent or recurrent reflux.

Is transoral incisionless fundoplication (TIF) an answer to post-peroral endoscopic myotomy gastroesophageal reflux? A multicenter retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: The use of peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) for achalasia has a high incidence of post-procedural gastroesophageal reflux (GER). Transoral incisionless fundoplication (TIF) may be an ideal endoscopic treatment. We report our experience with the use of post-POEM TIF. METHODS: In this multicenter retrospective study, post-POEM patients with GER who underwent TIF were included. The study end points were: (i) technical success; (ii) safety; (iii) effectiveness (changes in symptoms, scores, proton pump inhibitor [PPI] use, pH studies). RESULTS: 12 patients underwent TIF after POEM, nine of whom had daily symptoms, with 91.7% requiring twice daily (BID) PPIs. Technical success was achieved in all patients. Two adverse events occurred. There were significant decreases in the percentage of patients on BID PPIs (P = 0.03), frequency of daily symptoms (P = 0.03), Reflux Severity Index questionnaire, and GERD Health-related Quality of Life scores (P = 0.03 and P = 0.003; n = 6). pH studies performed in seven of the patients showed a significant reduction in the mean DeMeester score (P = 0.05) and mean percentage acid exposure time (P = 0.04). CONCLUSION: Our experience suggests that TIF may be effective and safe in treating GER after POEM. Larger prospective trials are needed.

Endoscopic Management of GERD.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) has consistently been the most frequently diagnosed gastrointestinal malady in the USA. The mainstay of therapy has traditionally been medical management, including lifestyle and dietary modifications as well as antacid medications. In those patients found to be refractory to medical management or with a contraindication to medications, the next step up has been surgical anti-reflux procedures. Recently, though innovative advancements in therapeutic endoscopy have created numerous options for the endoscopic management of GERD, in this review, we discuss the various endoscopic therapy options, as well as suggested strategies we use to recommend the most appropriate therapy for patients.

Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Porto-systemic Pressure Gradient Measurement Correlates with Histological Hepatic Fibrosis.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Endoscopic ultrasound is a novel diagnostic approach to chronic liver diseases (CLDs), and EUS-guided porto-systemic pressure gradient measurement (EUS-PPG) is an important expansion with a well-developed technique. However, the clinical value and applicability of EUS-PPG measurement in predicting histologically advanced hepatic fibrosis remain unknown. METHODS: This was a single-center retrospective study on patients with various CLDs undergoing EUS-PPG and EUS-guided liver biopsy (EUS-bx) to assess if EUS-PPG measurements correlate with histological fibrosis stage and various surrogate markers for severity of CLDs and its safety. Cases with EUS-PPG were identified at the University of California Irvine, a tertiary endoscopy center, between January 2014 and March 2020. RESULTS: In 64 patients, the mean age was 57.5; 40 (62.5%), males; mean Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) and Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) scores, 5.9 and 10.4, respectively. The procedure success rate was 100%. Twenty-nine (45.3%) had EUS-PPG ≥ 5 mmHg that was associated with clinical cirrhosis (p < 0.0001), clinical portal hypertension (p = 0.002), hepatic decompensation (p = 0.013), MELD-Na > 10 (p = 0.036), PLTs ≤ 120 × 109/L (p = 0.001), INR ≥ 1.05 (p = 0.007), presence of EV, GV, or PHG (p < 0.0001), biopsy-proven fibrosis stage ≥ 3 (p = 0.002), APRI > 2 (p = 0.001), and FIB-4 > 3.25 (p = 0.001). Multivariable analysis confirmed that EUS-PPG ≥ 5 mmHg was significantly associated with liver biopsy-proven fibrosis stage ≥ 3 (LR 27.0, 95% CI = 1.653-360.597, p = 0.004), independent of C-cirrhosis, C-PHTN, thrombocytopenia, splenomegaly, and APRI score > 2, and FIB-4 score > 3.25. There were no serious complications related to EUS-PPG procedures. CONCLUSIONS: EUS-PPG measurements provide excellent correlation with histological hepatic fibrosis stage and various clinical, laboratory, endoscopic and imaging variables indicative of advanced liver disease without serious adverse events.

Interventional Endoscopic Ultrasound: Current Status and Future Directions.

The evolution of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) from a diagnostic to a therapeutic procedure has resulted in a paradigm shift toward endoscopic management of disease states that previously required percutaneous or surgical approaches. The past few years have seen additional techniques and devices that have enabled endoscopists to expand its diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities. Some of these techniques initially were reported more than a decade ago; however, with further device development and refinement in techniques there is potential for expanding the application of these techniques and new technologies to a broader group of interventional gastroenterologists. Lack of formalized training, devices, and prospective data regarding their use in addition to a scarcity of guidelines on implementation of these technologies into clinical practice are contributing factors impeding the growth of the field of interventional EUS. In April 2019, the American Gastroenterological Association's Center for Gastrointestinal Innovation and Technology conducted its annual Tech Summit and a key session focused on interventional EUS. This article is a White Paper generated from the conference, discusses the published literature pertaining to the topic of interventional EUS, and outlines a proposed framework for the implementation of interventional EUS techniques into clinical practice. Three primary areas of interventional EUS are addressed: (1) EUS-guided access; (2) EUS-guided tumor ablation; and (3) endohepatology. There was general agreement among participants on several key components. The introduction of these novel interventions requires better tools, more data on safety/outcomes, and improved training for endoscopists. Participants also agreed that widespread implementation and use of these techniques will require support from Gastrointestinal Societies and other key stakeholders including payers. Continued work by the Gastrointestinal Societies and manufacturers to provide training programs, appropriate equipment/work environments, and policies that motivate endoscopists to adopt new techniques is essential for growing the field of interventional EUS.

Per-Oral Endoscopic Myotomy for Esophagogastric Junction Outflow Obstruction: A Multicenter Pilot Study.

Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction (EGJOO) is a rare but increasingly recognized diagnosis as described by The Chicago Classification of Esophageal Motility Disorders version 3.0 (version 3.0).1 On high-resolution manometry (HRM), EGJOO is characterized by increased integrated relaxation pressure (IRP) of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), yet with some preserved esophageal peristalsis.2-4 Little consensus exists on the preferred therapeutic approach.3 Although conceptually per-oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) should address the measurable dysfunction in the LES, few data exist to support this.5 Thus, we aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of POEM for the treatment of symptomatic EGJOO.

Comparison of Two Specialized Histology Needles for Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS)-Guided Liver Biopsy: A Pilot Study.

BACKGROUND: EUS-guided liver biopsy (EUS-LB) has been shown to be a safe and effective alternative to percutaneous liver biopsy. The optimal needle device and technique for EUS-LB is still evolving. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of two second-generation 19G fine-needle biopsy (FNB) (Franseen- and Fork-tip) devices for EUS-LB. METHODS: This is a repeated-measure crossover study with a prospectively maintained cohort of patients. We performed EUS-LB with a one-pass and single-actuation method using two 19G FNB needles in 22 consecutive patients between 10/2018 and 9/2019. Patients were randomized to left vs right liver lobes to be biopsied as well as the needle sequence. The specimens obtained were evaluated for adequacy for histologic diagnosis. The primary outcome was number of complete portal tracts (CPTs), post-fix aggregate, and longest specimen length. Secondary outcomes were prefix aggregate specimen length and the specimen adequacy judged by two expert pathologists. RESULTS: A total of 44 liver biopsies were performed in 22 patients. The CPTs were higher in the Franseen-tip needle group compared to the Fork-tip needle group (14.4 vs 9.5, p = 0.043). Post-fix aggregate specimen length (44.9 mm vs 34.6 mm, p = 0.097), the post-fix longest specimen length (19.9 mm vs 13.7 mm, p = 0.175), and prefix aggregate specimen length (51.7 mm vs 45 mm, p = 0.265) were not significantly different. Both needles showed similarly high histologic adequacy (100% vs 95.5%, p = 0.312). Interestingly, the right of the liver showed higher yield of CPTs with both needles (Franseen, 16.2 vs. 12.8, p = 0.003, the Fork-tip, 12.8 vs. 7.0, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: EUS-guided liver biopsy using the 19G Franseen-tip needle may provide more CPTs than 19G Fork-tip needle on a single-pass, single-actuation comparison.

Endoscopic ultrasound guided hepatic interventions.

Intervention for liver disease has predominantly been performed through the percutaneous approach. However, as endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) applications have expanded, there have emerged various EUS-guided interventions for liver disease, a space we call "Endo-Hepatology". EUS-guided liver biopsy can be considered the "forerunner" of Endo-Hepatology and has become a clinical option for patients requiring histologic diagnosis and staging of their liver disease. EUS also enables direct access to the portal vein. Subsequently, many procedures are being explored, such as angiography, measurement of the portosystemic pressure gradient, portal vein sampling to detect cancer cell or DNA, and EUS-guided transhepatic intrahepatic portosystemic shunt creation. Since the transducer is close to the liver, especially the left and caudate lobes, EUS can be used as a rescue when the percutaneous approach is not favorable and EUS-guided treatments of liver tumor, cyst and abscess have been reported. This review summarizes the available studies of EUS-guided intervention in the liver.

Artificial intelligence using convolutional neural networks for real-time detection of early esophageal neoplasia in Barrett's esophagus (with video).

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The visual detection of early esophageal neoplasia (high-grade dysplasia and T1 cancer) in Barrett's esophagus (BE) with white-light and virtual chromoendoscopy still remains challenging. The aim of this study was to assess whether a convolutional neural artificial intelligence network can aid in the recognition of early esophageal neoplasia in BE. METHODS: Nine hundred sixteen images from 65 patients of histology-proven early esophageal neoplasia in BE containing high-grade dysplasia or T1 cancer were collected. The area of neoplasia was masked using image annotation software. Nine hundred nineteen control images were collected of BE without high-grade dysplasia. A convolutional neural network (CNN) algorithm was pretrained on ImageNet and then fine-tuned with the goal of providing the correct binary classification of "dysplastic" or "nondysplastic." We developed an object detection algorithm that drew localization boxes around regions classified as dysplasia. RESULTS: The CNN analyzed 458 test images (225 dysplasia and 233 nondysplasia) and correctly detected early neoplasia with sensitivity of 96.4%, specificity of 94.2%, and accuracy of 95.4%. With regard to the object detection algorithm for all images in the validation set, the system was able to achieve a mean average precision of .7533 at an intersection over union of .3 CONCLUSIONS: In this pilot study, our artificial intelligence model was able to detect early esophageal neoplasia in BE images with high accuracy. In addition, the object detection algorithm was able to draw a localization box around the areas of dysplasia with high precision and at a speed that allows for real-time implementation.

Learning curve and competence for volumetric laser endomicroscopy in Barrett's esophagus using cumulative sum analysis.

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Little is known about the learning curve for image interpretation in volumetric laser endomicroscopy (VLE) in Barrett's esophagus (BE). The goal of this study was to calculate the learning curve, competence of image interpretation, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of VLE among novice users. METHODS: 31 novice users viewed 96 VLE images electronically at three academic institutions after a brief training session. There were 24 images of each histologic type: normal gastric cardia, normal esophageal squamous epithelium, non-neoplastic BE, and neoplastic BE. The users were asked to identify the correct tissue type and level of confidence. The cumulative summation (CUSUM) technique was used to construct a learning curve. RESULTS: 22 (71 %) of the physicians achieved VLE interpretation competency during their 96-slide review. Half of the physicians achieved competency at 65 images (95 % confidence interval [CI] 45 - 85). There was a statistically significant association between confidence in diagnosis and selecting the correct histologic tissue type (P < 0.001). The median accuracy for esophageal squamous epithelium, normal gastric cardia, non-neoplastic BE, and neoplastic BE was 96 % (95 %CI 95 % - 96 %), 95 % (95 %CI 94 % - 96 %), 90 % (95 %CI 88 % - 91 %), 96 % (95 %CI 95 % - 96 %). The overall accuracy was 95 % (95 %CI 93 % - 95 %). CONCLUSION: The majority of novice users achieved competence in image interpretation of VLE for BE, using a pre-selected image set, with a favorable learning curve after a brief training session. An electronic review of VLE images, prior to real-time use of VLE, is encouraged.

Volumetric laser endomicroscopy in the management of Barrett's esophagus.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma is on the rise despite widespread appreciation that the precursor lesion is Barrett's esophagus. Studies have shown that some patients known to have Barrett's esophagus develop cancer despite their enrollment in conventional endoscopic surveillance programs. This highlights the need for advanced endoscopic imaging to help identify early neoplasia and prevent its progression to esophageal cancer. Recently, a wide-field, second-generation optical coherence tomography endoscopic platform called volumetric laser endomicroscopy (VLE) was cleared by the Food and Drug Administration and made commercially available for advanced imaging in Barrett's esophagus. RECENT FINDINGS: The current review discusses current literature on VLE imaging in Barrett's esophagus. Based on ex-vivo studies, criteria have been established for identifying Barrett's esophagus-associated neoplasia. In addition, recent studies, case series, and case reports have demonstrated that VLE is well tolerated, efficacious, and can target neoplasia. SUMMARY: VLE is a new advanced imaging platform for Barrett's esophagus with considerable promise to target Barrett's esophagus-associated neoplasia. The following are needed to establish VLE's clinical role: studies showing incremental yield of dysplasia detection using VLE, studies to determine VLE's in-vivo diagnostic accuracy for identifying and classifying Barrett's esophagus-associated neoplasia, and studies on the cost-efficacy of VLE.

EUS-guided portal pressure gradient measurement with a simple novel device: a human pilot study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Portal hypertension (PH) is a serious adverse event of liver cirrhosis. The hepatic venous pressure gradient or portal pressure gradient (PPG) accurately reflects the degree of PH and is the single best prognostic indicator in liver disease. This is usually obtained by interventional radiology (IR), although it is not routinely performed. Recently, we developed a simple novel technique for EUS-guided PPG measurement (PPGM). Our animal studies showed excellent correlation between EUS-PPGM and IR-PPGM. We present the first human pilot study of EUS-PPGM in patients with liver disease. METHODS: EUS-PPGM was performed by experienced endosonographers using a linear echoendoscope, a 25-gauge fine-needle aspiration needle, and a novel compact manometer. The portal vein and hepatic vein (or inferior vena cava) were targeted using a transgastric-transduodenal approach. Clinical parameters of PH were evaluated in each patient. Feasibility was defined as successful PPGM in each patient. Safety was based on adverse events captured in a postprocedural interview. RESULTS: Twenty-eight patients underwent EUS-PPGM with 100% technical success and no adverse events. PPG ranged from 1.5 to 19 mm Hg and had excellent correlation with clinical parameters of portal hypertension including the presence of varices (P = .0002), PH gastropathy (P = .007), and thrombocytopenia (P = .036). PPG was increased in patients with high clinical evidence of cirrhosis (P = .005). CONCLUSION: This novel technique of EUS-PPGM using a 25-gauge needle and compact manometer is feasible and appears safe. Given the availability of EUS and the simplicity of the manometry setup, EUS-guided PPG may represent a promising breakthrough for procuring indispensable information in the management of patients with liver disease.

Volumetric laser endomicroscopy in Barrett's esophagus: interobserver agreement for interpretation of Barrett's esophagus and associated neoplasia among high-frequency users.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Targeting neoplasia in Barrett's esophagus (BE) is challenging. Volumetric laser endomicroscopy (VLE) is a new imaging technique that allows for real time cross-sectional microstructure imaging that can detect BE neoplasia. The interobserver agreement among users in practice is unknown. METHODS: Eight high-volume users of VLE from different academic centers in the United States evaluated 120 stored VLE images blinded to the endoscopic and clinical findings. There were 30 images for each tissue type: gastric cardia, esophageal squamous mucosa, nonneoplastic BE, and neoplastic BE. Each image with BE had corresponding histology confirming the tissue diagnosis. Each normal esophagus and gastric cardia had matching endoscopic images confirming normal mucosa. These were considered the criterion standard. Respondents were asked to classify the images into 1 of each category. Agreement among the users was measured. RESULTS: The overall agreement among users was almost perfect (kappa = 0.81; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.79-0.83). For esophageal squamous and gastric cardia, the agreement was almost perfect (kappa 0.95 and 0.86, respectively [95% CI, 0.92-0.98 and 0.83-0.89]). For nonneoplastic BE and neoplastic BE, the agreement was strong (kappa 0.66 [95% CI, 0.63-0.69] and 0.79 [95% CI, 0.75-0.82], respectively). When compared with the criterion standard, the median accuracy for identifying normal squamous mucosa, normal gastric mucosa, nonneoplastic BE, neoplastic BE, and all tissue types was 99% (95% CI, 98%-100%), 97% (95% CI, 95%-99%), 93% (95% CI, 88%-98%), 95% (95% CI, 91%-99%), and 96% (95% CI, 94%-99%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: VLE has a high level of agreement and accuracy among high-volume users.

EUS and related technologies for the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic disease: research gaps and opportunities-Summary of a National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases workshop.

A workshop was sponsored by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases to address the research gaps and opportunities in pancreatic EUS. The event occurred on July 26, 2017 in 4 sessions: (1) benign pancreatic diseases, (2) high-risk pancreatic diseases, (3) diagnostic and therapeutics, and (4) new technologies. The current state of knowledge was reviewed, with identification of numerous gaps in knowledge and research needs. Common themes included the need for large multicenter consortia of various pancreatic diseases to facilitate meaningful research of these entities; to standardize EUS features of different pancreatic disorders, the technique of sampling pancreatic lesions, and the performance of various therapeutic EUS procedures; and to identify high-risk disease early at the cellular level before macroscopic disease develops. The need for specialized tools and accessories to enable the safe and effective performance of therapeutic EUS procedures also was discussed.

Incidence of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma and Causes of Mortality After Radiofrequency Ablation of Barrett's Esophagus.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is commonly used to treat Barrett's esophagus (BE). We assessed the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) after RFA, factors associated with the development of EAC, and EAC-specific and all-cause mortality. METHODS: We collected data for outcomes of patients who underwent RFA for BE from July 2007 through July 2011 from US multicenter RFA Patient Registry. Patients were followed until July 2014. Kaplan-Meier curves of EAC incidence were stratified by baseline histology. Crude EAC incidence and mortality (all-cause and EAC-specific) were calculated, and adjusted all-cause mortality was assessed. Logistic regression models were constructed to assess predictors of EAC and all-cause mortality. RESULTS: Among 4982 patients, 100 (2%) developed EAC (7.8/1000 person-years [PY]) and 9 patients (0.2%) died of EAC (0.7/1000 PY) in a mean 2.7 ± 1.6 years. The incidence of EAC in nondysplastic BE was 0.5/1000 PY. Overall, 157 patients (3%) died during follow-up (all-cause mortality, 11.2/1000 PY). On multivariate logistic regression, baseline BE length (odds ratio, 1.1/ cm) and baseline histology (odds ratios, 5.8 and 50.3 for low-grade dysplasia and high-grade dysplasia [HGD] respectively) predicted EAC incidence. Among 9 EAC deaths, 6 (67%) had baseline HGD, and 3 (33%) had baseline intramucosal EAC. The most common causes of death were cardiovascular (15%) and extraesophageal cancers (15%). No deaths were associated with RFA. CONCLUSIONS: Based on analysis of a multicenter registry of patients who underwent RFA of BE, less than 1% died from EAC. The incidence of EAC was markedly lower in this study than in other studies of disease progression, with the greatest absolute benefit observed in patients with HGD.

EUS-guided portal pressure gradient measurement with a novel 25-gauge needle device versus standard transjugular approach: a comparison animal study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Portal hypertension (PH) is a serious adverse event of liver cirrhosis. The hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) accurately reflects the degree of PH and is the single best prognostic factor in liver disease. Currently, portal pressure gradient (PPG) measurement is performed at interventional radiology (IR) with a standard transjugular approach requiring radiation and intravenous contrast. The aim of this study was to develop a novel EUS-guided system using a 25G FNA needle and compact manometer to directly measure PPG and to evaluate its performance and clinical feasibility. METHODS: Experiments were performed in 3 swine that were under general anesthesia. Manometry was performed in venous (baseline and PH) and arterial (aorta) systems. The PH model was created by rapid Dextran-40 infusion peripherally. Under EUS guidance a 25G FNA needle with attached manometer was used to puncture (transgastric-transhepatic approach) and measure pressures in the portal vein, right hepatic vein (RHV), inferior vena cava (IVC), and aorta. With the IR approach, RHV (free and wedged), IVC, and aorta pressure were measured with an occlusion balloon. Pressure correlation was divided into 3 groups; low pressure (baseline), medium pressure (noncirrhotic portal hypertensive model), and high pressure (arterial). Correlation between the 2 methods of measurement was charted in scatter plots, and the Pearson's correlation coefficient (R) was calculated. RESULTS: EUS identification, access, and manometry was successful in all targeted vessels. There was excellent correlation (R, .985-.99) between EUS and IR methods in all pressure ranges. No adverse event occurred. CONCLUSIONS: This novel technique of EUS-PPG measurement using a 25G needle and novel manometer was feasible and demonstrated excellent correlation with the standard transjugular method throughout low, medium, and high pressure ranges.