Elucidation of molecular basis of osteolytic bone lesions in advanced multiple myeloma.

Osteolytic bone lesion is a major cause of lower quality of life and poor prognosis in patients with multiple myeloma (MM), but molecular pathogenesis of the osteolytic process in MM remains elusive. Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (FLT3L) was reported to be elevated in bone marrow (BM) and blood of patients with advanced MM who often show osteolysis. Here, we investigated a functional link of FLT3L to osteolytic process in MM. We recruited 86, 306, and 52 patients with MM, acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), respectively. FLT3L levels of patients with hematologic malignancies were measured in BM-derived plasma and found to be significantly higher in MM than in AML or ALL, which rarely show osteolysis. FLT3L levels were further elevated in MM patients with bone lesion compared with patients without bone lesion. In vitro cell-based assays showed that the administration of FLT3L to HEK293T, HeLa, and U2OS cells led to an increase in the DKK1 transcript level through STAT3 phosphorylation at tyrosine 705. WNT reporter assay showed that FLT3L treatment reduced WNT signaling and nuclear translocation of ß-catenin. These results collectively show that the FLT3L-STAT3-DKK1 pathway inhibits WNT signaling-mediated bone formation in MM, which can cause osteolytic bone lesion. Finally, transcriptomic profiles revealed that FLT3L and DKK1 were predominantly elevated in the hyperdiploidy subtype of MM. Taken together, FLT3L can serve as a promising biomarker for predicting osteolytic bone lesion and also a potential therapeutic target to prohibit the progression of the osteolytic process in MM with hyperdiploidy.

Event related potential exploration of the organizational structure of abstract versus concrete words in neurologically intact younger adults.

The purpose of this study was to test the effects of concreteness and relationship type (similarity vs. association) on semantic processing using event-related potentials (ERP). Neurophysiological evidence has been found for the concreteness effect and for an effect of relationship type. This study replicated and extended these findings by investigating the interaction of concreteness and relationship type. Twenty-four neurologically healthy young adults performed lexical decision and semantic relatedness tasks while continuous scalp EEG was recorded. Larger N400 effects were found for concrete words in associative relationships than for concrete words in similarity relationships and abstract words in either type of relationship. The results are discussed in relation to the different representational frameworks account for abstract and concrete word processing.