Population Based Analysis of Gender Disparities in 23,715 Percutaneous Endovascular Revascularisations in the Metropolitan Area of Hamburg.

BACKGROUND: The worldwide prevalence of peripheral artery disease (PAD) is increasing and endovascular revascularisation (ER) has become the primary invasive treatment option. This study aims to illuminate gender disparities in ER of PAD. METHODS: This is a retrospective, cross sectional study design. All inpatient invasive, percutaneous endovascular treatments of PAD conducted in the metropolitan area of Hamburg (Germany) were collected consecutively between 01/2004 and 12/2015. Relevant socio-demographic risk factors, technical assessments, procedural details, and in hospital outcomes were collected and subsequently analysed. RESULTS: A total of 23,715 ERs were identified (39.7% females). Female patients were older (74 vs. 70 years, p < .001) and more often suffered from rest pain (12.0% vs. 9.7%, p < .001) at the time of presentation. No differences were found for index lesion complexity (Trans-Atlantic Inter-Society Consensus classes) and the ankle brachial index was less often stated not to be valid in females (5.9% vs. 7.1%, p = .005 for intermittent claudication; 28.5% vs. 32.0%, p = .001 for chronic limb threatening ischaemia, CLTI). If the ER was performed for CLTI, crural vessels below the knee were less often revascularised in females (32.2% vs. 42.7%, p < .001). Peri-operative major bleeding complications including pseudoaneurysms occurred twice as often in females, and female gender was an independent predictor of bleeding complications in the adjusted analyses (OR 2.32, 95% CI 1.49-3.64, p < .001 for IC; OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.10-2.53, p = .017 for CLTI). Lastly, females were more often transferred to nursing homes when compared with males (0.3% vs. 0%, p = .001 for IC; 2.5% vs. 1.2%, p < .001 for CLTI). CONCLUSION: In this study considering percutaneous ER for PAD, female patients were older, had different clinical symptoms, suffered more often from complications, and were at risk of social isolation after discharge when compared with their male counterparts. These results emphasise the need for further studies to evaluate a gender based treatment algorithm in PAD.

Cervical Debranching in the Endovascular Era: A Single Centre Experience.

OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND: Debranching of the supra-aortic arteries is a common practice either as part of a hybrid treatment of aortic arch pathology or owing to arterial occlusive disease. Results of the debranching techniques have not been reported frequently. METHODS: This was a retrospective single centre study of all consecutive patients with cervical debranching procedures as part of hybrid aortic arch repair. RESULTS: Between 2010 and 2017, 201 patients underwent 211 cervical debranching procedures in a tertiary centre. Mean ± SD patient age was 67.7 ± 10.7 years (70.6% males; n = 142/201) and mean ± SD body mass index (BMI) was 26.3 ± 5. In 78.7% of the cases carotid-subclavian bypass was performed alone (n = 166/211) followed by transposition of the subclavian artery to the ipsilateral carotid (n = 17/211; 8.1%) and in 28 cases (13.3%) a combination of procedures was performed. Twenty-four cases (11.4%) were complicated with local bleeding and 21 cases required re-intervention (10.4%). Nineteen patients (9.5%) developed local peripheral neurological damage post-operatively. Eight patients (3.8%) developed a chylous fistula and five (2.4%) presented with a local wound infection. One patient (0.5%) developed a bypass graft infection. The thirty day mortality was 7.6% (n = 16/211): one death occurred after isolated debranching without thoracic endovascular aneurysm repair (TEVAR; 0.5%). Whether the hybrid procedures were undertaken in a single stage (simultaneous TEVAR and cervical debranching) or two stage fashion appeared to have a significant impact on 30 day mortality (single stage n = 9/60 [15%] vs. debranching alone or two stage hybrid procedures n = 7/144 [4.9%]; p = .018). The major stroke incidence was 4.3% (n = 9/211); no strokes occurred after isolated debranching. Stroke was correlated with longer operating times (odds ratio [OR] 1.006; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.000-1.011; p = .045) and higher BMI (OR 1.195; 95% CI 1.009-1.415; p = .039). Mean ± SD follow up was 15 ± 17 months (range 0-89 months). Primary cumulative graft patency during follow up was 98.1% (n = 207/211) and secondary patency was 100%. CONCLUSION: The results of cervical debranching procedures showed not only excellent patency rates, but also a significant rate of local complications. Carotid-subclavian bypass appeared to be safer with significantly fewer post-operative complications. Staged hybrid procedures also seemed to be safer.

Multidisciplinary team decision is rare and decreasing in percutaneous vascular interventions despite positive impact on in-hospital outcomes.

Background: Worldwide prevalence of peripheral artery disease (PAD) is increasing and peripheral vascular intervention (PVI) has become the primary invasive treatment. There is evidence that multidisciplinary team decision-making (MTD) has an impact on in-hospital outcomes. This study aims to depict practice patterns and time changes regarding MTD of different medical specialties. Methods: This is a retrospective cross-sectional study design. 20,748 invasive, percutaneous PVI of PAD conducted in the metropolitan area of Hamburg (Germany) were consecutively collected between January 2004 and December 2014. Results: MTD prior to PVI was associated with lower odds of early unsuccessful termination of the procedures (Odds Ratio 0.662, p < 0.001). The proportion of MTD decreased over the study period (30.9 % until 2009 vs. 16.6 % from 2010, p < 0.001) while rates of critical limb-threatening ischemia (34.5 % vs. 42.1 %), patients´ age (70 vs. 72 years), PVI below-the-knee (BTK) (13.2 % vs. 22.4 %), and rates of severe TASC C/D lesions BTK (43.2 % vs. 54.2 %) increased (all p < 0.001). Utilization of MTD was different between medical specialties with lowest frequency in procedures performed by internists when compared to other medical specialties (7.1 % vs. 25.7 %, p < 0.001). Conclusions: MTD prior to PVI is associated with technical success of the procedure. Nonetheless, rates of MTD prior to PVI are decreasing during the study period. Future studies should address the impact of multidisciplinary vascular teams on long-term outcomes.

Renal Function Salvage After Delayed Endovascular Revascularization of Acute Renal Artery Occlusion in Patients With Fenestrated-Branched Endovascular Aneurysm Repair or Visceral Debranching.

PURPOSE: To analyze the renal function and outcome after delayed (>6 hours) endovascular revascularization of acute renal artery occlusion (RAO) in patients with fenestrated-branched endovascular aneurysm repairs (EVARs) or open visceral debranching. METHODS: A single-center retrospective analysis was conducted involving 7 patients (mean age 61 years, range 49-72; 5 women) with 9 RAOs treated with endovascular revascularization between December 2014 and March 2017. Three patients had a solitary kidney with chronic renal insufficiency; 1 patient had bilateral occlusions as the acute event. Initial aortic surgery included 5 branched and 1 fenestrated EVAR as well as 1 open visceral debranching operation. Revascularization of the RAO was performed using aspiration thrombectomy, local lysis therapy, and stent-graft relining. The median time between initial aortic surgery and RAO was 10 months (range 0.5-17). RESULTS: Median renal ischemic time to revascularization was 24 hours (range 7-168). Technical success was 100%, with 1 procedure-related access complication. Temporary dialysis dependency occurred in 4 patients. Mean in-hospital stay was 17 days (range 7-32) with 1 postoperative death at day 10 due to cardiac arrest of unknown cause. Mean follow-up was 10.3 months (range 1.5-27) in 5 of 6 discharged patients. During follow-up, 1 reintervention for recurrent occlusion was performed. At follow-up imaging, all renal arteries were patent. No permanent dialysis dependency occurred. CONCLUSION: Renal function can be salvaged by delayed revascularization for RAO with prolonged renal ischemia. The endovascular approach with aspiration thrombectomy, local lysis, and stent-graft relining is a feasible technique for revascularization after RAO in patients with fenestrated-branched EVAR or open visceral debranching.

Post-operative Infection of Prosthetic Materials or Stents Involving the Supra-aortic Trunks: A Comprehensive Review.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper was to provide recommendations for diagnosis and management in the setting of infection following open or endovascular reconstructions of the supra-aortic trunks. METHODS: A review of the Medline database was performed from 1997 to 2017 by a combined strategy of MeSh terms. RESULTS: The literature search identified 49 publications: 36 studies addressing prosthetic material infections and 13 studies addressing stent infections. A total of 140 cases of prosthetic material infections were reported, mostly involving carotid patches. Surgical treatment was mostly based on complete removal of the infected material followed by in situ arterial reconstruction (86 cases, 62.3%). Peri-operative complications included cranial nerve injury in 17 cases (12.5%), stroke in eight (6.7%), bleeding in four (2.9%), re-infection in five (3.6%), and cardiac failure in three cases (2.2%). Stent infections were reported in 12 patients: eight carotid stents, three subclavian stents and one tandem brachiocephalic subclavian stent. Treatment was not described for one case, was conservative in one case, consisted of stent removal with venous reconstruction in six cases, stent removal without reconstruction because of carotid thrombosis in two cases, and carotid embolisation in two cases. Complications included intra-operative death in one case (9.1%), stroke in two (18.2%), reinfection in one (9.1%), bleeding in one (9.1%), and cardiac failure in one case (9.1%). CONCLUSION: Appropriate pre-operative imaging is mandatory and treatment modality should be determined by patient condition. Complete removal of the infected material, followed by in situ arterial reconstruction with venous material seems advisable, despite high morbidity. However, alternative strategies may be considered for fragile and high risk patients. A multidisciplinary approach is mandatory to ensure optimum results.

Health-related quality of life and patient burden in patients with split-thickness skin graft donor site wounds.

Split-thickness skin grafting is a common procedure to treat different kinds of wounds. This systematic, multicentre, observational, cross-sectional study of adult patients with split-thickness skin graft (STSG) donor site wounds was conducted to evaluate quality of life (QoL) impairments caused by donor site wounds following split-thickness skin grafting. Therefore, 112 patients from 12 wound centres in Germany were examined based on patient and physician questionnaires as well as a physical examination of the donor site wound. Most indications for skin grafting were postsurgical treatment (n = 51; 42.5%) and chronic wounds (n = 47; 39.2%). European QoL visual analoque scale (EQ VAS) averaged 64.7 ± 23.3, European QoL 5 dimensions (EQ-5D) averaged 77.4 ± 30.0. Wound-QoL (range: 0-4) was rated 0.8 ± 0.8 post-surgery and 0.4 ± 0.6 at the time of survey (on average 21 weeks between the time points). Compared to averaged Wound-QoL scores of chronic wounds donor site-related QoL impairments in split-thickness skin-graft patients were less pronounced. There were significant differences in patient burden immediately after surgery compared to the time of the survey, with medium effect sizes. This supports the hypothesis that faster healing of the donor site wound leads to more favourable patient-reported outcomes.

Air Embolism During TEVAR: Carbon Dioxide Flushing Decreases the Amount of Gas Released from Thoracic Stent-Grafts During Deployment.

PURPOSE: To investigate the amount of gas released from Zenith thoracic stent-grafts using standard saline flushing vs the carbon dioxide flushing technique. METHODS: In an experimental bench setting, 20 thoracic stent-grafts were separated into 2 groups of 10 endografts. One group of grafts was flushed with 60 mL saline and the other group was flushed with carbon dioxide for 5 minutes followed by 60 mL saline. All grafts were deployed into a water-filled container with a curved plastic pipe; the deployment was recorded and released gas was measured using a calibrated setup. RESULTS: Gas was released from all grafts in both study groups during endograft deployment. The average amount of released gas per graft was significantly lower in the study group with carbon dioxide flushing (0.79 vs 0.51 mL, p=0.005). CONCLUSION: Thoracic endografts release significant amounts of air during deployment if flushed according to the instructions for use. Application of carbon dioxide for the flushing of thoracic stent-grafts prior to standard saline flush significantly reduces the amount of gas released during deployment. The additional use of carbon dioxide should be considered as a standard flush technique for aortic stent-grafts, especially in those implanted in proximal aortic segments, to reduce the risk of air embolism and stroke.

Outcome of Surgeon-Modified Fenestrated/Branched Stent-Grafts for Symptomatic Complex Aortic Pathologies or Contained Rupture.

PURPOSE: To analyze the outcome of surgeon-modified fenestrated and branched stent-grafts (sm-FBSG) in high-risk patients with symptomatic complex aortic pathology or contained rupture. METHODS: A single-center retrospective analysis was conducted of 21 consecutive patients (mean age 70 years, range 58-87; 16 men) treated with a sm-FBSG from April 2014 to September 2016. The indications included 11 thoracoabdominal and 10 pararenal aortic pathologies, which presented as symptomatic in 8 and as contained rupture in 13 patients. The mean aneurysm diameter was 7.4±2.3 cm. RESULTS: Technical success was 100%. From 1 to 4 (mean 3) renovisceral branch vessels were targeted with fenestrations. The mean length of in-hospital stay was 19 days (range 1-78). There was 1 death within 30 days and 2 further in-hospital deaths. Two patients suffered permanent spinal cord injury, 2 developed respiratory failure, and 2 had renal failure requiring temporary or permanent dialysis. No myocardial infarction, stroke, or bowel ischemia occurred. Six early endoleaks (3 type II and 3 minor type III) were detected. Mean follow-up was 11.2 months (range 2-33) in 17 patients. One late aneurysm-related death occurred. All 13 follow-up imaging studies showed patent target renovisceral vessels, with 1 type I and 2 type II endoleaks. CONCLUSION: Sm-FBSG can be utilized for urgent treatment of complex abdominal and thoracoabdominal aortic pathologies in high-risk patients with anatomy unsuitable for commercially available stent-grafts.

Reversed Frozen Elephant Trunk Technique to Treat a Type II Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysm.

PURPOSE: To describe a hybrid technique of reversed frozen elephant trunk to treat thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms (TAAA) through an abdominal only approach. TECHNIQUE: The technique is demonstrated in a 29-year-old Marfan patient with a chronic type B aortic dissection previously treated with a thoracic stent-graft who presented with a thoracoabdominal false lumen aneurysm. Through an open distal retroperitoneal approach to the abdominal aorta, a frozen elephant trunk graft was implanted over a super-stiff wire upside down with the stent-graft component in the thoracic aorta. Following deployment of the stent-graft proximally and preservation of renovisceral perfusion in a retrograde manner, the renovisceral vessels were sequentially anastomosed to the elephant trunk graft branches, thus reducing the ischemia time of the end organs. The aortic sac was then opened, and the distal part of the hybrid graft was anastomosed with a further bifurcated graft to the iliac vessels. CONCLUSION: The reversed frozen elephant trunk technique is feasible for hybrid treatment of TAAAs via an abdominal approach only. This has the benefit of substantially reducing the trauma of thoracic exposure, thus preserving major benefits of open thoracoabdominal surgery, such as the presence of short bypasses to the renovisceral vessels and reimplantation of lumbar arteries to reduce spinal cord ischemia.

Validity and feasibility of the wound-QoL questionnaire on health-related quality of life in chronic wounds.

Chronic wounds have a major socioeconomic impact due to their frequency, chronicity, and societal costs. Patients experience substantial quality of life (QoL) impairments. The use of questionnaires for a continuous assessment of QoL and resulting interventions to improve the situation of the individual are an important cornerstone of a guideline-based wound care. The aim of this study was to investigate the validity of the Wound-QoL questionnaire. Patients with chronic wounds from two different centers were included in the prospective study. All patients completed the Wound-QoL and two other QoL questionnaires (European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions, EQ-5D, and Freiburg Life Quality Assessment for wounds, FLQA-wk) at baseline and at two more time points (4 and 8 weeks, respectively). Wound status was defined with an anchor question. Two hundred and twenty-seven patients (48.5% women) participated in the study. Mean age was 66.9 years (range 17-96, median 69.5). Indications were venous leg ulcers (40.1%), pyoderma gangraenosum (14.1%), diabetic or ischemic foot ulcers (5.3%), pressure ulcers (2.6%), and other etiologies (30.0%). The Wound-QoL showed good internal consistency, with high Cronbach's alpha in all the subscales and in the global scale in all time points (>0.8). Convergent validity was satisfactory since there were significantly (p ≤ 0.001) good correlations with the EQ-5D (range = 0.5-0.7) and FLQA-wk global score (r > 0.8) at every time point. Responsiveness was high, too. The Wound-QoL is a simple, valid tool for the longitudinal assessment of QoL in patients with chronic wounds. This questionnaire is suitable for use in clinical trials, quality of care studies and clinical routine.

["Surgeon-modified" Stent Grafts in Emergency Cases as Addition to Off-the-shelf Stent Grafts for Complex Abdominal and Thoracoabdominal Aortic Pathologies]. / "Surgeon-modified" Stentgrafts für den Notfall ­ Ergänzung zu "off-the-shelf" Prothesen für die Versorgung von komplexen abdominellen und thorakoabdominellen Aortenpathologien.

Background Endovascular techniques have revolutionised the therapy of abdominal and thoracoabdominal aortic disease. For infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm, the endovascular aortic repair has become a standard for elective and emergent cases. In complex abdominal or thoracoabdominal aortic pathologies, involving reno-visceral vessels, there are technical challenges for open and endovascular surgery. Due to high mortality and morbidity of open surgery of complex aortic lesions, especially in emergent cases, endovascular techniques have developed as well. Results Endovascular treatment options for complex aortic pathologies are fenestrated and branched stent grafts and the chimney graft technique. In elective cases, fenestrated and branched stent grafts are ordered as "custom-made" devices but planning, production and delivery takes up to approximately 12 weeks. For urgent cases, there recently only exists one 4-vessel branched "off-the-shelf" stent graft, that fits only about 60% of patients' anatomy in complex abdominal or thoracoabdominal aneurysm cases. As an alternative for these patients, "surgeon-modified" stent grafts are a treatment option. Here, a commercially available stent graft is modified with the needed fenestrations and branches for the visceral vessel prior to the operation. Compared to off-the-shelf stent grafts, the surgeon-modified stent grafts have similar results for mortality and morbidity. Conclusion As long as off-the-shelf devices for a larger variety of abdominal and thoracoabdominal anatomy are available, surgeon-modified stent grafts are a good treatment alternative for urgent complex abdominal and thoracoabdominal aortic pathologies in high-risk patients.

Complete Ipsilateral Femoral Approach Using an Iliac Branch Device to Preserve a Sole Internal Iliac Artery After Aortic Stent-Graft Placement.

PURPOSE: To report implantation of an iliac branch device (IBD) for preserving antegrade blood flow to a sole internal iliac artery (IIA) via an ipsilateral approach during endovascular repair to reline an aortobi-iliac allograft. TECHNIQUE: The technique is described in a 55-year-old man with an enteric fistula involving an aortobi-iliac Y-prosthesis. After complete excision, the prosthesis was replaced by an allograft. Due to rebleeding and resuturing of the graft, total stent-graft relining of the allograft was planned with preservation of the sole left IIA using an iliac side branch (ZBIS). During introduction of a 12-F sheath over the allograft's neobifurcation to establish a femorofemoral through-and-through approach, the allograft ruptured. A compliant balloon was inflated to control the hemorrhage. The IBD was first fully deployed, followed by stent-graft relining. Consequently, stent-graft implantation in the left IIA using a crossover maneuver was no longer feasible, so a 0.035-inch super stiff wire was introduced through the IBD's 20-F sheath. A 12-mm semi-compliant balloon was inflated in the common iliac artery above the iliac branch to act as an abutment for a 7-F sheath to run over the stiff wire into the IIA for delivery/deployment of a stent-graft. CONCLUSION: It is feasible to use a complete ipsilateral femoral approach for IBD implantation after aortic stent-graft placement.

Repair of a Contained Ruptured Paravisceral Aortic Aneurysm Using a Surgeon-Modified Fenestrated Endograft and Development of an Aortogastric Fistula.

Complex aortic aneurysms such as paravisceral aneurysm represent a challenging condition especially in the case of rupture. The presence of an aortoenteric fistula in this setting is associated with a very high mortality and morbidity. We report the case of a 72-year-old patient with contained ruptured paravisceral aortic aneurysm who underwent surgeon-modified fenestrated endovascular aneurysm repair (sm-fEVAR) with fenestrations for multiple renal arteries and the superior mesenteric artery. The patient successfully recovered from the repair but developed an aortogastric fistula on the basis of a preexisting gastric ulceration so that second-stage atypical gastrectomy was conducted. The further postoperative course was complicated by severe pancreatitis and sepsis resulting in multiorgan failure and in-hospital death 1.5 months later. We were able to demonstrate the technical feasibility of an sm-fEVAR for a contained ruptured paravisceral aneurysm. Coverage of the celiac artery is required in some complex cases but may lead to severe ischemic complication despite from angiographic sufficient collateralization.

Results of the Gore Hybrid Vascular Graft in Challenging Aortic Branch Revascularization during Complex Aneurysm Repair.

BACKGROUND: Prolonged organ ischemia during complex aortic surgery is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. A novel hybrid graft (Gore Hybrid Vascular Graft) as composite of expanded polytetrafluorethylene vascular prosthesis that has a section reinforced with nitinol was investigated for feasibility and effectiveness during aortic repair. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of all consecutive patients treated with the hybrid vascular graft (HVG). Indication for graft implantation was surgeon's preference for branch revascularization in challenging aortic repair. RESULTS: Within 26 months, 25 Gore HVGs and 17 conventional grafts were implanted in 12 patients (age, 73 years; range, 33-79 years, 8 men). Eleven patients were treated for thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms and one for aortoiliac aneurysm (elective = 6, urgent = 6). Nine visceral debranching procedures, 2 Crawford procedures, and 1 repair of an internal iliac aneurysm were performed. The distribution of HVG use was left renal artery = 10, right renal artery = 9, superior mesenteric artery = 4, celiac trunk = 1, and internal iliac artery = 1. Time to restore visceral blood flow during visceral debranching was 7 ± 4 min for the Gore HVG vs. 12 ± 6 min for conventional grafts (P < 0.01).Technical success was achieved in all cases. At 12 months of median follow-up, cumulative patency of the HVGs was 96%. CONCLUSIONS: The Gore HVG offers a new, simplified, and time-sparing technique for visceral anastomoses during complex aneurysm repair. However, long-term results are still lacking and need to be awaited.

Antegrade in situ stent-graft fenestration for the renal artery following inadvertent coverage during EVAR.

PURPOSE: To report the use of antegrade in situ fenestration as a bailout technique to rescue a renal artery after inadvertent coverage during endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). TECHNIQUE: The technique is demonstrated in a patient with a 6-cm infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and a short, angulated proximal neck. A type I endoleak persisted on completion angiography after implantation of a bifurcated Zenith stent-graft despite dilation with a compliant balloon. A Giant Palmaz stent mounted on a large compliant balloon successfully resolved the endoleak. After placing the stent, the left renal artery was covered completely by the main aortic graft material, leading to only marginal opacification on angiography. To preserve flow to the renal artery, a transseptal sheath and transseptal needle were introduced from the right femoral artery and used to puncture the abdominal stent-graft antegrade at the site of the left renal artery. A 0.018-inch guidewire could then be introduced into the left renal artery; following a number of maneuvers, a balloon-expandable stent was placed through the fenestration into the target vessel. On computed tomographic angiography 4 days postoperatively, the AAA remained excluded and both renal arteries were patent, with all side branches fully preserved. Renal function was completely restored. CONCLUSION: Antegrade in situ fenestration can facilitate immediate revascularization of inadvertently covered side branches in EVAR using a transseptal sheath and needle. If the anatomical features are supportive, antegrade in situ fenestration can be a useful bailout technique.

Distal false lumen occlusion in aortic dissection with a homemade extra-large vascular plug: the candy-plug technique.

PURPOSE: To report a technique to create an extra-large vascular plug for occlusion of a large distal false lumen in chronic aortic dissection. TECHNIQUE: The "candy-plug" technique is demonstrated in a 58-year-old multimorbid man with a history of complicated acute type B aortic dissection and a 9-cm chronic thoracic false lumen aneurysm. The patient underwent a staged repair with a cervical debranching procedure as a first step and a thoracic endovascular aortic repair from the innominate artery to the celiac artery as a second step. To occlude the large false lumen from a distal route, a stent-graft was modified on-table with a diameter-restricting suture, giving it a wrapped candy-like shape. This plug was deployed into the false lumen, and the remaining opening was occluded with a standard vascular plug. On 3-month follow-up imaging, the thoracic false lumen aneurysm remained completely thrombosed. CONCLUSION: The candy-plug technique can facilitate complete occlusion of chronic thoracic false lumen aneurysm by prohibiting distal false lumen backflow.

Antegrade side branch access in branched aortic arch endografts: a porcine feasibility study.

PURPOSE: To describe the deployment technique for a single side branch arch endograft in a porcine model and prove the concept of transseptal or transapical antegrade access for catheterization and introduction of the mating stent-graft. METHODS: Six domestic pigs were operated with retrograde delivery of a single side branch arch endograft and antegrade introduction of a mating stent-graft using transseptal access (n=3) and transapical access (n=3). Technical feasibility, operating time, radiation parameters, and hemodynamic changes were studied. RESULTS: Transseptal and transapical access techniques were feasible in all animals. Catheterization and introduction of the mating stent-graft was feasible in 2 of 3 animals in the transseptal group and all animals in the transapical group. Technical feasibility was better in the transapical group, with shorter operating and fluoroscopy times and less hemodynamic impact during endograft deployment. Hemodynamic changes were short and reversible in all animals in both groups. CONCLUSION: Antegrade transcardiac access to the aortic arch for implantation of mating stent-grafts in branched arch endografting is feasible in a porcine model with reversible impact on hemodynamic measures during deployment. Transapical access was technically easier, with shorter operating and fluoroscopy times.