Nurses' Perceptions of Caring at Work: Mixed-Methods Study, Quantitative Report.

OBJECTIVES: Study objectives were to explore nurses' perceptions of self-care, co-worker, and leader caring within healthcare work environments and assess reliability of 3 Watson Caritas Scores. BACKGROUND: Assessing caring in an organization where Watson's Theory of Human Caring guides nursing practice offers insight into the professional practice environment. METHOD: This study reports quantitative data from mixed-methods descriptive, cross-sectional survey of 1307 RNs at a large healthcare system. RESULTS: Mean scores were self = 5.46, co-worker = 5.39, and leader score = 5.53, and median scores were >5.6 (range, 1-7). All scales had a positive and significant correlation to likelihood to recommend the organization, with the largest being feeling cared for by leaders. Internal reliability of the 3 scales was ≥0.9. CONCLUSION: Nurse perceptions of caring may influence the organization's reputation. Assessing the perception of caring among nursing staff after the introduction and enculturation of this framework is needed. Results support psychometric value for 3 Watson Caritas Scores.

Exploring nurses' perceptions of the barriers and facilitators that influence acceptance and use of remote visual monitoring technology.

AIM: Describe nurses' perceptions of the barriers and facilitators that influence acceptance and use of remote visual monitoring technology. BACKGROUND: Research has shown remote visual monitoring to be a useful patient safety intervention, yet nurses underutilize the technology. METHODS: Using a qualitative descriptive study design, we completed a conventional content analysis of focus group feedback from two nurse leader groups and two direct care nurse groups (n = 13 participants) to explore factors influencing nurses' perceptions and utilization of remote visual monitoring. RESULTS: Five main themes were identified: (1) Contextual human factors that impact nurse acceptance; (2) facilitators and barriers related to remote visual monitoring's functionality; (3) nurse leaders' role in maintaining device availability and efficient use; (4) nurse leaders' role in promoting adoption of the technology; and (5) nurse leaders' role in valuing nursing professional judgement. CONCLUSION: Findings indicate that nurse leaders can play a crucial role in direct care nurses' acceptance and use of remote visual monitoring technology. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT: In an era of limited staffing resources, remote visual monitoring has the potential to increase patient safety and decrease workload demands. Nurse leaders should identify barriers and facilitators to their nursing team's use of remote visual monitoring to promote the acceptance and use of technology that increases patient safety and cost-effectiveness of care.

Describing advanced practice provider roles within critical care teams with Tele-ICUs: Exemplars from seven US health systems.

Telehealth is an acknowledged strategy to meet patient healthcare needs. In critical care settings, Tele-ICU's are expanding to deliver clinical services across a diverse spectrum of critically ill patients. The expansion of telehealth provides increased opportunities for advanced practice providers including advanced practice nurses and physician assistants; however, limited information on roles and models of care for advanced practice providers in telehealth exist. This article reviews current and evolving roles for advanced practice providers in telehealth in acute and critical care settings across 7 healthcare systems in the United States. The health system exemplars described in this article identify the important role of advanced practice providers in providing patient care oversight and in improving outcomes for acute and critically ill patients. As telehealth continues to expand, additional opportunities will lead to novel roles for advanced practice providers in the field of telehealth to assist with patient care management for subacute, acute, and critically ill patients.

The Effect of Healing Touch on Critical Care Patients' Vital Signs: A Pilot Study.

To determine the impact of Healing Touch on vital signs, adult intensive care unit patients were recruited from multiple hospital sites. Both pain and agitation improved and there was a significant change in hemodynamics that reflected a calming effect. Healing Touch may be considered a respected addition to symptom management.

Healthy Work Environment Standards in Tele-Critical Care Nursing.

The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated staffing challenges in intensive care units, with increased burnout and moral distress cited as major problems. A healthy work environment is critical to nurses' success and wellbeing. During the pandemic, a survey by the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses revealed decreased composite scores in each of the 6 critical elements of a healthy work environment. Hospital units that improved even 1 critical element reported higher job satisfaction. The use of telehealth tools by expert nurses expanded care delivery during the pandemic by improving response to acutely and critically ill patients while supporting hospital-based nurses. All of the critical elements of a healthy work environment are relevant to the tele-critical care nurse's role and challenges. This article describes how tele-critical care nurses were affected by the pandemic and how healthy work environment strategies promoted successful nurse and patient outcomes.

Receptive Music Therapy for Patients Receiving Mechanical Ventilation in the Intensive Care Unit.

BACKGROUND: Live music therapy provided by a board-certified music therapist reduces anxiety, decreases pain, and improves the physiological response of patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). OBJECTIVES: To examine the effect of live music therapy on the physiological parameters and pain and agitation levels of adult ICU patients receiving mechanical ventilation. METHODS: A total of 118 patients were randomly assigned to live music therapy or standard care. The music therapy group received 30 minutes of live music therapy tailored to each patient's needs. The Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale and the Critical Care Pain Observation Tool were completed by critical care nurses immediately before and after each session, and the patients' heart rates, respiratory rates, and oxygenation levels were measured. RESULTS: Patients who received live music therapy had significantly different scores on the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (P < .001) and the Critical Care Pain Observation Tool (odds ratio, 6.02; P = .002) compared with the standard care group. Significant differences between groups were also reported in heart rate (P < .001). No significant differences were found in oxygen values. CONCLUSIONS: Live music therapy significantly reduced agitation and heart rate in adult patients receiving mechanical ventilation in the ICU. These findings provide further evidence for the benefits of music therapy in the ICU, including in intubated patients.

Outcomes of Emergency Department Patients With Opioid Use Disorder Utilizing a Virtual Addiction Bridge Clinic: A Case Series.

OBJECTIVES: Within the last decade, there has been a dramatic increase in the rate of emergency department (ED) visits and death from opioid overdose. Those who present to the ED are at high risk for subsequent morbidity and mortality. Despite effective treatment, many patients do not get rapidly connected to outpatient care. The aim of this investigation was to describe outpatient treatment engagement after ED discharge among patients with opioid use disorder (OUD) enrolled in a virtual Addiction Bridge Clinic (ABC). METHODS: This was a retrospective case series describing an ED-initiated referral for rapid telehealth follow-up among patients with OUD. The primary outcome was addiction treatment engagement among those who completed the initial virtual ABC visit (engaged in ABC) vs. those who did not complete an ABC visit (Not engaged in ABC) at 1 week, 1 month, and 3 and 6 months timepoint intervals after the initial ED presentation. RESULTS: Of the N = 201 patients referred to the ABC between March and December 2021, a majority were Black (71%) and male (77%). Of the 201 referrals, 85 (42%) completed an initial ABC telehealth visit. Subsequent treatment engagement was 26% at 1 week, 26% at 1 month, 22% at 3 months, and 18% at 6 months after the index ED visit. CONCLUSIONS: A telehealth-enabled virtual addiction bridge clinic is one potential approach to reduce barriers to rapid treatment access. Strategies are needed to improve subsequent addiction treatment engagement after a virtual addiction bridge clinic visit.

Rapid induction onto extended-release injectable buprenorphine following opioid overdose: A case series.

Background: Buprenorphine treatment has been associated with reduced non-prescribed opioid use and opioid related overdose (OD). We evaluated initial outcomes of rapid induction onto extended-release injectable buprenorphine (BUP-XR) within 7 days of emergency department presentation for unintentional OD. Methods: Between February 2019-February 2021, N = 19 patients with opioid use disorder received buprenorphine/naloxone (4/1 mg), followed by BUP-XR (300 mg) at induction and continued BUP-XR outpatient for 6 months. Primary outcomes included adverse events, repeat OD, and death. Results: For patients who received at least one dose of BUP-XR, there were no treatment related serious adverse events or symptoms of precipitated withdrawal. In addition, there were no repeat visits for ODs or deaths within 6 months of the initial OD. Discussion: These preliminary findings support the need for larger controlled clinical trials to examine the safety and efficacy of rapid induction of BUP-XR in patients with opioid use disorder at high risk of opioid OD. Rapid induction onto long-lasting injectable buprenorphine may be a promising and protective treatment approach in the future.

Professional accountability in the tele-ICU: the CCRN-E.

The American Association of Critical-Care Nurses (AACN) is the world's largest specialty nursing organization. The AACN Certification Corporation provides credentialing to validate nursing practice in acute and critical care. The advent of tele-ICU nursing added a challenge to the application of certification in a new specialty area. Nurses working in a tele-ICU have many years of experience in hands-on acute or critical care nursing at the bedside. In their role as tele-ICU nurses, these skills are applied to the assessment, evaluation, and decision support of care for critically ill patients in various acute and critical care units from remote locations connected directly to the ICU through high-speed audio and video technology. This article outlines the journey of the advent of the CCRN-E (registered nurse in critical care) credential and its place in the new specialty of tele-ICU nursing practice.

TeleICU Interdisciplinary Care Teams.

Telehealth in intensive care units (TeleICU) is the provision of critical care using audio-visual communication and health information systems across varying clinical and geographically dispersed settings. The optimal structure of a TeleICU team is one that leverages expert clinical knowledge to address the needs of critical care patients, regardless of hospital location or availability of an onsite intensivist. Information related to the optimal TeleICU team structure is lacking. This article examines the optimal TeleICU team composition, which is one that incorporates the use of an interdisciplinary approach, leverages technology, and is cognizant of varying geographic locations.

Development and Psychometric Testing of the Remote Visual Monitoring Acceptance Tool.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Using remote visual monitoring (RVM) technology to observe patients at high risk for falls can effectively reduce falls and sitter costs. However, RVM is underutilized by direct care nurses. This study describes the development and testing of a new tool to measure nurses' acceptance of RVM technology. METHODS: The RVM Acceptance Tool (RVMAT) was tested among nurses recruited from a large health system. RESULTS: Three factors accounted for 70.38% of the total variance: Value, Patient Selection, and Availability and Intent to Use. The overall 25-item scale had good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = .98). CONCLUSION: The RVMAT is a theoretically grounded, valid, and reliable tool. Further research is needed to test its use in predicting nurses' acceptance and intent to incorporate new technology into daily nursing care.

TeleICU Interdisciplinary Care Teams.

Telehealth in intensive care units (TeleICU) is the provision of critical care using audio-visual communication and health information systems across varying clinical and geographically dispersed settings. The optimal structure of a TeleICU team is one that leverages expert clinical knowledge to address the needs of critical care patients, regardless of hospital location or availability of an onsite intensivist. Information related to the optimal TeleICU team structure is lacking. This article examines the optimal TeleICU team composition, which is one that incorporates the use of an interdisciplinary approach, leverages technology, and is cognizant of varying geographic locations.

Impact of an Active Music Therapy Intervention on Intensive Care Patients.

BACKGROUND: Nonpharmacological interventions appear to benefit many patients and do not have the side effects commonly associated with medications. Music-based experiences may benefit critical care patients. OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of an active music therapy intervention on physiological parameters and self-reported pain and anxiety levels of patients in the intensive care unit. METHODS: A study was conducted using a pretest-posttest, within-subject, single-group design. The study population consisted of a convenience sample of 52 patients. Study participants received a 30-minute music therapy session consisting of either a relaxation intervention or a "song choice" intervention. The music therapist recorded the patients' vital signs before and after the intervention, and patients completed self-assessments of their pain and anxiety levels before and after the intervention. RESULTS: After the intervention, significant decreases (all P < .001) were found in respiratory rate (mean difference, 3.7 [95% CI, 2.6-4.7] breaths per minute), heart rate (5.9 [4.0-7.8] beats per minute), and self-reported pain (1.2 [0.8-1.6] points) and anxiety levels (2.7 [2.2-3.3] points). No significant change in oxygen saturation level was observed. Outcomes differed between the 2 intervention groups: patients receiving the relaxation intervention often fell asleep. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study support active music therapy as a nonpharmacological intervention in intensive care units. This study may lay the groundwork for future research on music therapy in critical care units using larger, more diverse samples.

Recommendations from the First National Academic Consortium of Telehealth.

In January 2015, the US Secretary of Health and Human Services announced targets for the transformation of Medicare reimbursement from a fee-for-service model to payments based on alternative payment models. People now use technology for virtually everything - from paying bills to purchasing almost anything; it is therefore natural to think that they will use technology to take ownership of their own health care. The remote provision of health care, where providers and patients are not in the same location, will allow patients to receive the right care, at the right time, at the right place, and in the manner they consider right for them. To date, much of the technological advances in medicine have been led by the technology creators rather than providers or patients. A meeting of leaders from academic medical centers was convened to brainstorm and explore new opportunities to educate the workforce, expand the science, and improve the delivery of quality care to patients through the use of telemedicine. The academic community needs to develop an evidence base that can inform new care delivery models, including the role for remote monitoring and wearable technology, as well as the methods by which the best patient-centered care can be provided. It is important that the future of medicine be determined by solid research and education rather than the latest "cool toy" to reach the market. Academic medical centers are in a unique position to help shape this future direction, collaborating to create innovative and efficient solutions for patient care. Specific calls for action are summarized.

Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of intravenous irinotecan plus oral ciclosporin in patients with fuorouracil-refractory metastatic colon cancer.

PURPOSE: To assess the safety and toxicity profile of escalating doses of intravenous irinotecan, in combination with a fixed dose of oral ciclosporin (Cs) and to determine the pharmacokinetic profile of irinotecan and its metabolites. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with fluorouracil-refractory metastatic colorectal cancer received escalating doses of intravenous irinotecan from 40 to 125 mg/m(2) every 2 weeks in combination with a fixed dose of oral Cs (5 mg/kg bid for 3 days). Pharmacokinetic analysis of plasma irinotecan and its metabolites SN38 and SN38G was performed during paired cycles with and without Cs. RESULTS: Thirty-seven patients were treated. Dose-limiting toxicity of grade 4 neutropenia was seen at an irinotecan dose of 125 mg/m(2). There was no grade 4 diarrhea, and only one patient experienced grade 3 diarrhea. Toxicities caused by Cs were generally mild. Pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated that irinotecan clearance was reduced from 13.4 to 5.8 L/h/m(2) and area under the curve (AUC)(0-tn) was increased 2.2-fold by the coadministration of Cs. Similar significant increases in AUC(0-24h) were seen for both SN38 and SN38G (2.2-fold and 2.3-fold, respectively) in the presence of Cs. Antitumor activity was seen at every irinotecan dose level. CONCLUSION: The maximum tolerated irinotecan dose and recommended dose for phase II studies is 100 mg/m(2) every 2 weeks. Dose-limiting diarrhea was not seen during this study, supporting the hypothesis that pharmacokinetic modulation of irinotecan by Cs may improve its therapeutic index. Further studies using this combination are warranted.

Pharmacokinetic study of cisplatin and infusional etoposide phosphate in advanced breast cancer with correlation of response to topoisomerase IIalpha expression.

PURPOSE: There is substantial interpatient variability in etoposide pharmacokinetics. Pharmacokinetic adjustment to specific plasma concentrations may make it possible to define a therapeutic plasma concentration and relate drug target expression in the tumor to response. This study evaluated the combination of cisplatin with a prolonged infusion of etoposide phosphate (EP) in advanced breast cancer and correlated response to topoisomerase II expression. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Eligible patients, previously treated with an anthracycline, received 60 mg/m(2) cisplatin, followed by a 5-day infusion of EP. Plasma etoposide levels were measured on days 2 and 4 of each cycle with adjustment of the infusion rate to achieve an initial target etoposide concentration of 2 micro g/ml or 1.5 micro g/ml. Primary tumor blocks were stained by immunohistochemistry for topoisomerase IIalpha and beta. RESULTS: Thirty-six patients, treated in three consecutive cohorts, received 145 cycles of chemotherapy. Targeting plasma etoposide concentration reduced interpatient pharmacokinetic variability (32% and 62% of patients, respectively, within 10% of target concentration on days 2 and 4; cycle 1). Significant hematological toxicity (89% of patients with at least one episode of grade III/IV neutropenia, 64% of patients with at least one episode of grade III/IV thrombocytopenia) was observed. Thirty-nine percent of patients achieved a partial response, and 19% had stable disease for at least 3 months. The median time to tumor progression was 4 months, with a median survival of 11 months. Topoisomerase IIalpha expression was significantly higher (P < 0.001) in responding patients compared with those with stable or progressive disease. There was no difference in topoisomerase IIbeta expression between groups. CONCLUSION: Cisplatin and infusional EP is an active, but intensive, schedule in heavily pretreated patients with breast cancer. Clinical response correlates with tumor topoisomerase IIalpha expression.

The second-degree accelerated program as an innovative educational strategy: new century, new chapter, new challenge.

This article discusses one institution's experience with a one-year, accelerated second-degree program and the role such programs play as part of a solution to the current nursing shortage.

Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction between 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin.

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to investigate the influence of oxaliplatin on the pharmacokinetics of 5-fluorouracil (5FU) administered in a bolus plus infusional regimen. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All patients had advanced/metastatic colorectal cancer. In study 1, 19 patients were studied after bolus (400 mg/m(2)) plus a 22-hour infusion (600 mg/m(2)) of 5FU/leucovorin in the standard de Gramont regimen or the same regimen with oxaliplatin (85 mg/m(2)) given before 5FU. In study 2, 12 patients were studied for 2 treatment cycles, with 5FU given in a modified de Gramont regimen comprising bolus (400 mg/m(2)) plus a 46-hour infusion (2400 mg/m(2)) of 5FU. During 1 of these cycles, oxaliplatin (85 mg/m(2)) was given before 5FU. RESULTS: The coadministration of oxaliplatin did not significantly alter 5FU area under the plasma concentration-time curve from 0 to 1 hour, area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time 0 to the last time point, or steady-state concentration in either the de Gramont (11.6 +/- 3.8 mg/L x h(-1), 14.9 +/- 4.2 mg x h/L, and 0.17 +/- 0.06 mg/L, respectively, for 5FU alone versus 9.4 +/- 2.6 mg/L x h(-1), 13.3 +/- 2.3 mg x h/L, and 0.16 +/- 0.04, respectively, for 5FU plus oxaliplatin) or modified de Gramont regimens (13.4 +/- 2.2 mg x h/L, 35.4 +/- 4.2 mg x h/L, and 0.46 +/- 0.08 mg/L, respectively, for 5FU alone versus 13.9 +/- 3.3 mg x h/L, 38.1 +/- 7.4 mg x h/L, and 0.53 +/- 0.12, respectively, for 5FU plus oxaliplatin). The inclusion of oxaliplatin coadministration as a covariate in a NONMEM analysis did not result in any change in the objective function or mean values for the following derived parameters: maximum velocity (1590 mg x h(-1)), day 1 Michaelis-Menten constant (7.8 mg x h(-1)), and day 2 Michaelis-Menten constant (11.9 mg x h(-1)). CONCLUSIONS: The coadministration of oxaliplatin in either the standard or modified de Gramont regimen does not significantly affect the pharmacokinetics of 5FU.