One-year effectiveness of high-load compared with low-load strengthening exercise on self-reported function in patients with hypermobile shoulders: a secondary analysis from a randomised controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the long-term effectiveness of high-load versus low-load strengthening exercise on self-reported function in patients with hypermobility spectrum disorder (HSD) and shoulder symptoms. METHODS: A secondary analysis of a superiority, parallel-group, randomised trial (balanced block randomisation 1:1, electronic concealment) including adult patients (n=100) from primary care with HSD and shoulder pain and/or instability ≥3 months. Patients received 16 weeks of shoulder exercises (three sessions/week): HEAVY (n=50, full-range, high-load, supervised twice/week) or LIGHT (n=50, neutral/mid-range, low-load, supervised three times in total). The 1-year between-group difference in change in self-reported function was measured using the Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index (WOSI, scale 0-2100, 0=best). Secondary outcomes were self-reported measures including changes in shoulder-related symptoms, function, emotions and lifestyle, quality of life, patient-perceived effect, treatment utility and adverse events. A blinded analyst conducted the analyses using linear mixed model repeated measurements analysis. RESULTS: One-year data were available in 86 out of 100 participants (79% women, mean age 37.8 years) (LIGHT 84%, HEAVY 88%). The mean WOSI score between-group difference favoured HEAVY (-92.9, 95% CI -257.4 to 71.5, p=0.268) but was not statistically significant. The secondary outcomes were mostly inconclusive, but patients in HEAVY had larger improvement in the WOSI emotions subdomain (-36.3; 95% CI -65.4 to -7.3, p=0.014). Patient-perceived effect favoured HEAVY anchored in WOSI-emotions (55% vs 31%, p=0.027) and WOSI-lifestyle (50% vs 29%, p=0.042). CONCLUSION: High-load shoulder strengthening exercise was not superior to low-load strengthening exercise in improving self-reported function at 1 year. High-load strengthening exercise may be more effective in improving patient emotions about shoulder pain and function, but more robust data are needed to support these findings. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT03869307.

Physiological effects of temperature on Greenland halibut Reinhardtius hippoglossoides shows high vulnerability of Arctic stenotherms to global warming.

Global warming affects the metabolism of ectothermic aquatic breathers forcing them to migrate and undergo high-latitudinal distribution shifts to circumvent the temperature-induced mismatch between increased metabolic demand and reduced water oxygen availability. Here the authors examined the effects of temperature on oxygen consumption rates in an Arctic stenotherm, the Greenland halibut Reinhardtius hippoglossoides, and calculated the optimal temperature for maximum aerobic scope, AS(Topt,AS ), which was found to be 2.44°C. They also investigated cardiac performance as limiting the oxygen transport chain at high temperatures by measuring maximum heart rate (fHmax ) over acute temperature increases and found various metrics related to fHmax to be at least 3.2°C higher than Topt,AS . The authors' measured Topt,AS closely reflected in situ temperature occurrences of Greenland halibut from long-term tagging studies, showing that AS of the species is adapted to its habitat temperature, and is thus a good proxy for the species' sensitivity to environmental warming. The authors did not find a close connection between fHmax and Topt,AS , suggesting that cardiac performance is not limiting for the oxygen transport chain at high temperatures in this particular Arctic stenotherm. The authors' estimate of the thermal envelope for AS of Greenland halibut was from -1.89 to 8.07°C, which is exceptionally narrow compared to most other species of fish. As ocean temperatures increase most rapidly in the Arctic in response to climate change, and species in these areas have limited possibility for further poleward-range shifts, these results suggest potential severe effects of global warming on Arctic stenotherms, such as the Greenland halibut. The considerable economic importance of the species raises concerns for future fisheries and species conservation of Arctic stenotherms in the Northern Hemisphere.

Effects of temperature on physiological performance and behavioral thermoregulation in an invasive fish, the round goby.

Invasive species exert negative impacts on biodiversity and ecosystems on a global scale, which may be enhanced in the future by climate change. Knowledge of how invasive species respond physiologically and behaviorally to novel and changing environments can improve our understanding of which traits enable the ecological success of these species, and potentially facilitate mitigation efforts. We examined the effects of acclimation to temperatures ranging from 5 to 28°C on aerobic metabolic rates, upper temperature tolerance (critical thermal maximum, CTmax), as well as temperature preference (Tpref) and avoidance (Tavoid) of the round goby (Neogobius melanostomus), one of the most impactful invasive species in the world. We show that round goby maintained a high aerobic scope from 15 to 28°C; that is, the capacity to increase its aerobic metabolic rate above that of its maintenance metabolism remained high across a broad thermal range. Although CTmax increased relatively little with acclimation temperature compared with other species, Tpref and Tavoid were not affected by acclimation temperature at all, meaning that round goby maintained a large thermal safety margin (CTmax-Tavoid) across acclimation temperatures, indicating a high level of thermal resilience in this species. The unperturbed physiological performance and high thermal resilience were probably facilitated by high levels of phenotypic buffering, which can make species readily adaptable and ecologically competitive in novel and changing environments. We suggest that these physiological and behavioral traits could be common for invasive species, which would only increase their success under continued climate change.

Guidelines for reporting methods to estimate metabolic rates by aquatic intermittent-flow respirometry.

Interest in the measurement of metabolic rates is growing rapidly, because of the importance of metabolism in advancing our understanding of organismal physiology, behaviour, evolution and responses to environmental change. The study of metabolism in aquatic animals is undergoing an especially pronounced expansion, with more researchers utilising intermittent-flow respirometry as a research tool than ever before. Aquatic respirometry measures the rate of oxygen uptake as a proxy for metabolic rate, and the intermittent-flow technique has numerous strengths for use with aquatic animals, allowing metabolic rate to be repeatedly estimated on individual animals over several hours or days and during exposure to various conditions or stimuli. There are, however, no published guidelines for the reporting of methodological details when using this method. Here, we provide the first guidelines for reporting intermittent-flow respirometry methods, in the form of a checklist of criteria that we consider to be the minimum required for the interpretation, evaluation and replication of experiments using intermittent-flow respirometry. Furthermore, using a survey of the existing literature, we show that there has been incomplete and inconsistent reporting of methods for intermittent-flow respirometry over the past few decades. Use of the provided checklist of required criteria by researchers when publishing their work should increase consistency of the reporting of methods for studies that use intermittent-flow respirometry. With the steep increase in studies using intermittent-flow respirometry, now is the ideal time to standardise reporting of methods, so that - in the future - data can be properly assessed by other scientists and conservationists.

The combined effect of body size and temperature on oxygen consumption rates and the size-dependency of preferred temperature in European perch Perca fluviatilis.

The present study determined the effect of body mass and acclimation temperature (15-28°C) on oxygen consumption rate (MO2 ) and the size dependency of preferred temperature in European perch Perca fluviatilis. Standard metabolic rate (SMR) scaled allometrically with body mass by an exponent of 0.86, and temperature influenced SMR with a Q10 of 1.9 regardless of size. Maximum metabolic rate (MMR) and aerobic scope (MMR-SMR) scaled allometrically with body mass by exponents of 0.75-0.88. The mass scaling exponents of MMR and aerobic scope changed with temperature and were lowest at the highest temperature. Consequently, the optimal temperature for aerobic scope decreased with increasing body mass. Notably, fish <40 g did not show a decrease aerobic scope with increasing temperature. Factorial aerobic scope (MMR × SMR-1 ) generally decreased with increasing temperatures, was unaffected by size at the lower temperatures, and scaled negatively with body mass at the highest temperature. Similar to the optimal temperature for aerobic scope, preferred temperature declined with increasing body mass, unaffectedly by acclimation temperature. The present study indicates a limitation in the capacity for oxygen uptake in larger fish at high temperatures. A constraint in oxygen uptake at high temperature may restrict the growth of larger fish with environmental warming, at least if food availability is not limited. Furthermore, behavioural thermoregulation may be contributing to regional changes in the size distribution of fish in the wild caused by global warming as larger individuals will prefer colder water at higher latitudes and at larger depths than smaller conspecifics with increasing environmental temperatures.

Comparison of the organic matrix found in intestinal CaCO3 precipitates produced by several marine teleost species.

Marine bony fish poses the unique ability to hydrate from imbibed seawater. They accomplish this, in part, by the precipitation of inorganic carbonate mineral in their intestine, which lowers luminal osmotic pressure and allows for water uptake. It has recently been described that in the Gulf toadfish (Opsanus beta) this Ca(Mg)CO3 precipitation occurs under the regulation of an organic matrix. To date no investigations have aimed to determine if this phenomenon applies more generally to marine fish. Here, intestinally derived precipitates were collected from gray snapper (Lutjanus griseus), white grunt (Haemulon plumieri), European flounder (Platichthys flesus), as well as Gulf toadfish, and their matrices were extracted. The ability of these matrices to regulate CaCO3 production was determined using an in vitro calcification assay, which revealed that the matrix derived from each of the tested species increased precipitation at low concentrations, while inhibiting it at higher concentrations in full agreement with the earlier studies on toadfish. Matrix extracted from European flounder precipitates was then analyzed by mass spectrometry, leading to the identification of over 50 unique proteins. When the identities of these proteins were compared to previous investigation of toadfish precipitate matrix, nearly 35% were found to overlap between the flounder and toadfish analyses, suggesting conserved mechanisms of precipitation control. The effects of using different sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solutions during precipitate purification on the resulting organic matrix are also discussed.

3D whole body preclinical micro-CT database of subcutaneous tumors in mice with annotations from 3 annotators.

A pivotal animal model for development of anticancer molecules is mice with subcutaneous tumors, grown by injection of xenografted tumor cells, where micro-Computed Tomography (µCT) of the mice is used to analyze the efficacy of the anticancer molecule. Manual delineation of the tumor region is necessary for the analysis, which is time-consuming and inconsistent, highlighting the need for automatic segmentation (AS) tools. This study introduces a preclinical µCT database, comprising 452 whole-body scans from 223 individual mice with subcutaneous tumors, spanning ten diverse µCT datasets conducted between 2014 and 2020 on a preclinical PET/CT scanner, making it the hitherto largest dataset of its kind. Each tumor is annotated manually by three expert annotators, allowing for robust model development. Inter-annotator agreement was analyzed, and we report an overall annotation agreement of 0.903 ± 0.046 (mean ± std) Fleiss' Kappa and a mean deviation in volume estimation of 0.015 ± 0.010 cm3 (6.9% ± 4.7), which establishes a human baseline accuracy for delineation of subcutaneous tumors, while showing good inter-annotator agreement.

Field Cancerization Is Associated with Tumor Development, T-cell Exhaustion, and Clinical Outcomes in Bladder Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Field cancerization is characterized by areas of normal tissue affected by mutated clones. Bladder field cancerization may explain the development and recurrence of bladder cancer and may be associated with treatment outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the predictive and prognostic roles of field cancerization in patients with high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) treated with bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: We conducted comprehensive genomic and proteomic analyses for 751 bladder biopsies and 234 urine samples from 136 patients with NMIBC. The samples were collected at multiple time points during the disease course. Field cancerization in normal-appearing bladder biopsies was measured using deep-targeted sequencing and error correction models. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Endpoints included the rates of recurrence and progression. Cox regression and Wilcoxon rank-sum and Fisher's exact tests were used. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: A high level of field cancerization was associated with high tumor mutational burden (p = 0.007), high tumor neoantigen load (p = 0.029), and high tumor-associated CD8 T-cell exhaustion (p = 0.017). In addition, high field cancerization was associated with worse short-term outcomes (p = 0.029). Nonsynonymous mutations in bladder cancer-associated genes such as KDM6A, ARID1A, and TP53 were identified as early disease drivers already found in normal-appearing bladder biopsies. Urinary tumor DNA (utDNA) levels reflected the bladder tumor burden and originated from tumors and field cancerization. High levels of utDNA after BCG were associated with worse clinical outcomes (p = 0.027) and with disease progression (p = 0.003). High field cancerization resulted in high urinary levels of proteins associated with angiogenesis and proliferation. Limitations include variation in the number of biopsies and time points analyzed. CONCLUSIONS: Field cancerization levels are associated with tumor development, immune responses, and clinical outcomes. utDNA measurements can be used to monitor disease status and treatment response. PATIENT SUMMARY: Molecular changes in the tissue lining the bladder result in tumor recurrence. Urinary measurements may be used to monitor bladder cancer status and treatment responses.

Humoral and cellular immune response from first to fourth SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination in anti-CD20-treated multiple sclerosis patients-a longitudinal cohort study.

Background: This study examines the humoral and cellular response in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients on anti-CD20 therapy before and after the 1st to 4th BNT162b2 mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and the relationship with breakthrough infection. Methods: Participants with McDonald 2017 MS that were treated with ocrelizumab were included. The study duration was throughout the COVID-19 pandemic until four months after fourth mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccination (BNT162b2). Longitudinal blood samples were analysed for: IgG antibodies of SARS-CoV-2 spike anti-receptor binding domain (anti-RBD), nucleocapsid IgG antibodies (anti-N) and activation induced marker expressing CD4+, CD8+ T-cells and concentration of ocrelizumab and anti-drug antibodies. Incidences of breakthrough infection were confirmed with SARS-CoV-2 PCR tests. Results: The rate of anti-RBD positive participants increased substantially between the third and fourth vaccination from 22.2% to 55.9% (median 54.7 BAU/mL; IQR: 14.5 - 221.2 BAU/mL and 607.7 BAU/mL; IQR: 29.4 - 784.6 BAU/mL, respectively). Within the same period 75% of participants experienced breakthrough infection. The fourth vaccination resulted in an additional increase in seropositive individuals (64.3%) (median 541.8 BAU/mL (IQR: 19.1-1007 BAU/mL). Breakthrough infection did not influence the cellular response without a significant change after the fourth vaccination. During the study period two participants had detectable anti-N, both after the fourth vaccination. No correlation was found between serum concentration of ocrelizumab and the humoral and cellular response. Discussion: Low levels or absence of specific anti-RBD following vaccination, with a significant increase after breakthrough infections and boosted by the fourth vaccination. T-cell reactivity remained sustained and unaffected by breakthrough infections.

Design of the 18-year follow-up of the Danish COPSAC2000 birth cohort.

BACKGROUND: Atopic diseases, obesity and neuropsychiatric disorders are lifestyle-related and environmental-related chronic inflammatory disorders, and the incidences have increased in the last years. OBJECTIVE: To outline the design of the 18-year follow-up of the Copenhagen Prospective Study on Asthma in Childhood (COPSAC2000) birth cohort, where risk factors of atopic diseases, obesity and neuropsychiatric disorders are identified through extensive characterisation of the environment, along with deep clinical phenotyping and biosampling for omics profiling. METHODS: COPSAC2000 is a Danish prospective clinical birth cohort study of 411 children born to mothers with asthma who were enrolled at 1 month of age and closely followed at the COPSAC clinical research unit through childhood for the development of atopic diseases. At the 18-year follow-up visit, biomaterial (hair, blood, urine, faeces, throat, and skin swabs, nasal lining fluid and scraping, and hypopharyngeal aspirates) and extensive information on environmental exposures and risk behaviours were collected along with deep metabolic characterisation and multiorgan investigations including anthropometrics, heart, lungs, kidneys, intestines, bones, muscles and skin. Neuropsychiatric diagnoses were captured from medical records and registers accompanied by electronic questionnaires on behavioural traits and psychopathology. RESULTS: A total of 370 (90%) of the 411 cohort participants completed the 18-year visit. Of these, 25.1% had asthma, 23.4% had a body mass index >25 kg/m2 and 16.8% had a psychiatric diagnosis in childhood. A total of 68.7% drank alcohol monthly, and when drinking, 22.2% drank >10 units. Of the participants, 31.4% were currently smoking, and of these, 24.1% smoked daily. A total of 23.8% had tried taking drugs, and 19.7% reported having done self-destructive behaviour. The mean screen time per day was 6.0 hours. CONCLUSION: This huge dataset on health and habits, exposures, metabolism, multiorgan assessments and biosamples from COPSAC2000 by age 18 provides a unique opportunity to explore risk factors and underlying mechanisms of atopic disease and other lifestyle-related, non-communicable diseases such as obesity and neuropsychiatric disorders, which are highly prevalent in the community and our cohort.

Aerobic metabolic scope mapping of an invasive fish species with global warming.

Climate change will exacerbate the negative effects associated with the introduction of non-indigenous species in marine ecosystems. Predicting the spread of invasive species in relation to environmental warming is therefore a fundamental task in ecology and conservation. The Baltic Sea is currently threatened by several local stressors and the highest increase in sea surface temperature of the world's large marine ecosystems. These new thermal conditions can further favour the spreading of the invasive round goby (Neogobius melanostomus), a fish of Ponto-Caspian origin, currently well established in the southern and central parts of the Baltic Sea. This study aims to assess the thermal habitat suitability of the round goby in the Baltic Sea considering the past and future conditions. The study combines sightings records with known physiological models of aerobic performance and sea surface temperatures. Physiological models read these temperatures, at sighting times and locations, to determine their effects on the aerobic metabolic scope (AMS) of the fish, a measure of its energetic potential in relation to environmental conditions. The geographical mapping of the AMS was used to describe the changes in habitat suitability during the past 3 decades and for climatic predictions (until 2100) showing that the favourable thermal habitat in the Baltic Sea has increased during the past 32 years and will continue to do so in all the applied climate model predictions. Particularly, the predicted new thermal conditions do not cause any reduction in the AMS of round goby populations, while the wintertime cold ranges are likely expected to preserve substantial areas from invasion. The results of this research can guide future monitoring programs increasing the chance to detect this invader in novel areas.

Cell-Free Urine and Plasma DNA Mutational Analysis Predicts Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Response and Outcome in Patients with Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer.

PURPOSE: To investigate the use of plasma and urine DNA mutation analysis for predicting neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) response and oncological outcome in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Whole-exome sequencing of tumor and germline DNA was performed for 92 patients treated with NAC followed by radical cystectomy (RC). A custom NGS-panel capturing approximately 50 mutations per patient was designed and used to track mutated tumor DNA in plasma and urine. A total of 447 plasma samples, 281 urine supernatants, and 123 urine pellets collected before, during, and after treatment were analyzed. Patients were enrolled from 2013 to 2019, with a median follow-up time of 41.3 months after RC. RESULTS: We identified tumor DNA before NAC in 89% of urine supernatants, 85% of urine pellets, and 43% of plasma samples. Tumor DNA levels were higher in urine supernatants and urine pellets compared with plasma samples (P < 0.001). In plasma, detection of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) before NAC was associated with a lower NAC response rate (P < 0.001). Detection of tumor DNA after NAC was associated with lower response rates in plasma, urine supernatant, and urine pellet (P < 0.001, P = 0.03, P = 0.002). Tumor DNA dynamics during NAC was predictive of NAC response and outcome in urine supernatant and plasma (P = 0.006 and P = 0.002). A combined measure from plasma and urine supernatant tumor DNA dynamics stratified patients by outcome (P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Analysis of tumor DNA in plasma and urine samples both separately and combined has a potential to predict treatment response and outcome.

Circulating Tumor DNA Analysis in Advanced Urothelial Carcinoma: Insights from Biological Analysis and Extended Clinical Follow-up.

PURPOSE: To investigate whether circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) assessment in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer predicts treatment response and provides early detection of metastatic disease. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We present full follow-up results (median follow-up: 68 months) from a previously described cohort of 68 neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC)-treated patients who underwent longitudinal ctDNA testing (712 plasma samples). In addition, we performed ctDNA evaluation of 153 plasma samples collected before and after radical cystectomy (RC) in a separate cohort of 102 NAC-naïve patients (median follow-up: 72 months). Total RNA sequencing of tumors was performed to investigate biological characteristics of ctDNA shedding tumors. RESULTS: Assessment of ctDNA after RC identified metastatic relapse with a sensitivity of 94% and specificity of 98% using the expanded follow-up data for the NAC-treated patients. ctDNA dynamics during NAC was independently associated with patient outcomes when adjusted for pathologic downstaging (HR = 4.7; P = 0.029). For the NAC-naïve patients, ctDNA was a prognostic predictor before (HR = 3.4; P = 0.0005) and after RC (HR = 17.8; P = 0.0002). No statistically significant difference in recurrence-free survival for patients without detectable ctDNA at diagnosis was observed between the cohorts. Baseline ctDNA positivity was associated with the Basal/Squamous (Ba/Sq) subtype and enrichment of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and cell cycle-associated gene sets. CONCLUSIONS: ctDNA is prognostic in NAC-treated and NAC-naïve patients with more than 5 years follow-up and outperforms pathologic downstaging in predicting treatment efficacy. Patients without detectable ctDNA at diagnosis may benefit significantly less from NAC, but additional studies are needed.

The developing airway and gut microbiota in early life is influenced by age of older siblings.

BACKGROUND: Growing up with siblings has been linked to numerous health outcomes and is also an important determinant for the developing microbiota. Nonetheless, research into the role of having siblings on the developing microbiota has mainly been incidental. RESULTS: Here, we investigate the specific effects of having siblings on the developing airway and gut microbiota using a total of 4497 hypopharyngeal and fecal samples taken from 686 children in the COPSAC2010 cohort, starting at 1 week of age and continuing until 6 years of age. Sibship was evaluated longitudinally and used for stratification. Microbiota composition was assessed using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing of the variable V4 region. We found siblings in the home to be one of the most important determinants of the developing microbiota in both the airway and gut, with significant differences in alpha diversity, beta diversity, and relative abundances of the most abundant taxa, with the specific associations being particularly apparent during the first year of life. The age gap to the closest older sibling was more important than the number of older siblings. The signature of having siblings in the gut microbiota at 1 year was associated with protection against asthma at 6 years of age, while no associations were found for allergy. CONCLUSIONS: Having siblings is one of the most important factors influencing a child's developing microbiota, and the specific effects may explain previously established associations between siblings and asthma and infectious diseases. As such, siblings should be considered in all studies involving the developing microbiota, with emphasis on the age gap to the closest older sibling rather than the number of siblings. Video abstract.

Elevated T-cell Exhaustion and Urinary Tumor DNA Levels Are Associated with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Failure in Patients with Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer.

BACKGROUND: The functional status of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment and tumor characteristics may explain bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) failure in high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). OBJECTIVE: To characterize molecular correlates of post-BCG high-grade (HG) recurrence using multiomics analysis. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Patients with BCG-treated NMIBC (n = 156) were included in the study. Metachronous tumors were analyzed using RNA sequencing (n = 170) and whole-exome sequencing (n = 195). Urine samples were analyzed for immuno-oncology-related proteins (n = 190) and tumor-derived DNA (tdDNA; n = 187). OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: The primary endpoint was post-BCG HG recurrence. Cox regression and Wilcoxon rank-sum, t, and Fisher's exact tests were used for analyses. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: BCG induced activation of the immune system regardless of clinical response; however, immunoinhibitory proteins were observed in the urine of patients with post-BCG HG recurrence (CD70, PD1, CD5). Post-BCG HG recurrence was associated with post-BCG T-cell exhaustion (p = 0.002). Pre-BCG tumors from patients with post-BCG T-cell exhaustion had high expression of genes related to cell division and immune function. A high predicted post-BCG exhaustion score for pre-BCG tumors was associated with worse post-BCG HG recurrence-free survival (HGRFS; p = 0.002). This was validated in independent cohorts. Pre-BCG class 2a and 2b tumors (UROMOL2021 scheme) were associated with worse post-BCG HGRFS (p = 0.015). Post-BCG exhaustion was observed in patients with high pre-BCG neoantigen load (p = 0.017) and MUC4 mutations (p = 0.002). Finally, the absence of post-BCG tdDNA clearance identified patients at high risk of recurrence (p = 0.018). The retrospective design and partial overlap for analyses are study limitations. CONCLUSIONS: Post-BCG HG recurrence may be caused by T-cell exhaustion. Tumor subtype and pre-BCG tumor characteristics may identify patients at high risk of post-BCG HG recurrence. Urinary measurements have potential for real-time assessment of treatment response. PATIENT SUMMARY: A dysfunctional immune response to bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) therapy may explain high-grade recurrences of bladder cancer.

Identification and Verification of the Prodigiosin Biosynthetic Gene Cluster (BGC) in Pseudoalteromonas rubra S4059.

Pseudoalteromonas rubra S4059 produces the red pigment prodigiosin, which has pharmaceutical and industrial potential. Here, we targeted a putative prodigiosin-synthesizing transferase PigC, and a pigC in-frame deletion mutant did not produce prodigiosin. However, extractions of the pigC mutant cultures retained antibacterial activity, and bioassay-guided fractionation found antibacterial activity in two fractions of blue color. A precursor of prodigiosin, 4-methoxy-2,2'-bipyrrole-5-carbaldehyde (MBC), was the dominant compound in both the fractions and likely caused the antibacterial activity. Also, a stable blue pigment, di-pyrrolyl-dipyrromethene prodigiosin, was identified from the two fractions. We also discovered antibacterial activity in the sterile filtered (nonextracted) culture supernatant of both wild type and mutant, and both contained a heat-sensitive compound between 30 and 100 kDa. Deletion of prodigiosin production did not affect growth rate or biofilm formation of P. rubra and did not change its fitness, as the mutant and wild type coexisted in equal levels in mixed cultures. In conclusion, a prodigiosin biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) was identified and verified genetically and chemically in P. rubra S4059 and a stable blue pigment was isolated from the pigC mutant of S4059, suggesting that this strain may produce several prodigiosin-derived compounds of pharmaceutical and/or industrial potential. IMPORTANCE Pigmented Pseudoalteromonas strains are renowned for their production of secondary metabolites, and genome mining has revealed a high number of biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) for which the chemistry is unknown. Identification of those BGCs is a prerequisite for linking products to gene clusters and for further exploitation through heterologous expression. In this study, we identified the BGCs for the red, bioactive pigment prodigiosin using genomic, genetic, and metabolomic approaches. We also report here for the first time the production of a stable blue pigment, di-pyrrolyl-dipyrromethene prodigiosin (Dip-PDG), being produced by the pigC mutant of Pseudoalteromonas rubra S4059.

Shuttle-box systems for studying preferred environmental ranges by aquatic animals.

Animals' selection of environments within a preferred range is key to understanding their habitat selection, tolerance to stressors and responses to environmental change. For aquatic animals, preferred environmental ranges can be studied in so-called shuttle-boxes, where an animal can choose its ambient environment by shuttling between separate choice chambers with differences in an environmental variable. Over time, researchers have refined the shuttle-box technology and applied them in many different research contexts, and we here review the use of shuttle-boxes as a research tool with aquatic animals over the past 50 years. Most studies on the methodology have been published in the latest decade, probably due to an increasing research interest in the effects of environmental change, which underlines the current popularity of the system. The shuttle-box has been applied to a wide range of research topics with regards to preferred ranges of temperature, CO 2 , salinity and O 2  in a vast diversity of species, showing broad applicability for the system. We have synthesized the current state-of-the-art of the methodology and provided best practice guidelines with regards to setup, data analyses, experimental design and study reporting. We have also identified a series of knowledge gaps, which can and should be addressed in future studies. We conclude with highlighting directions for research using shuttle-boxes within evolutionary biology and behavioural and physiological ecology.

SPTAN1, APC, and FGFR3 Mutation Status and APOBEC Mutation Signatures are Predictive of Mitomycin C Response in Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Currently, no biomarkers of response to mitomycin C have been identified in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients. Predictive biomarkers could improve the treatment outcome and eliminate adverse events from unnecessary treatment. OBJECTIVE: To identify and validate predictive biomarkers of chemoresection with mitomycin C. DESIGN SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: The intervention group of a randomised controlled trial was identified for analyses. The study was conducted between January 2018 and June 2019 in two major urological departments in Denmark. Patients had a history of Ta low-grade/high-grade disease and were included upon recurrence. The intervention group (58 patients) received chemoresection with mitomycin C. Tumour and reference germline DNA from prior tumours were analysed by whole exome sequencing. Predictive biomarkers were validated in the context of Ta low-grade tumours from the UROMOL study. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Response to chemotherapy (intervention group from the randomised controlled trial) and recurrence-free survival (UROMOL cohort) were measured. Groups were compared using Fisher's exact test and Wilcoxon rank sum test. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: Chemoresponse was associated with the mutation status of SPTAN1, APC, and FGFR3, and the level of APOBEC signature contribution (p = 0.035, p = 0.034, p = 0.055, and p = 0.035, respectively). The main limitations include no biopsy for biomarker discovery immediately prior to chemoresection and the unmatched validation cohort. CONCLUSIONS: Mutation status of APC, SPTAN1, and FGFR3 and the level of mutational contribution from APOBEC-related signatures were identified as potential predictive biomarkers for chemoresection with mitomycin C in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients. A prospective validation study is however needed. PATIENT SUMMARY: We investigated DNA from noninvasive bladder tumours in order to predict treatment response to chemotherapy. Four biomarkers showed promising results, which should be tested in future studies.

An integrated multi-omics analysis identifies prognostic molecular subtypes of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer.

The molecular landscape in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is characterized by large biological heterogeneity with variable clinical outcomes. Here, we perform an integrative multi-omics analysis of patients diagnosed with NMIBC (n = 834). Transcriptomic analysis identifies four classes (1, 2a, 2b and 3) reflecting tumor biology and disease aggressiveness. Both transcriptome-based subtyping and the level of chromosomal instability provide independent prognostic value beyond established prognostic clinicopathological parameters. High chromosomal instability, p53-pathway disruption and APOBEC-related mutations are significantly associated with transcriptomic class 2a and poor outcome. RNA-derived immune cell infiltration is associated with chromosomally unstable tumors and enriched in class 2b. Spatial proteomics analysis confirms the higher infiltration of class 2b tumors and demonstrates an association between higher immune cell infiltration and lower recurrence rates. Finally, the independent prognostic value of the transcriptomic classes is documented in 1228 validation samples using a single sample classification tool. The classifier provides a framework for biomarker discovery and for optimizing treatment and surveillance in next-generation clinical trials.

Genomic heterogeneity in bladder cancer: challenges and possible solutions to improve outcomes.

Histological and molecular analyses of urothelial carcinoma often reveal intratumoural and intertumoural heterogeneity at the genomic, transcriptional and cellular levels. Despite the clonal initiation of the tumour, progression and metastasis often arise from subclones that can develop naturally or during therapy, resulting in molecular alterations with a heterogeneous distribution. Variant histologies in tumour tissues that have developed distinct morphological characteristics divergent from urothelial carcinoma are extreme examples of tumour heterogeneity. Ultimately, heterogeneity contributes to drug resistance and relapse after therapy, resulting in poor survival outcomes. Mutation profile differences between patients with muscle-invasive and metastatic urothelial cancer (interpatient heterogeneity) probably contribute to variability in response to chemotherapy and immunotherapy as first-line treatments. Heterogeneity can occur on multiple levels and averaging or normalizing these alterations is crucial for clinical trial and drug design to enable appropriate therapeutic targeting. Identification of the extent of heterogeneity might shape the choice of monotherapy or additional combination treatments to target different drivers and genetic events. Identification of the lethal tumour cell clones is required to improve survival of patients with urothelial carcinoma.