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Objetivo. Evaluar la experiencia de caries en trabajadores universitarios y su asociación con variables sociodemográficos. Métodos. Estudio transversal, observacional y analítico con un grupo de trabajadores de la Universidad de Guadalajara, México. Se recopilaron datos de las variables sociodemográficas mediante un cuestionario y a través del examen clínico el índice CPOD. Se realizaron pruebas estadísticas de Chi-cuadrado, t-Student, ANOVA de una vía y post-hoc con significancia de 0,05. Resultados. Doscientos no-venta participantes accedieron a la exploración oral, con un promedio de edad de 36,2 ± 0,6, 55,9% fueron mujeres. El CPOD de la muestra evaluada fue de 8,3±5,3. El análisis de Chi-cuadrado en la evaluación etaria y los niveles de CPOD mostraron significancia estadística (p=0,0001). De forma similar, en las pruebas de ANOVA de una vía en el grupo de hombres (p=0,0001) y en los que residen en Tonalá (p=0,022), el componente cariados del índice se vio significativamente aumentado. Se observó también, un índice aumentado de dientes obturados en los participantes con nivel máximo de posgrado (p=0,001). El grupo de fumadores mostró significancia estadística (p=0,034) en el índice de caries. Conclusiones.El índice CPOD poblacional se encontró en nivel bajo, estando el grupo de mayor edad significativamente por encima de los dos grupos de menor edad. Los niveles del componente cariados fueron más bajos en los habitantes de las regiones foráneas del estado y los que tenían escolaridad de posgrado (p=0,022 y p=0,02 respec-tivamente).
Objective. To evaluate caries experience in university workers and to associate it with sociodemographic data. Methods. It was performed a descriptive cross-sectional, ob-servational and analytic study in university workers from the University of Guadalajara, Mexico. Sociodemographic data was collected through a questionnaire and the DMFT index, through clinical evaluations. Statistical analysis of χ2, T-student, one-way ANO-VA and Post-hoc were performed working with CI of 95%. Results. 290 participants agreed to oral examination, the average age of the interviewed workers was 36.2 ± 0.6. Women represented 55.9%. The DMFT of the evaluated sample was 8.3± 5.3. The χ2 analysis of the evaluated age ratio, showed statistical significance (p=0.0001). Similarly, the decay component of the index was increased in the one-way ANOVA test of the male group (p=0,0001) and of those who reside in Tonala (p=0.022). Additionally, an increased number of filled teeth was found in participants with postgraduate education (p=0.001). The smokers group showed statistical significance (p=0.034) in caries index. Conclusions. The broad DMFT index was found at a low level, however, the older age group was significantly different, being at the high level, well above the two younger age groups. The caries component of the DMFT index was significantly lower in the out of the region residents and those who had postgraduate degree (p=0.022 and p=0.02 respectively).
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INTRODUCTION: Obesity is the world's most important public health problem. Adipose tissue contributes significantly to increase pro-inflammatory mediators whose cascade begins with the union of TLR4 to its microbial ligands (TLR: Toll Like Receptors). It has been reported recently that NEFAs (Non-Esterified Fatty Acids) bind to this receptor as agonists. The purpose of our study was to determine the levels of expression of TLR4-CD14, the pro-inflammatory cytokines, the metabolic markers and the NEFAs in a group of adult, non-diabetic obese Mexicans. METHOD: A group of 210 adult middle-class Mexican non-diabetic obese patients was evaluated: 105 normal weight individuals, and 105 non-diabetic obese. On both groups, the following was tested in each patient: TLR4-CD14 receptors on monocytes in peripheral blood, inflammatory profile, HOMA-IR (Homeostasis Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance), NEFAs and each individual's anthropometric profile. RESULTS: Obesity is strongly associated with the expression of TLR4 (77%, MFI (Mean Fluorescence Index) 7.70) and CD14 (86% MFI 1.61) with 66% double positives (p = 0.000). These figures contrast with those for the normal weight individuals that constituted the control group: TLR4 (70% MFI 6.41) and CD14 (84% MFI 1.25) with 59% double positives. As for cytokine concentration, non- diabetic obese individuals vs the normal weight/thin, the numbers were: IL-1ß = 2.0 vs 2.5 pg/ml (p = NS), IL-6 = 36 vs 28 pg/ml (p = 0.030), IL-8 = 27 vs 27 pg/ml (p = NS), IL-10 = 8.4 vs 6.8 pg/ml (p = NS), TNF-α =31 vs 15 pg/ml (p = 0.000) respectively. Insulin levels were 12.1 vs 19.7 mcU/ml (p = 0.000) and the NEFAs were much higher in the obese vs normal weight/thin individuals (p = 0.000). CONCLUSION: Adipose tissue used to be thought of as mere storage of fats and energy, but it has been revealed to be an important neuro-immune-endocrine organ. Immune cells, stimulated by NEFAs, produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, which have a direct effect on oxidating radicals that directly target the release of noradrenalin. This in turn, reactivates the vicious cycle of low-grade chronic inflammation, as is now described in obesity.