Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals evolution of immune landscape during glioblastoma progression.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is an incurable primary malignant brain cancer hallmarked with a substantial protumorigenic immune component. Knowledge of the GBM immune microenvironment during tumor evolution and standard of care treatments is limited. Using single-cell transcriptomics and flow cytometry, we unveiled large-scale comprehensive longitudinal changes in immune cell composition throughout tumor progression in an epidermal growth factor receptor-driven genetic mouse GBM model. We identified subsets of proinflammatory microglia in developing GBMs and anti-inflammatory macrophages and protumorigenic myeloid-derived suppressors cells in end-stage tumors, an evolution that parallels breakdown of the blood-brain barrier and extensive growth of epidermal growth factor receptor+ GBM cells. A similar relationship was found between microglia and macrophages in patient biopsies of low-grade glioma and GBM. Temozolomide decreased the accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells, whereas concomitant temozolomide irradiation increased intratumoral GranzymeB+ CD8+T cells but also increased CD4+ regulatory T cells. These results provide a comprehensive and unbiased immune cellular landscape and its evolutionary changes during GBM progression.

Organoid models of human and mouse ductal pancreatic cancer.

Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal malignancies due to its late diagnosis and limited response to treatment. Tractable methods to identify and interrogate pathways involved in pancreatic tumorigenesis are urgently needed. We established organoid models from normal and neoplastic murine and human pancreas tissues. Pancreatic organoids can be rapidly generated from resected tumors and biopsies, survive cryopreservation, and exhibit ductal- and disease-stage-specific characteristics. Orthotopically transplanted neoplastic organoids recapitulate the full spectrum of tumor development by forming early-grade neoplasms that progress to locally invasive and metastatic carcinomas. Due to their ability to be genetically manipulated, organoids are a platform to probe genetic cooperation. Comprehensive transcriptional and proteomic analyses of murine pancreatic organoids revealed genes and pathways altered during disease progression. The confirmation of many of these protein changes in human tissues demonstrates that organoids are a facile model system to discover characteristics of this deadly malignancy.

Publisher Correction: Phosphorylation of PD-1-Y248 is a marker of PD-1-mediated inhibitory function in human T cells.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Phosphorylation of PD-1-Y248 is a marker of PD-1-mediated inhibitory function in human T cells.

PD-1 is a target of cancer immunotherapy but responses are limited to a fraction of patients. Identifying patients with T cells subjected to PD-1-mediated inhibition will allow selection of suitable candidates for PD-1-blocking therapy and will improve the therapeutic success. We sought to develop an approach to detect PD-1-mediated inhibitory signaling. The cytoplasmic tail of PD-1 contains an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM) encompassing Y223 and an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based switch motif (ITSM) encompassing Y248, which is indispensable for interaction of SHP-2 and delivery of PD-1 inhibitory function. We generated an antibody specific for phosphorylated PD-1-Y248 and examined PD-1pY248+ (pPD-1) expression in human T cells. pPD-1 was upregulated by TCR/CD3 + CD28 stimulation and simultaneous PD-1 ligation. pPD-1+CD8+ T cells were identified in human peripheral blood and had impaired effector function. pPD-1+ T cells were also detected in tumor-draining lymph nodes of tumor bearing mice and in biopsies of patients with glioblastoma multiform. Detection of pPD-1+ T cells might serve as a biomarker for identification of T cells subjected to PD-1-mediated immunosuppression.

Characterization of plasma-derived protoporphyrin-IX-positive extracellular vesicles following 5-ALA use in patients with malignant glioma.

BACKGROUND: Malignant gliomas are rapidly progressive brain tumors with high mortality. Fluorescence guided surgery (FGS) with 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) provides fluorescent delineation of malignant tissue, which helps achieve maximum safe resection. 5-ALA-based fluorescence is due to preferential accumulation of the fluorophore protoporphyrin-IX (PpIX) in malignant glioma tissue. Additionally, gliomas cells release extracellular vesicles (EVs) which carry biomarkers of disease. Herein, we performed animal and human studies to investigate whether 5-ALA dosed glioma cells, in vitro and in vivo, release PpIX positive EVs in circulation which can be captured and analyzed. METHODS: We used imaging flow cytometry (IFC) to characterize PpIX-positive EVs released from 5-ALA-dosed glioma cells, glioma-bearing xenograft models, as well as patients with malignant glioma undergoing FGS. FINDINGS: We first show that glioma cells dosed with 5-ALA release 247-fold higher PpIX positive EVs compared to mock dosed glioma cells. Second, we demonstrate that the plasma of glioma-bearing mice (n = 2) dosed with 5-ALA contain significantly higher levels of circulating PpIX-positive EVs than their pre-dosing background (p = 0.004). Lastly, we also show that the plasma of patients with avidly fluorescent tumors (n = 4) undergoing FGS contain circulating PpIX-positive EVs at levels significantly higher than their pre-dosing background (p = 0.00009) and this rise in signal correlates with enhancing tumor volumes (r 2  = 0.888). INTERPRETATION: Our findings highlight the potential of plasma-derived PpIX-positive EV-based diagnostics for malignant gliomas, offering a novel liquid biopsy platform for confirming and monitoring tumor status.

A PDGFRα-driven mouse model of glioblastoma reveals a stathmin1-mediated mechanism of sensitivity to vinblastine.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive primary brain cancer that includes focal amplification of PDGFRα and for which there are no effective therapies. Herein, we report the development of a genetically engineered mouse model of GBM based on autocrine, chronic stimulation of overexpressed PDGFRα, and the analysis of GBM signaling pathways using proteomics. We discover the tubulin-binding protein Stathmin1 (STMN1) as a PDGFRα phospho-regulated target, and that this mis-regulation confers sensitivity to vinblastine (VB) cytotoxicity. Treatment of PDGFRα-positive mouse and a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) GBMs with VB in mice prolongs survival and is dependent on STMN1. Our work reveals a previously unconsidered link between PDGFRα activity and STMN1, and highlight an STMN1-dependent cytotoxic effect of VB in GBM.