The Role of Adventitious Carbon in Photo-catalytic Nitrogen Fixation by Titania.

Photo-catalytic fixation of nitrogen by titania catalysts at ambient conditions has been reported for decades, yet the active site capable of adsorbing an inert N2 molecule at ambient pressure and the mechanism of dissociating the strong dinitrogen triple bond at room temperature remain unknown. In this work in situ near-ambient-pressure X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations are used to probe the active state of the rutile (110) surface. The experimental results indicate that photon-driven interaction of N2 and TiO2 is observed only if adventitious surface carbon is present, and computational results show a remarkably strong interaction between N2 and carbon substitution (C*) sites that act as surface-bound carbon radicals. A carbon-assisted nitrogen reduction mechanism is proposed and shown to be thermodynamically feasible. The findings provide a molecular-scale explanation for the long-standing mystery of photo-catalytic nitrogen fixation on titania. The results suggest that controlling and characterizing carbon-based active sites may provide a route to engineering more efficient photo(electro)-catalysts and improving experimental reproducibility.

Rational design of nanoscale stabilized oxide catalysts for OER with OC22.

The efficiency of H2 production via water electrolysis is limited by the sluggish oxygen evolution reaction (OER). As such, significant emphasis has been placed upon improving the rate of OER through the anode catalyst. More recently, the Open Catalyst 2022 (OC22) framework has provided a large dataset of density functional theory (DFT) calculations for OER intermediates on the surfaces of oxides. When coupled with state-of-the-art graph neural network models, total energy predictions can be achieved with a mean absolute error as low as 0.22 eV. In this work, we interpolated a database of the total energy predictions for all slabs and OER surface intermediates for 4119 oxide materials in the original OC22 dataset using pre-trained models from the OC22 framework. This database includes all terminations of all facets up to a maximum Miller index of 1. To demonstrate the full utility of this database, we constructed a flexible screening framework to identify viable candidate anode catalysts for OER under varying reaction conditions for bulk, surface, and nanoscale Pourbaix stability as well as material cost, overpotential, and metastability. From our assessment, we were able to identify 122 and 68 viable candidates for OER under the bulk and nanoscale regime, respectively.

Screening and Discovery of Metal Compound Active Sites for Strong and Selective Adsorption of N2 in Air.

Photocatalytic nitrogen fixation has the potential to provide a greener route for producing nitrogen-based fertilizers under ambient conditions. Computational screening is a promising route to discover new materials for the nitrogen fixation process, but requires identifying "descriptors" that can be efficiently computed. In this work, we argue that selectivity toward the adsorption of molecular nitrogen and oxygen can act as a key descriptor. A catalyst that can selectively adsorb nitrogen and resist poisoning of oxygen and other molecules present in air has the potential to facilitate the nitrogen fixation process under ambient conditions. We provide a framework for active site screening based on multifidelity density functional theory (DFT) calculations for a range of metal oxides, oxyborides, and oxyphosphides. The screening methodology consists of initial low-fidelity fixed geometry calculations and a second screening in which more expensive geometry optimizations were performed. The approach identifies promising active sites on several TiO2 polymorph surfaces and a VBO4 surface, and the full nitrogen reduction pathway is studied with the BEEF-vdW and HSE06 functionals on two active sites. The findings suggest that metastable TiO2 polymorphs may play a role in photocatalytic nitrogen fixation, and that VBO4 may be an interesting material for further studies.

Perspectives on the Competition between the Electrochemical Water and N2 Oxidation on a TiO2(110) Electrode.

The electrochemical nitrogen oxidation reaction (NOR) has recently drawn attention due to promising experimental and theoretical results. It provides an alternative, environmentally friendly route to directly synthesize nitrate from N2(g). There is to date a limited number of investigations focused on the electrochemical NOR. Herein, we present a detailed computational study on the kinetics of both the NOR and the competing oxygen evolution reaction (OER) on the TiO2(110) electrode under ambient conditions. The use of grand canonical density functional theory in combination with the linearized Poisson-Boltzmann equation allows a continuous tuning of the explicitly applied electrical potential. We find that the OER may either promote or suppress the NOR on TiO2(110) depending on reaction conditions. The detailed atomistic insights provided on the mechanisms of these competing processes make possible further developments toward a direct electrochemical NOR process.