Entanglement-Assisted Entanglement Purification.

The efficient generation of high-fidelity entangled states is the key element for long-distance quantum communication, quantum computation, and other quantum technologies, and at the same time the most resource-consuming part in many schemes. We present a class of entanglement-assisted entanglement purification protocols that can generate high-fidelity entanglement from noisy, finite-size ensembles with improved yield and fidelity as compared to previous approaches. The scheme utilizes high-dimensional auxiliary entanglement to perform entangling nonlocal measurements and determine the number and positions of errors in an ensemble in a controlled and efficient way, without disturbing the entanglement of good pairs. Our protocols can deal with arbitrary errors, but are best suited for few errors, and work particularly well for decay noise. Our methods are applicable to moderately sized ensembles, as will be important for near term quantum devices.

Measurement-Based Variational Quantum Eigensolver.

Variational quantum eigensolvers (VQEs) combine classical optimization with efficient cost function evaluations on quantum computers. We propose a new approach to VQEs using the principles of measurement-based quantum computation. This strategy uses entangled resource states and local measurements. We present two measurement-based VQE schemes. The first introduces a new approach for constructing variational families. The second provides a translation of circuit- to measurement-based schemes. Both schemes offer problem-specific advantages in terms of the required resources and coherence times.

Device-Independent Detection of Genuine Multipartite Entanglement for All Pure States.

We show that genuine multipartite entanglement of all multipartite pure states in arbitrary finite dimension can be detected in a device-independent way by employing bipartite Bell inequalities on states that are deterministically generated from the initial state via local operations. This leads to an efficient scheme for large classes of multipartite states that are relevant in quantum computation or condensed-matter physics, including cluster states and the ground state of the Affleck-Kennedy-Lieb-Tasaki (AKLT) model. For cluster states the detection of genuine multipartite entanglement involves only measurements on a constant number of systems with an overhead that scales linearly with the system size, while for the AKLT model the overhead is polynomial. In all cases our approach shows some robustness against experimental imperfections.

Long-Range Big Quantum-Data Transmission.

We introduce an alternative type of quantum repeater for long-range quantum communication with improved scaling with the distance. We show that by employing hashing, a deterministic entanglement distillation protocol with one-way communication, one obtains a scalable scheme that allows one to reach arbitrary distances, with constant overhead in resources per repeater station, and ultrahigh rates. In practical terms, we show that, also with moderate resources of a few hundred qubits at each repeater station, one can reach intercontinental distances. At the same time, a measurement-based implementation allows one to tolerate high loss but also operational and memory errors of the order of several percent per qubit. This opens the way for long-distance communication of big quantum data.

Improved Sensing with a Single Qubit.

We consider quantum metrology with arbitrary prior knowledge of the parameter. We demonstrate that a single sensing two-level system can act as a virtual multilevel system that offers increased sensitivity in a Bayesian single-shot metrology scenario, and that allows one to estimate (arbitrary) large parameter values by avoiding phase wraps. This is achieved by making use of additional degrees of freedom or auxiliary systems not participating in the sensing process. The joint system is manipulated by intermediate control operations in such a way that an effective Hamiltonian, with an arbitrary spectrum, is generated that mimics the spectrum of a multisystem interacting with the field. We show how to use additional internal degrees of freedom of a single trapped ion to achieve a high-sensitivity magnetic field sensor for fields with arbitrary prior knowledge.

Deterministic superreplication of one-parameter unitary transformations.

We show that one can deterministically generate, out of N copies of an unknown unitary operation, up to N^{2} almost perfect copies. The result holds for all operations generated by a Hamiltonian with an unknown interaction strength. This generalizes a similar result in the context of phase-covariant cloning where, however, superreplication comes at the price of an exponentially reduced probability of success. We also show that multiple copies of unitary operations can be emulated by operations acting on a much smaller space, e.g., a magnetic field acting on a single n-level system allows one to emulate the action of the field on n^{2} qubits.

Experimental violation of multipartite Bell inequalities with trapped ions.

We report on the experimental violation of multipartite Bell inequalities by entangled states of trapped ions. First, we consider resource states for measurement-based quantum computation of between 3 and 7 ions and show that all strongly violate a Bell-type inequality for graph states, where the criterion for violation is a sufficiently high fidelity. Second, we analyze Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states of up to 14 ions generated in a previous experiment using stronger Mermin-Klyshko inequalities, and show that in this case the violation of local realism increases exponentially with system size. These experiments represent a violation of multipartite Bell-type inequalities of deterministically prepared entangled states. In addition, the detection loophole is closed.

Universal and optimal error thresholds for measurement-based entanglement purification.

We investigate measurement-based entanglement purification protocols (EPP) in the presence of local noise and imperfections. We derive a universal, protocol-independent threshold for the required quality of the local resource states, where we show that local noise per particle of up to 24% is tolerable. This corresponds to an increase of the noise threshold by almost an order of magnitude, based on the joint measurement-based implementation of sequential rounds of few-particle EPP. We generalize our results to multipartite EPP, where we encounter similarly high error thresholds.

Measurement-based quantum computation with trapped ions.

Measurement-based quantum computation represents a powerful and flexible framework for quantum information processing, based on the notion of entangled quantum states as computational resources. The most prominent application is the one-way quantum computer, with the cluster state as its universal resource. Here we demonstrate the principles of measurement-based quantum computation using deterministically generated cluster states, in a system of trapped calcium ions. First we implement a universal set of operations for quantum computing. Second we demonstrate a family of measurement-based quantum error correction codes and show their improved performance as the code length is increased. The methods presented can be directly scaled up to generate graph states of several tens of qubits.

Are cloned quantum states macroscopic?

We study quantum states produced by optimal phase covariant quantum cloners. We argue that cloned quantum superpositions are not macroscopic superpositions in the spirit of Schrödinger's cat, despite their large particle number. This is indicated by calculating several measures for macroscopic superpositions from the literature, as well as by investigating the distinguishability of the two superposed cloned states. The latter rapidly diminishes when considering imperfect detectors or noisy states and does not increase with the system size. In contrast, we find that cloned quantum states themselves are macroscopic, in the sense of both proposed measures and their usefulness in quantum metrology with an optimal scaling in system size. We investigate the applicability of cloned states for parameter estimation in the presence of different kinds of noise.

Stable macroscopic quantum superpositions.

We study the stability of superpositions of macroscopically distinct quantum states under decoherence. We introduce a class of quantum states with entanglement features similar to Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states, but with an inherent stability against noise and decoherence. We show that in contrast to GHZ states, these so-called concatenated GHZ states remain multipartite entangled even for macroscopic numbers of particles and can be used for quantum metrology in noisy environments. We also propose a scalable experimental realization of these states using existing ion-trap setups.

Quantum simulation of classical thermal states.

We establish a connection between ground states of local quantum Hamiltonians and thermal states of classical spin systems. For any discrete classical statistical mechanical model in any spatial dimension, we find an associated quantum state such that the reduced density operator behaves as the thermal state of the classical system. We show that all these quantum states are unique ground states of a universal 5-body local quantum Hamiltonian acting on a (polynomially enlarged) qubit system on a 2D lattice. The only free parameters of the quantum Hamiltonian are coupling strengths of two-body interactions, which allow one to choose the type and dimension of the classical model as well as the interaction strength and temperature. This opens the possibility to study and simulate classical spin models in arbitrary dimension using a 2D quantum system.

Scalable multiparticle entanglement of trapped ions.

The generation, manipulation and fundamental understanding of entanglement lies at the very heart of quantum mechanics. Entangled particles are non-interacting but are described by a common wavefunction; consequently, individual particles are not independent of each other and their quantum properties are inextricably interwoven. The intriguing features of entanglement become particularly evident if the particles can be individually controlled and physically separated. However, both the experimental realization and characterization of entanglement become exceedingly difficult for systems with many particles. The main difficulty is to manipulate and detect the quantum state of individual particles as well as to control the interaction between them. So far, entanglement of four ions or five photons has been demonstrated experimentally. The creation of scalable multiparticle entanglement demands a non-exponential scaling of resources with particle number. Among the various kinds of entangled states, the 'W state' plays an important role as its entanglement is maximally persistent and robust even under particle loss. Such states are central as a resource in quantum information processing and multiparty quantum communication. Here we report the scalable and deterministic generation of four-, five-, six-, seven- and eight-particle entangled states of the W type with trapped ions. We obtain the maximum possible information on these states by performing full characterization via state tomography, using individual control and detection of the ions. A detailed analysis proves that the entanglement is genuine. The availability of such multiparticle entangled states, together with full information in the form of their density matrices, creates a test-bed for theoretical studies of multiparticle entanglement. Independently, 'Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger' entangled states with up to six ions have been created and analysed in Boulder.

Multipartite state generation in quantum networks with optimal scaling.

We introduce a repeater scheme to efficiently distribute multipartite entangled states in a quantum network with optimal scaling. The scheme allows to generate graph states such as 2D and 3D cluster states of growing size or GHZ states over arbitrary distances, with a constant overhead per node/channel that is independent of the distance. The approach is genuine multipartite, and is based on the measurement-based implementation of multipartite hashing, an entanglement purification protocol that operates on a large ensemble together with local merging/connection of elementary building blocks. We analyze the performance of the scheme in a setting where local or global storage is limited, and compare it to bipartite and hybrid approaches that are based on the distribution of entangled pairs. We find that the multipartite approach offers a storage advantage, which results in higher efficiency and better performance in certain parameter regimes. We generalize our approach to arbitrary network topologies and different target graph states.

Optimal distillation of a greenberger-horne-zeilinger state

We present the optimal local protocol to distill a Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state from a single copy of any pure state of three qubits.

Quality of life in children and adolescents: a European public health perspective.

OBJECTIVES: The measurement of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is increasingly important as a means of monitoring population health status over time, of detecting sub-groups within the general population with poor HRQOL, and of assessing the impact of public health interventions within a given population. At present, no standardised instrument exists which can be applied with equal relevance in pediatric populations in different European populations. The collaborative European KIDSCREEN project aims to develop a standardised screening instrument for children's quality of life which will be used in representative national and European health surveys. Participants of the project are centres from Austria, France, Germany, Netherlands, Spain, Switzerland, and United Kingdom. By including the instrument in health services research and health reporting, it also aims at identifying children at risk in terms of their subjective health, thereby allowing the possibility of early intervention. METHODS: Instrument development will be based on constructing a psychometrically sound HRQOL instrument taking into account the existing state of the art. Development will centre on literature searches, expert consultation (Delphi Methods) and focus groups with children and adolescents (8-17 years). According to international guidelines, items will be translated into the languages of the seven participating countries for a pilot test with 2,100 children and their parents in Europe. The final instrument will be used in representative mail and telephone surveys of HRQOL in 1,800 children and their parents per country (total n = 25,200) and normative data will be produced. The potential for implementing the measurement tool in health services and health reporting will also be evaluated in several different research and public health settings. The final analysis will involve national and cross cultural-analysis of the instrument. RESULTS: The international, collaborative nature of the KIDSCREEN project means it is likely to provide many challenges in terms of producing an instrument which is conceptually and linguistically appropriate for use in many different countries, but it will also provide the opportunity to develop, test and implement the first truly cross-national HRQOL instrument developed for use in children and adolescents. This will help to contribute to a better understanding of perceived health in children and adolescents and to identify populations at risk.

Evaluating AIDS prevention for men having sex with men: the west European experience.

This article presents the major results of a Concerted Action of the European Community on "Assessing AIDS-prevention" concerning the male homo- and bisexual population. It discusses the methodologies and results of research projects undertaken in this area in the 1980's.

Hybrid architecture for encoded measurement-based quantum computation.

We present a hybrid scheme for quantum computation that combines the modular structure of elementary building blocks used in the circuit model with the advantages of a measurement-based approach to quantum computation. We show how to construct optimal resource states of minimal size to implement elementary building blocks for encoded quantum computation in a measurement-based way, including states for error correction and encoded gates. The performance of the scheme is determined by the quality of the resource states, where within the considered error model a threshold of the order of 10% local noise per particle for fault-tolerant quantum computation and quantum communication.

Unifying all classical spin models in a lattice gauge theory.

The partition function of all classical spin models, including all discrete standard statistical models and all Abelian discrete lattice gauge theories (LGTs), is expressed as a special instance of the partition function of the 4D Z2 LGT. This unifies all classical spin models with apparently very different features in a single complete model. This result is applied to establish a new method to compute the mean-field theory of Abelian discrete LGTs with d > or = 4, and to show that computing the partition function of the 4D Z2 LGT is computationally hard (#P hard). The 4D Z2 LGT is also proved to be approximately complete for Abelian continuous models. The proof uses techniques from quantum information.

Quantum computation in correlation space and extremal entanglement.

Recently, a framework was established to systematically construct novel universal resource states for measurement-based quantum computation using techniques involving finitely correlated states. With these methods, universal states were found which are in certain ways much less entangled than the original cluster-state model, and it was hence believed that with this approach, many of the extremal entanglement features of the cluster states could be relaxed. The new resources were constructed as "computationally universal" states-i.e., they allow one to efficiently reproduce the classical output of each quantum computation-whereas the cluster states are universal in a stronger sense since they are "universal state preparators." Here, we show that the new resources are universal state preparators after all, and must therefore exhibit a whole class of extremal entanglement features, similar to the cluster states.