Cryopreservation of mouse thymus depletes thymocytes but supports immune reconstitution on transplantation.

Cryopreservation of mouse thymus depletes donor thymocytes but preserves thymus function when transplanted after thawing into athymic mice. No differences in immune reconstitution were observed between fresh and frozen/thawed transplants suggesting that donor thymocyte depletion does not affect outcome. Thus, cryopreservation of thymus may improve outcomes in thymus transplant patients.

The Pioneer Transcription Factor Foxa2 Modulates T Helper Differentiation to Reduce Mouse Allergic Airway Disease.

Foxa2, a member of the Forkhead box (Fox) family of transcription factors, plays an important role in the regulation of lung function and lung tissue homeostasis. FOXA2 expression is reduced in the lung and airways epithelium of asthmatic patients and in mice absence of Foxa2 from the lung epithelium contributes to airway inflammation and goblet cell hyperplasia. Here we demonstrate a novel role for Foxa2 in the regulation of T helper differentiation and investigate its impact on lung inflammation. Conditional deletion of Foxa2 from T-cells led to increased Th2 cytokine secretion and differentiation, but decreased Th1 differentiation and IFN-γ expression in vitro. Induction of mouse allergic airway inflammation resulted in more severe disease in the conditional Foxa2 knockout than in control mice, with increased cellular infiltration to the lung, characterized by the recruitment of eosinophils and basophils, increased mucus production and increased production of Th2 cytokines and serum IgE. Thus, these experiments suggest that Foxa2 expression in T-cells is required to protect against the Th2 inflammatory response in allergic airway inflammation and that Foxa2 is important in T-cells to maintain the balance of effector cell differentiation and function in the lung.

Systemic Pharmacological Smoothened Inhibition Reduces Lung T-Cell Infiltration and Ameliorates Th2 Inflammation in a Mouse Model of Allergic Airway Disease.

Allergic asthma is a common inflammatory airway disease in which Th2 immune response and inflammation are thought to be triggered by inhalation of environmental allergens. Many studies using mouse models and human tissues and genome-wide association have indicated that Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) and the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway are involved in allergic asthma and that Shh is upregulated in the lung on disease induction. We used a papain-induced mouse model of allergic airway inflammation to investigate the impact of systemic pharmacological inhibition of the Hh signal transduction molecule smoothened on allergic airway disease induction and severity. Smoothened-inhibitor treatment reduced the induction of Shh, IL-4, and IL-13 in the lung and decreased serum IgE, as well as the expression of Smo, Il4, Il13, and the mucin gene Muc5ac in lung tissue. Smoothened inhibitor treatment reduced cellular infiltration of eosinophils, mast cells, basophils, and CD4+ T-cells to the lung, and eosinophils and CD4+ T-cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage. In the mediastinal lymph nodes, smoothened inhibitor treatment reduced the number of CD4+ T-cells, and the cell surface expression of Th2 markers ST2 and IL-4rα and expression of Th2 cytokines. Thus, overall pharmacological smoothened inhibition attenuated T-cell infiltration to the lung and Th2 function and reduced disease severity and inflammation in the airway.