RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: In Italy, the antibiotic prescription rate for children is very high. The aim of this study is to evaluate the change in the monthly rate of antibiotic prescriptions for respiratory and ear infections among children during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: This retrospective study included all children aged <14 years who referred to a pediatric primary care clinic in Milan (Italy) between January 1, 2019, and April 30, 2022. We examined the trends in the antibiotic prescription rate, comparing the pre-lockdown (2019), total lockdown (March-April 2020), partial lockdown (November-December 2020) and post-lockdown (November-December 2021 and March-April 2022) periods. RESULTS: A total of 12 569 visits (mean age of patients: 6.3±3.8 years), with 3228 antibiotic prescriptions, were included in the study. The overall antibiotic prescription rate was 25.7%, with a nadir (5.8%) in May 2020. Compared to 2019, the highest reduction in antibiotic prescription rate was found in February 2021 (-30.3% [95% CI, -36.2%, -24.4%]). A significant increase in the antibiotic prescription rate was observed in November-December 2021 and in March-April 2022 compared to the corresponding periods of the previous year (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed a drastic decrease in the antibiotic prescription rate for respiratory and ear infections during the COVID-19 pandemic, with a nadir immediately after the total lockdown. Day care center and school attendance did not reverse this positive trend during the partial lockdown, unlike what happened with the relaxation of restrictive measures and the resumption of social activities after the lockdown.
RESUMEN
Recent evidence suggests that nasal irrigation with hypertonic saline may be useful as an adjunctive treatment modality in the management of many sinonasal diseases. However, no previous studies have investigated the efficacy of this regimen in the prevention of seasonal allergic rhinitis-related symptoms in the pediatric patient. Twenty children with seasonal allergic rhinitis to Parietaria were enrolled in the study. Ten children were randomized to receive three-times daily nasal irrigation with hypertonic saline for the entire pollen season, which had lasted 6 weeks. Ten patients were allocated to receive no nasal irrigation and were used as controls. A mean daily rhinitis score based on the presence of nasal itching, rhinorrea, nasal obstruction and sneezing was calculated for each week of the pollen season. Moreover, patients were allowed to use oral antihistamines when required and the mean number of drug assumption per week was also calculated. In patients allocated to nasal irrigation, the mean daily rhinitis score was reduced during 5 weeks of the study period. This reduction was statistically significantly different in the 3th, 4th and 5th week of therapy. Moreover, a decreased consumption of oral antihistamines was observed in these patients. This effect became evident after the second week of treatment and resulted in statistically significant differences during the 3th, 4th and 6th week. This study supports the use of nasal irrigation with hypertonic saline in the pediatric patient with seasonal allergic rhinitis during the pollen season. This treatment was tolerable, inexpensive and effective.