Ide-cel or Standard Regimens in Relapsed and Refractory Multiple Myeloma.

BACKGROUND: Survival is poor among patients with triple-class-exposed relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma. Idecabtagene vicleucel (ide-cel), a B-cell maturation antigen-directed chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, previously led to deep, durable responses in patients with heavily pretreated relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma. METHODS: In this international, open-label, phase 3 trial involving adults with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma who had received two to four regimens previously (including immunomodulatory agents, proteasome inhibitors, and daratumumab) and who had disease refractory to the last regimen, we randomly assigned patients in a 2:1 ratio to receive either ide-cel (dose range, 150×106 to 450×106 CAR-positive T cells) or one of five standard regimens. The primary end point was progression-free survival. Key secondary end points were overall response (partial response or better) and overall survival. Safety was assessed. RESULTS: A total of 386 patients underwent randomization: 254 to ide-cel and 132 to a standard regimen. A total of 66% of the patients had triple-class-refractory disease, and 95% had daratumumab-refractory disease. At a median follow-up of 18.6 months, the median progression-free survival was 13.3 months in the ide-cel group, as compared with 4.4 months in the standard-regimen group (hazard ratio for disease progression or death, 0.49; 95% confidence interval, 0.38 to 0.65; P<0.001). A response occurred in 71% of the patients in the ide-cel group and in 42% of those in the standard-regimen group (P<0.001); a complete response occurred in 39% and 5%, respectively. Data on overall survival were immature. Adverse events of grade 3 or 4 occurred in 93% of the patients in the ide-cel group and in 75% of those in the standard-regimen group. Among the 225 patients who received ide-cel, cytokine release syndrome occurred in 88%, with 5% having an event of grade 3 or higher, and investigator-identified neurotoxic effects occurred in 15%, with 3% having an event of grade 3 or higher. CONCLUSIONS: Ide-cel therapy significantly prolonged progression-free survival and improved response as compared with standard regimens in patients with triple-class-exposed relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma who had received two to four regimens previously. The toxicity of ide-cel was consistent with previous reports. (Funded by 2seventy bio and Celgene, a Bristol-Myers Squibb company; KarMMa-3 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03651128.).

Cilta-cel or Standard Care in Lenalidomide-Refractory Multiple Myeloma.

BACKGROUND: Ciltacabtagene autoleucel (cilta-cel), a B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA)-directed CAR T-cell therapy, is effective in heavily pretreated patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. We investigated cilta-cel in earlier treatment lines in patients with lenalidomide-refractory disease. METHODS: In this phase 3, randomized, open-label trial, we assigned patients with lenalidomide-refractory multiple myeloma to receive cilta-cel or the physician's choice of effective standard care. All the patients had received one to three previous lines of treatment. The primary outcome was progression-free survival. RESULTS: A total of 419 patients underwent randomization (208 to receive cilta-cel and 211 to receive standard care). At a median follow-up of 15.9 months (range, 0.1 to 27.3), the median progression-free survival was not reached in the cilta-cel group and was 11.8 months in the standard-care group (hazard ratio, 0.26; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.18 to 0.38; P<0.001). Progression-free survival at 12 months was 75.9% (95% CI, 69.4 to 81.1) in the cilta-cel group and 48.6% (95% CI, 41.5 to 55.3) in the standard-care group. More patients in the cilta-cel group than in the standard-care group had an overall response (84.6% vs. 67.3%), a complete response or better (73.1% vs. 21.8%), and an absence of minimal residual disease (60.6% vs. 15.6%). Death from any cause was reported in 39 patients and 46 patients, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.5 to 1.2). Most patients reported grade 3 or 4 adverse events during treatment. Among the 176 patients who received cilta-cel in the as-treated population, 134 (76.1%) had cytokine release syndrome (grade 3 or 4, 1.1%; no grade 5), 8 (4.5%) had immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (all grade 1 or 2), 1 had movement and neurocognitive symptoms (grade 1), 16 (9.1%) had cranial nerve palsy (grade 2, 8.0%; grade 3, 1.1%), and 5 (2.8%) had CAR-T-related peripheral neuropathy (grade 1 or 2, 2.3%; grade 3, 0.6%). CONCLUSIONS: A single cilta-cel infusion resulted in a lower risk of disease progression or death than standard care in lenalidomide-refractory patients with multiple myeloma who had received one to three previous therapies. (Funded by Janssen and Legend Biotech; CARTITUDE-4 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04181827.).

Talquetamab, a T-Cell-Redirecting GPRC5D Bispecific Antibody for Multiple Myeloma.

BACKGROUND: G protein-coupled receptor, family C, group 5, member D (GPRC5D) is an orphan receptor expressed in malignant plasma cells. Talquetamab, a bispecific antibody against CD3 and GPRC5D, redirects T cells to mediate killing of GPRC5D-expressing myeloma cells. METHODS: In a phase 1 study, we evaluated talquetamab administered intravenously weekly or every other week (in doses from 0.5 to 180 µg per kilogram of body weight) or subcutaneously weekly, every other week, or monthly (5 to 1600 µg per kilogram) in patients who had heavily pretreated relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma that had progressed with established therapies (a median of six previous lines of therapy) or who could not receive these therapies without unacceptable side effects. The primary end points - the frequency and type of dose-limiting toxic effects (study part 1 only), adverse events, and laboratory abnormalities - were assessed in order to select the recommended doses for a phase 2 study. RESULTS: At the data-cutoff date, 232 patients had received talquetamab (102 intravenously and 130 subcutaneously). At the two subcutaneous doses recommended for a phase 2 study (405 µg per kilogram weekly [30 patients] and 800 µg per kilogram every other week [44 patients]), common adverse events were cytokine release syndrome (in 77% and 80% of the patients, respectively), skin-related events (in 67% and 70%), and dysgeusia (in 63% and 57%); all but one cytokine release syndrome event were of grade 1 or 2. One dose-limiting toxic effect of grade 3 rash was reported in a patient who had received talquetamab at the 800-µg dose level. At median follow-ups of 11.7 months (in patients who had received talquetamab at the 405-µg dose level) and 4.2 months (in those who had received it at the 800-µg dose level), the percentages of patients with a response were 70% (95% confidence interval [CI], 51 to 85) and 64% (95% CI, 48 to 78), respectively. The median duration of response was 10.2 months and 7.8 months, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Cytokine release syndrome, skin-related events, and dysgeusia were common with talquetamab treatment but were primarily low-grade. Talquetamab induced a substantial response among patients with heavily pretreated relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. (Funded by Janssen Research and Development; MonumenTAL-1 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03399799.).

Consensus guidelines and recommendations for the management and response assessment of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy in clinical practice for relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma: a report from the International Myeloma Working Group Immunotherapy Committee.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has shown promise in patients with late-line refractory multiple myeloma, with response rates ranging from 73 to 98%. To date, three products have been approved: Idecabtagene vicleucel (ide-cel) and ciltacabtagene autoleucel (cilta-cel), which are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, the European Medicines Agency, Health Canada (ide-cel only), and Brazil ANVISA (cilta-cel only); and equecabtagene autoleucel (eque-cel), which was approved by the Chinese National Medical Products Administration. CAR T-cell therapy is different from previous anti-myeloma therapeutics with unique toxic effects that require distinct mitigation strategies. Thus, a panel of experts from the International Myeloma Working Group was assembled to provide guidance for clinical use of CAR T-cell therapy in myeloma. This consensus opinion is from experts in the field of haematopoietic cell transplantation, cell therapy, and multiple myeloma therapeutics.

International Myeloma Working Group immunotherapy committee consensus guidelines and recommendations for optimal use of T-cell-engaging bispecific antibodies in multiple myeloma.

Multiple myeloma remains an incurable disease, despite the development of numerous drug classes and combinations that have contributed to improved overall survival. Immunotherapies directed against cancer cell-surface antigens, such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy and T-cell-redirecting bispecific antibodies, have recently received regulatory approvals and shown unprecedented efficacy. However, these immunotherapies have unique mechanisms of action and toxicities that are different to previous treatments for myeloma, so experiences from clinical trials and early access programmes are essential for providing specific recommendations for management of patients, especially as these agents become available across many parts of the world. Here, we provide expert consensus clinical practice guidelines for the use of bispecific antibodies for the treatment of myeloma. The International Myeloma Working Group is also involved in the collection of prospective real-time data of patients treated with such immunotherapies, with the aim of learning continuously and adapting clinical practices to optimise the management of patients receiving immunotherapies.

Anthropometric traits and risk of multiple myeloma: differences by race, sex and diagnostic clinical features.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is an established modifiable risk factor for multiple myeloma (MM). However, associations of obesity and MM risk in Black populations, for whom obesity and MM are more common, is less clear. METHODS: Using participants enrolled in the Integrative Molecular And Genetic Epidemiology study, we evaluated the association of anthropometric traits with MM risk overall, stratified by race and sex. Among cases, we assessed the association of BMI with the presence of myeloma-defining events. RESULTS: We observed an 18% increase in MM risk for every 5 kg/m2 increase in usual adult BMI. Participants with severe obesity (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2) had the highest risk compared to those with a normal usual adult BMI (18.5-24.9 kg/m2; OR = 1.87, 95% CI 1.25-2.80), particularly among Black men (OR = 3.94, 95% CI 0.90-17.36). Furthermore, MM cases with overweight/obesity (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) were more likely to present at diagnosis with low renal function (OR = 1.62, 95% CI 1.09-2.40), deletion 13q (OR = 1.73, 95% CI 1.08-2.76) and lytic lesions or compression fractures (OR = 2.39, 95% CI 0.82-7.01) and less likely to present with severe diffuse osteopenia (OR = 0.51, 95% CI 0.31-0.81). CONCLUSIONS: Findings underscore the importance of obesity as a modifiable risk factor for MM, particularly in high-risk populations, and for the clinical presentation of disease.

Bridging treatment prior to chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy in multiple myeloma.

Autologous patient-derived adoptive T-cell therapies have revolutionized the management of relapsed multiple myeloma (MM). However, the current manufacturing and quality control processes result in lengthy vein-to-vein time, making bridging therapy necessary for most patients. Yet the decision and choice of optimal bridging therapy are complex in the heavily pretreated relapsed MM patient. In this perspective piece, the authors provide their approach and considerations while selecting an optimal bridging regimen before autologous chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy.

Subsequent therapy and outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma experiencing disease progression after quadruplet combinations.

The combination of anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies to a proteasome inhibitor, an immunomodulatory agent and dexamethasone (quadruplet-QUAD) in sequence with autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) leads to deep and durable responses in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM). Disease progression in the first year post-QUADs is uncommon. We analysed 274 consecutive NDMM patients treated with QUADs + ASCT. After a median follow-up of 21.3 months, 20 patients had disease progression <18 months and 21 had progression ≥18 months after the onset of a QUAD regimen. All patients received subsequent anti-MM therapy, and 38 were evaluated for response. Nine (22.0%) received T-cell redirecting therapy as the next treatment, and 21 (51.2%) at some point in the treatment course. Response to next therapy was 26.3% for patients with progression <18 months and 52.6% for those with progression ≥18 months after the onset of a QUAD regimen. Median PFS on the next therapy was 2.5 months (95% CI 1.5-3.4) for those with progression <18 months and 7.0 months (95% CI 3.6-10.5) for those with progression ≥18 months. Efforts should focus on the early deployment of therapies with new mechanism of action for patients experiencing treatment failure after QUADs.

The Surface of Ionic Liquids in Water: From an Ionic Tug of War to a Quasi-Ordered Two-Dimensional Layer.

The sustainable development encompasses the search for new materials for energy storage, gas capture, separation, and solvents in industrial processes that can substitute conventional ones in an efficient and clean manner. Ionic liquids (ILs) emerged and have been advanced as alternative materials for such applications, but an obstacle is their hygroscopicity and the effects on their physical properties in the presence of humidity. Several industrial processes depend on the aqueous interfacial properties, and the main focus of this work is the water/IL interface. The behavior of the aqueous ionic liquids at the water-vacuum interface is representative for their water interfacial properties. Using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy in combination with molecular dynamics simulations we investigate four aqueous IL systems, and provide molecular level insight on the interfacial behaviour of the ionic liquids, such as ion-pair formation, orientation and surface concentration. We find that ionic liquids containing a chloride anion have a lowered surface enrichment due to the low surface propensity of chloride. In contrast, the ionic liquids containing a bistriflimide anion are extremely surface-enriched due to cooperative surface propensity between the cations and anions, forming a two-dimensional ionic liquid on the water surface at low concentrations.

Health-related quality of life in transplant-eligible patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma treated with daratumumab, lenalidomide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone: Patient-reported outcomes from GRIFFIN.

In the phase 2 GRIFFIN trial (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02874742), daratumumab added to lenalidomide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone (D-RVd) improved depth of response and progression-free survival (PFS) versus lenalidomide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone (RVd) alone in transplant-eligible (TE) patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM). Here, we present patient-reported outcomes (PROs) collected using the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30-item (QLQ-C30), EORTC Quality of Life Questionnaire Multiple Myeloma Module 20-item (QLQ-MY20), and EuroQol 5-Dimension 5-Level (EQ-5D-5L) tools on day 1 of cycles 1, 2, and 3; on day 21 of cycle 4 (end of induction therapy); on day 1 of cycle 5; on day 21 of cycle 6 (end of posttransplant consolidation therapy); and at months 6, 12, 18, and 24 of maintenance therapy. Meaningful improvements from baseline were seen in most of the PRO scales with both treatments after consolidation and were sustained for at least 2 years of maintenance treatment. Large reductions from baseline (~20 points) were especially observed in pain symptoms for both treatment groups, although these were numerically higher for patients receiving D-RVd during the majority of the time points. In addition, improvements in key scales, such as global health status, fatigue symptoms, and physical functioning, were also seen with both D-RVd and RVd. These improvements in health-related quality of life contribute to the totality of evidence supporting the improvement in clinical outcomes such as response rates and PFS with D-RVd in induction, consolidation, and maintenance therapy in TE patients with NDMM.

A theoretical study on radical scavenging activity of phenolic derivatives naturally found within Alternaria alternata extract.

The increasing oxidative stress demands potential chemical compounds derived from natural resources with good antioxidant activity to overcome adverse health issues. In this context, we investigated the antioxidant properties of four dibenzopyrone phenolic compounds obtained from the endophytic fungus Alternaria alternata: altenusin, altenusin B, alterlactone, and dehydroaltenusin using DFT calculations. Our investigation focused on understanding the structure-antioxidant property relationship. It delved into probing the activity by modelling the antioxidant mechanisms. The computed transition states and thermochemical parameters, along with the structural attributes, indicate that altenusin B has good antioxidant efficacy among the four compounds, and it follows the HAT mechanism in an aqueous phase. Remarkably, our findings indicate that altenusin B exhibits potent HOO˙ radical scavenging properties, characterized by the computed high rate constant. The molecular docking studies of these compounds with the pro-oxidant enzyme xanthine oxidase (XO) gave insights into the binding modes of the compounds in the protein environment. Furthermore, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were employed to study the interaction and stability of the compounds inside the XO enzyme. Our exploration sheds light on the radical scavenging potential of the -OH sites and the underlying antioxidant mechanisms that underpin the compounds' effective antioxidant potential.

Elranatamab efficacy in MagnetisMM-3 compared with real-world control arms in triple-class refractory multiple myeloma.

Elranatamab efficacy in the single-arm, registrational MagnetisMM-3 trial (NCT04649359) was compared with that of physician's choice of treatment (PCT) for triple-class refractory multiple myeloma. MagnestisMM-3 eligibility criteria were applied to two USA-based oncology electronic health record databases, COTA and Flatiron Health (FH), to identify cohorts for this study (NCT05932290). Applied statistical techniques accounted for cohort imbalances. MagnetisMM-3 (BCMA-naive; n = 123) outcomes were compared with those from COTA (n = 239) and FH (n = 152). Elranatamab was associated with a significantly higher objective response rate (risk ratios, 1.88-2.25), significantly longer progression-free survival (hazard ratios [HRs], 0.37-0.57), and, across most analyses, significantly longer overall survival (HRs, 0.46-0.66) versus PCT. BCMA-naive patients who were treated with elranatamab exhibited significantly better outcomes than patients treated in real-world clinical practice.

Elranatamab is a new medicine for the treatment of people with multiple myeloma. In the ongoing clinical trial MagnetisMM-3, most people had fewer myeloma cells when treated with elranatamab. However, MagnetisMM-3 only looks at the effects of elranatamab without comparing it to other myeloma treatments. Therefore, a new study was designed to compare the effectiveness of elranatamab in the MagnetisMM-3 study with other treatments used in real-world clinical practice (not in a clinical trial). Data from people in MagnetisMM-3 was compared with data from two US databases (COTA and Flatiron Health) containing health records of patients treated for multiple myeloma in real-life clinical practice. The same criteria used to select patients for the MagnetisMM-3 trial (123 people) were used to identify people with similar characteristics in COTA (239 people) and Flatiron Health (152 people). More people treated with elranatamab had fewer myeloma cells in their bodies after treatment than people who received their doctor's choice of treatment in clinical practice. In fact, six out of ten people treated with elranatamab had fewer myeloma cells versus about three in ten people from each real-world database. People treated with elranatamab versus physician's choice of treatment lived longer without their disease getting worse and lived longer overall. In conclusion, this study found that more people treated with elranatamab responded to treatment and lived longer than similar people from the COTA and Flatiron Health databases who were given treatments available in a real-world clinical setting.Clinical Trial Registration: NCT05932290 (ClinicalTrials.gov).

Exploring electron donor and acceptor effects: DFT analysis of ESIPT/GSIPT in 2-(oxazolinyl)-phenols for photophysical and luminophore enhancement.

Understanding excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) is essential for designing organic molecules to enhance photophysical and luminophore properties in the development of optoelectronic devices. In this context, an attempt has been made to understand the impact of substituents on the ESIPT process of 2-(oxazolinyl)-phenol. Electron donating (EDG: -NH2, -OCH3, and -CH3) and electron withdrawing (EWG: -Cl, -Br, -COOH, -CF3, -CN, and -NO2) substitutions have been computationally designed and screened through density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density-functional theory (TDDFT) calculations. Furthermore, the ground state intramolecular proton transfer and ESIPT mechanisms of these designed luminophores are explored using the transition state theory. The results reveal that molecules with EDG show higher absorption and emission peaks than molecules with EWG and also indicate that the mobility of charge carriers in 2-(oxazolinyl)-phenol derivatives is significantly influenced by substituents. We found that the EWGs decrease the reorganization energy and increase the vertical ionization potential and electron affinity values, as well as the highest occupied molecular orbital-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital gap, compared to the EDG substituted molecules. Significantly, the excited state (S1) of the keto emission (K) form shows notably larger values for the EDG substitutions. The intersystem crossing pathway efficiency weakens with reduced spin-orbit coupling matrix element in the enol form with electron-donating substituents and vice versa in the keto form during S1-T3 transitions. Our research links intramolecular proton transfers and triplet generation, making these substituted molecules appealing for optoelectronic devices. Introducing EDGs, such as -NH2, boosts the ESIPT reaction in 2-(oxazolinyl)-phenol. This study guides designing ESIPT emitters with unique photophysical properties.

Recommendations on prevention of infections during chimeric antigen receptor T-cell and bispecific antibody therapy in multiple myeloma.

Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR T) cell and bispecific antibody therapies have shown unprecedented efficacy in heavily pretreated patients with multiple myeloma (MM). However, their use is associated with a significant risk of severe infections, which can be attributed to various factors such as hypogammaglobulinemia, neutropenia, lymphopenia, T-cell exhaustion, cytokine-release syndrome and immune-effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome. As these therapies have been recently approved by regulatory agencies, it is crucial to establish practical guidelines for infection monitoring and prevention until robust data from prospective clinical trials become available. To address this issue, a panel of experienced investigators from the Academic Consortium to Overcome Multiple Myeloma through Innovative Trials (COMMIT) developed consensus recommendations for mitigating infections associated with CAR T-cell and bispecific antibody therapies in MM patients.

Bispecific T-cell engagers for treatment of multiple myeloma.

Bispecific T cell engagers (TCE) derive from monoclonal antibodies and concomitantly engage a target on the surface of cancer cell and CD3 on the surface of T-cells. TCEs promote T cell activation and lysis of tumor cells. Most TCEs in development for multiple myeloma (MM) target the B cell maturation antigen (BCMA) and differ among themselves in structure, pharmacokinetics, route and schedule of administration. CD3/BCMA TCEs produce response in ~60% of patients treated in phase 1 trials. TCEs are also in development targeting the G protein-coupled receptor, class C group 5 member D (GPRC5D) and the Fc receptor homologue 5 (FcRH5). Main toxicities are cytokine release syndrome and cytopenias. Here we review the current development and future directions of TCEs in MM.

Teclistamab in patients with multiple myeloma and impaired renal function.

Robust anti-myeloma activity with teclistamab in patients with severe renal impairment.

Plain language summary of the MonumenTAL-1 study of talquetamab in people with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma.

WHAT IS THIS SUMMARY ABOUT?: This plain language summary describes the results of a phase 1 research study (or clinical trial) called MonumenTAL-1 published in the New England Journal of Medicine in December 2022. A phase 1 study is an early clinical trial where researchers evaluate how safe a medicine is at different doses in a small number of people. In the MonumenTAL-1 study, researchers looked at a new medicine under development called talquetamab, for people living with multiple myeloma (a type of blood cancer) who did not respond (refractory), stopped responding (relapsed), or who had difficulty dealing with their previous treatments. HOW WAS THE STUDY CONDUCTED?: The phase 1 MonumenTAL-1 study was performed in 2 parts. Safety was the main focus of Part 1 in which side effects, and how serious they were, were assessed. The results of Part 1 were used to identify doses of talquetamab that were well tolerated, without a need to stop treatment or reduce the doses, for further study in Part 2. Part 2 of the study examined how well talquetamab worked to decrease signs of the cancer and what side effects, and their severity, people experienced at the doses identified in Part 1. WHAT WERE THE RESULTS?: In Part 1 of the study, researchers identified 2 doses of talquetamab for further study: 405 micrograms for every kilogram of body weight (µg/kg) given weekly and 800 µg/kg every other week. All participants experienced at least one side effect of treatment at these 2 doses. Less than half of participants (43% at 405 µg/kg weekly dose and 34% at the 800 µg/kg every other week dose) experienced serious side effects which are those side effects that led to hospitalization, death, or permanent or life-threatening damage). The most common side effects at both doses were a condition known as cytokine release syndrome (CRS); changes in blood cell levels (where different types of cells in the blood were measured); changes in skin such as itching, dry skin, eczema, ulcers or shedding; changes in nails such as discoloration or ridging (lines or dents); and changes in sense of taste such as food tasting sour or metallic. CRS is caused by the overactivation of the immune system (the body's natural defense system) and can result in fever, feeling sick (nausea), being tired (fatigue), low blood pressure, low blood oxygen levels and body aches. Most cases of CRS, as well as most other side effects, were mild or moderate. Most common serious events were CRS, fever and bone pain. Most people had fewer signs of the cancer after taking talquetamab, and the response was similar between the 2 doses. The median duration of response at the 2 identified doses was 8-10 months. WHAT DO THE RESULTS MEAN?: Most of the side effects people experienced when taking talquetamab were mild or moderate. Most people who took talquetamab responded to the treatment even though they hadn't responded or stopped responding to previous multiple myeloma treatments or stopped taking those treatments because they were unable to tolerate them. These results demonstrate the potential of talquetamab as a treatment option in people who have used up other available therapy options. The 2 doses of talquetamab identified here are being examined in a larger group of participants to further test for safety and to test how well people respond.

Strain induced electrochemical behaviors of ionic liquid electrolytes in an electrochemical double layer capacitor: Insights from molecular dynamics simulations.

Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitors (EDLCs) with ionic liquid electrolytes outperform conventional ones using aqueous and organic electrolytes in energy density and safety. However, understanding the electrochemical behaviors of ionic liquid electrolytes under compressive/tensile strain is essential for the design of flexible EDLCs as well as normal EDLCs, which are subject to external forces during assembly. Despite many experimental studies, the compression/stretching effects on the performance of ionic liquid EDLCs remain inconclusive and controversial. In addition, there is hardly any evidence of prior theoretical work done in this area, which makes the literature on this topic scarce. Herein, for the first time, we developed an atomistic model to study the processes underlying the electrochemical behaviors of ionic liquids in an EDLC under strain. Constant potential non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations are conducted for EMIM BF4 placed between two graphene walls as electrodes. Compared to zero strain, low compression of the EDLC resulted in compromised performance as the electrode charge density dropped by 29%, and the performance reduction deteriorated significantly with a further increase in compression. In contrast, stretching is found to enhance the performance by increasing the charge storage in the electrodes by 7%. The performance changes with compression and stretching are due to changes in the double-layer structure. In addition, an increase in the value of the applied potential during the application of strain leads to capacity retention with compression revealed by the newly performed simulations.

Impact of sociodemographic factors on early mortality in acute promyelocytic leukemia in the United States: A time-trend analysis.

BACKGROUND: The survival of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) has dramatically improved with the use of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide (ATO). However, because of the complexity of the initial management, early mortality (EM) remains a major contributor to treatment failure. It is less known whether advances in treatment, urgent access to specialized care, and broad availability of ATRA/ATO have reduced EM in the last 2 decades. Furthermore, the influence of sociodemographic factors on the risk of EM also remains unclear. METHODS: This study used the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program to characterize the impact of sociodemographic factors on the rates of EM and overall survival (OS) in patients with APL diagnosed between 1992 and 2015. RESULTS: In all, 2224 cases were identified (895 who were younger than 40 years and 1329 who were 40 years old or older); 47.9% had a county-level median household income of $59,630 or higher, 49.0% belonged to counties where more than 31% of adults held at least a bachelor's degree, and 86.0% resided in urban areas. The rate of EM declined from 31.5% in 1992-1995 to 15.9% in 2012-2015 for all patients. It improved for patients younger than 40 years (27.4% in 1992-1995 vs 5.4% in 2012-2015; P < .001) and for patients 40 years old or older but not to the same extent (35.2% in 1992-1995 vs 22.2% in 2012-2015; P = .02). Importantly, improvements in EM were not seen among patients residing in rural areas, with the rate remaining higher than 20% in 2012-2015. The 3-year OS rate was 49.2% for patients with APL diagnosed in 1992-1995 and 76.4% for patients diagnosed in 2012-2015. CONCLUSIONS: These findings confirm consistent improvements in EM and OS for patients with APL and point to the challenge of further extending these improvements in EM rates to older patients and to those living in rural areas.

How I treat triple-class refractory multiple myeloma.

Immunomodulatory imide drugs (IMiDs), proteasome inhibitors (PIs) and anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) are the pillars of modern multiple myeloma (MM) therapy. The prognosis of patients with MM that became refractory to these three classes (triple-class refractory [TCR]) is historically poor. Observational studies indicate an overall response rate of ~30% and overall survival inferior to 1 year with existing therapies. While no randomised trial has been completed in this setting, several agents exploring new mechanisms of action showed activity in TCR MM in single-arm trials, including anti-B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) chimeric antigen receptor T cells, anti-BCMA antibody-drug conjugates and exportin 1 (XPO1) inhibitors. Among agents in development, anti-BCMA bispecific T-cell engagers (TCE), and non-BCMA TCEs demonstrated activity in most patients. Additionally, specific agents may exhibit unique activity in biologically defined patient subsets, as exemplified by venetoclax in t(11;14) MM. The main open questions in TCR MM are preferred sequence of existing therapies, the utility of sequential use of agents with similar mechanism of action, but different immunotherapy target and the relative efficacy of the different anti-BCMA platforms. Here, we summarise the existing literature and provide general guidance on selecting therapy for this challenging and heterogenous group of patients.