Potential role of Fbxo22 in resistance to endocrine therapy in breast cancer with invasive lobular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) is distinct from invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) in terms of their hormonal microenvironments that may require different therapeutic strategies. We previously reported that selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) function requires F-box protein 22 (Fbxo22). Here, we investigated the role of Fbxo22 as a potential biomarker contributing to the resistance to endocrine therapy in ILC. METHODS: A total of 302 breast cancer (BC) patients including 150 ILC were recruited in the study. Fbxo22 expression and clinical information were analyzed to elucidate whether Fbxo22 negativity could be a prognostic factor or there were any correlations among clinical variables and SERM efficacy. RESULTS: Fbxo22 negativity was significantly higher in ILC compared with IDC (58.0% vs. 27.0%, P < 0.001) and higher in postmenopausal patients than premenopausal patients (64.1% vs. 48.2%, P = 0.041). In the ILC cohort, Fbxo22-negative patients had poorer overall survival (OS) than Fbxo22-positive patients, with 10-year OS rates of 77.4% vs. 93.6% (P = 0.055). All patients treated with SERMs, Fbxo22 negativity resulted in a poorer outcome, with 10-year OS rates of 81.3% vs. 92.3% (P = 0.032). In multivariate analysis regarding recurrence-free survival (RFS) in ILC patients, Fbxo22 status was independently predictive of survival as well as lymph node metastasis. CONCLUSION: Fbxo22 negativity significantly impacts on survival in BC patients with IDC and ILC, and the disadvantage was enhanced among ILC postmenopausal women or patients treated with SERMs. The findings suggest that different therapeutic strategies might be needed according to the different histopathological types when considering adjuvant endocrine therapy.

Risk Analysis of Breast Cancer by Using Bilateral Mammographic Density Differences: A Case-Control Study.

The identification of risk factors helps radiologists assess the risk of breast cancer. Quantitative factors such as age and mammographic density are established risk factors for breast cancer. Asymmetric breast findings are frequently encountered during diagnostic mammography. The asymmetric area may indicate a developing mass in the early stage, causing a difference in mammographic density between the left and right sides. Therefore, this paper aims to propose a quantitative parameter named bilateral mammographic density difference (BMDD) for the quantification of breast asymmetry and to verify BMDD as a risk factor for breast cancer. To quantitatively evaluate breast asymmetry, we developed a semi-automatic method to estimate mammographic densities and calculate BMDD as the absolute difference between the left and right mammographic densities. And then, a retrospective case-control study, covering the period from July 2006 to October 2014, was conducted to analyse breast cancer risk in association with BMDD. The study included 364 women diagnosed with breast cancer and 364 matched control patients. As a result, a significant difference in BMDD was found between cases and controls (P < 0.001) and the case-control study demonstrated that women with BMDD > 10% had a 2.4-fold higher risk of breast cancer (odds ratio, 2.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.3-4.5) than women with BMDD ≤ 10%. In addition, we also demonstrated the positive association between BMDD and breast cancer risk among the subgroups with different ages and the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) mammographic density categories. This study demonstrated that BMDD could be a potential risk factor for breast cancer.

Kallikrein-Related Peptidase 12 (KLK12) in Breast Cancer as a Favorable Prognostic Marker.

Kallikrein-related peptides (KLKs) form an evolutionally conserved subgroup of secreted serine proteases that consists of 15 members (KLK1-15). Previous studies have shown that KLKs regulate diverse biological processes, but the clinical significance of KLKs remains largely unclear in human breast cancers. We examined the expression profile of 15 KLK genes in breast carcinomas using microarray data. Next, we immunolocalized KLK12 in 140 breast carcinomas and evaluated its clinical significance. Subsequently, we examined the effects of KLK12 on proliferation and migration in breast cancer cell lines. From microarray analyses, it turned out that KLK12 was the most strongly associated with low-grade malignancy in breast carcinomas among the 15 KLK members. Immunohistochemical KLK12 status was positively associated with ER and PR status, while it was inversely associated with stage, pathological T factor, lymph node metastasis, and distant metastasis. Prognostic analyses demonstrated that KLK12 was a favorable prognostic factor for both disease-free and breast cancer-specific survival of the patients. Furthermore, the knockdown of KLK12 significantly increased cell proliferation activity and cell migration of breast cancer cells. These results suggest that KLK12 has antitumorigenic effects associated with proliferation and migration and immunohistochemical KLK12 status as a potent favorable prognostic factor in breast carcinoma patients.

Cytochrome c1 in ductal carcinoma in situ of breast associated with proliferation and comedo necrosis.

It is well known that comedo necrosis is closely associated with an aggressive phenotype of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of human breast, but its molecular mechanisms remain largely unclear. Therefore, in this study, we first examined the gene expression profile of comedo DCIS based on microarray data and identified CYC1 as a gene associated with comedo necrosis. Cytochrome c1 (CYC1) is a subunit of complex III in the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation that is involved in energy production. However, the significance of CYC1 has not yet been examined in DCIS. We therefore immunolocalized CYC1 in 47 DCIS cases. CYC1 immunoreactivity was detected in 40% of DCIS cases, and the immunohistochemical CYC1 status was significantly associated with tumor size, nuclear grade, comedo necrosis, van Nuys classification, and Ki-67 labeling index. Subsequent in vitro studies indicated that CYC1 was significantly associated with mitochondrial membrane potential in MCF10DCIS.com DCIS cells. Moreover, CYC1 significantly promoted proliferation activity of MCF10DCIS.com cells and the cells transfected with CYC1 siRNA decreased pro-apoptotic caspase 3 activity under hypoxic or anoxic conditions. Considering that the center of DCIS is poorly oxygenated, these results indicate that CYC1 plays important roles in cell proliferation and comedo necrosis through the elevated oxidative phosphorylation activity in human DCIS.

Abnormal expression of miR-1 in breast carcinoma as a potent prognostic factor.

Metastatic breast cancer remains a highly lethal disease, and it is very important to evaluate the biomarkers associated with the distant metastasis. MicroRNA (miRNA) are small non-protein coding RNA that regulate various cellular functions. Recent investigations have demonstrated the importance of some miRNA in breast cancer, but the significance of the great majority of miRNA remains largely unclear in breast cancer metastasis. Therefore, in this study, we first examined expression profiles of miRNA in stage IV breast carcinoma tissues, comparing stage I-III cases by miRNA PCR array, and identified miR-1 as the miRNA which was the most associated with the distant metastasis. However, miR-1 has not yet been examined in breast carcinoma tissue, and its significance remains unknown. Therefore, we further examined miR-1 expression in breast carcinoma using in situ hybridization (ISH). miR-1 was localized in carcinoma cells in 20% of breast carcinoma cases, but it was negligible in non-neoplastic mammary glands or stroma. miR-1 ISH status was significantly associated with stage, pathological T factor, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, histological grade, estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and Ki-67 in breast carcinoma. Moreover, the miR-1 status was demonstrated using multivariate analysis as an independent worse prognostic factor for both disease-free and breast cancer-specific survival. These findings suggest that abnormal miR-1 expression is associated with an aggressive phenotype of breast carcinoma and that miR-1 status is a potent prognostic factor in human breast cancer patients.

Mitochondrial dynamics as a novel treatment strategy for triple-negative breast cancer.

INTRODUCTION: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), recognized as the most heterogeneous type of breast cancer (BC), exhibits a worse prognosis than other subtypes. Mitochondria dynamics play a vital role as mediators in tumorigenesis by adjusting to the cell microenvironments. However, the relationship between mitochondrial dynamics and metabophenotype exhibits discrepancies and divergence across various research and BC models. Therefore, this study aims to explore the role of mitochondrial dynamics in TNBC drug resistance and tumorigenesis. METHODS: The Wst-8 test was conducted to assess doxorubicin sensitivity in HCC38, MDA-MB-231 (TNBC), and MCF-7 (luminal). Confocal microscopy and FACS were used to quantify the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔφM), mitophagy, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Agilent Seahorse XF Analyzer was utilized to measure metabolic characteristics. Dynamin-related protein-1 (DRP1), Parkin, and p62 immunohistochemistry staining were performed using samples from 107 primary patients with BC before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). RESULTS: MDA-MB-231, a TNBC cell line with reduced sensitivity to doxorubicin, reduced ΔφM, and enhanced mitophagy to maintain ROS production through oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS)-based metabolism. HCC38, a doxorubicin-sensitive cell line, exhibited no alterations in ΔφM or mitophagy. However, it demonstrated an increase in ROS production and glycolysis. Clinicopathological studies revealed that pretreatment (before NAC) expression of DRP1 was significant in TNBC, as was pretreatment expression of Parkin in the hormone receptor-negative group. Furthermore, low p62 levels seem to be a risk factor for recurrence-free survival. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicated that the interplay between mitophagy, linked to a worse clinical prognosis, and OXPHOS metabolism promoted chemotherapy resistance in TNBC. Mitochondrial fission is prevalent in TNBC. These findings suggest that targeting the unique mitochondrial metabolism and dynamics in TNBC may offer a novel therapeutic strategy for patients with TNBC.

Immunolocalization of Cytoplasmic ER in ER-negative Breast Carcinoma as a Potent Favorable Prognostic Predictor.

It is known that estrogen receptor (ER) has extranuclear signaling functions in addition to classical genomic pathway, and estrogenic actions have been reported in ER-negative breast carcinoma cells. However, significance of cytoplasmic-ER immunoreactivity has not been reported in ER-negative breast carcinoma tissues. We immunolocalized cytoplasmic ER in 155 ER-negative breast carcinoma tissues and evaluated its clinicopathological significance including the prognosis. As a comparative cohort set, we also used 142 ER-positive breast carcinomas. Cytoplasmic-ER immunoreactivity was detected in the carcinoma cells, but not in the non-neoplastic mammary epithelium. Cytoplasmic-ER immunoreactivity was positive in the 35 out of 155 (23%) ER-negative breast carcinoma cases, whereas it was detected only in 2 out of 142 (1.4%) ER-positive cases. Cytoplasmic ER status was positively associated with cytoplasmic-PR status, but inversely associated with Ki67 labeling index or distant free-relapse survival rate. Moreover, cytoplasmic-ER status turned out to be an independent good prognostic factor for both distant relapse-free survival and breast cancer specific survival. These findings suggested that cytoplasmic ER plays important roles in the ER-negative breast carcinoma, and cytoplasmic ER is a potent good prognostic factor. Among the ER-negative breast cancer patients, clinical benefit of chemotherapy may be limited in the cytoplasmic-ER positive cases.

Nucleobindin 2 in human breast carcinoma as a potent prognostic factor.

It is well-known that estrogens immensely contribute to the progression of human breast carcinoma, but their detailed molecular mechanisms remain largely unclear. In this study, we identified nucleobindin 2 (NUCB2) as a gene associated with recurrence based on microarray data of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast carcinoma cases (n = 10), and subsequent in vitro study showed that NUCB2 expression was upregulated by estradiol in ER-positive MCF-7 cells. However, NUCB2 has not yet been examined in breast carcinoma, and its significance remains unknown. Therefore, we further examined the biological functions of NUCB2 in breast carcinoma using immunohistochemistry and in vitro studies. NUCB2 immunoreactivity was detected in carcinoma cells in 77 of 161 (48%) breast cancer cases, and positively associated with lymph node metastasis and ER status of the patients. In addition, NUCB2 status was significantly associated with an increased risk of recurrence and adverse clinical outcome of the patients using both univariate and multivariate analyses. Results of siRNA transfection experiments showed that NUCB2 significantly increased cell proliferation, and migration and invasion properties in both MCF-7 and ER-negative SK-BR-3 cells. These results suggest that NUCB2 is upregulated by estrogens and plays an important role, especially in the process of metastasis, in breast carcinomas. NUCB2 status is considered a potent prognostic factor in human breast cancer.

Forkhead Box I1 in Breast Carcinoma as a Potent Prognostic Factor.

Forkhead box (FOX) proteins are family of transcriptional factors and regulate cell growth and differentiation as well as embryogenesis and longevity. Previous studies have demonstrated that several FOX members regulate growth or metastasis of breast carcinoma, but clinical significance of total FOX members remains unclear. We first examined associations between expression of 40 FOX genes and TNM status of 19 breast carcinoma using microarray data. Subsequently, we immunolocalized FOXI1 in 140 breast carcinomas and evaluated its clinicopathological significance. In the microarray analysis, we newly identified that gene expression of FOXI1 was most pronouncedly linked to metastasis of the breast carcinoma among the FOX members examined. However, clinicopathological significance of FOXI1 has not been examined in the breast carcinoma. FOXI1 immunoreactivity was positive in 44 out of 140 (31%) of breast carcinomas, and it was significantly associated with stage, lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis. The FOXI1 status was significantly associated with worse prognosis of the breast cancer patients, and it turned out to be an independent prognostic factor for both distant disease-free survival and breast cancer-specific survival. These findings suggest that FOXI1 plays important roles in the metastasis of breast carcinoma and immunohistochemical FOXI1 status is a potent prognostic factor.

Establishment of an analytical method for simultaneous quantitation of CDK4/6 inhibitors, aromatase inhibitors, and an estrogen receptor antagonist in human plasma using LC-ESI-MS/MS.

Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) inhibitors (palbociclib, abemaciclib, and ribociclib) are used to treat human epithelial growth factor receptor (HER)-2 negative and hormone receptor (HR) positive advanced breast cancer in combination with aromatase inhibitors (letrozole, anastrozole) or an estrogen receptor antagonist (fulvestrant). Administration of these drugs frequently causes severe side effects, such as neutropenia and diarrhea. Therefore, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of CDK4/6 inhibitors, aromatase inhibitors, and the estrogen receptor antagonist is considered important for ensuring the efficacy and safety of these drugs. In this study, we describe a simple, highly sensitive, and specific liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous quantitation of the concentrations of palbociclib, abemaciclib, ribociclib, letrozole, anastrozole, and fulvestrant. In addition, we analyzed plasma samples from patients with HER2-negative and HR-positive advanced breast cancer treated with these compounds using this novel method. In our method, the intra-assay relative error (RE) values ranged from -12.8% to 12.9%, the inter-assay RE values ranged from -4.8% to 6.2%, and the coefficient of variation (CV) values for intra- and inter-assay were ≤8.6% and ≤13.3%, respectively. The analytes showed good stability with RE values ranging from -13.5% to 13.6% and CV values <10.4%. Moreover, all the samples from patients were successfully quantified, and were within the range of measurement. This method can be used for TDM of routine anticancer drugs in clinical practice and for pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics research in future studies.

Targeting Amino Acid Metabolic Reprogramming via L-Type Amino Acid Transporter 1 (LAT1) for Endocrine-Resistant Breast Cancer.

The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway has been well known to interact with the estrogen receptor (ER)-pathway and to be also frequently upregulated in aromatase inhibitor (AI)-resistant breast cancer patients. Intracellular levels of free amino acids, especially leucine, regulate the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activation. L-type amino acid transporters such as LAT1 and LAT3 are associated with the uptake of essential amino acids. LAT1 expression could mediate leucine uptake, mTORC1 signaling, and cell proliferation. Therefore, in this study, we explored amino acid metabolism, including LAT1, in breast cancer and clarified the potential roles of LAT1 in the development of therapeutic resistance and the eventual clinical outcome of the patients. We evaluated LAT1 and LAT3 expression before and after neoadjuvant hormone therapy (NAH) and examined LAT1 function and expression in estrogen deprivation-resistant (EDR) breast carcinoma cell lines. Tumors tended to be in advanced stages in the cases whose LAT1 expression was high. LAT1 expression in the EDR cell lines was upregulated. JPH203, a selective LAT1 inhibitor, demonstrated inhibitory effects on cell proliferation in EDR cells. Hormone therapy changed the tumor microenvironment and resulted in metabolic reprogramming through inducing LAT1 expression. LAT1 expression then mediated leucine uptake, enhanced mTORC1 signaling, and eventually resulted in AI resistance. Therefore, LAT1 could be the potential therapeutic target in AI-resistant breast cancer patients.

Minimal impact of postmastectomy radiation therapy on locoregional recurrence for breast cancer patients with 1 to 3 positive lymph nodes in the modern treatment era.

INTRODUCTION: Given modern treatment strategies, controversy remains regarding whether postmastectomy radiation therapy (PMRT) is necessary for breast cancer patients with 1-3 positive axillary lymph nodes (ALN). Our aim was to assess the significance of PMRT in the modern treatment era for these patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We have conducted the retrospective multicenter study and identified 658 patients with 1-3 positive ALN who were treated with mastectomy and ALN dissection between 1999 and 2012. Propensity score weighting was used to minimize the influence of confounding factors between the PMRT and no-PMRT groups. The variables including tumor size, lymph nodes status, skin and/or muscle invasion, histological grade, lymphovascular invasion and ER positivity which were statistically unbalanced between the groups were used to define the propensity scores. RESULTS: The median follow-up time was 7.3 years. In the modern era (2006-2012), no significant difference in locoregional recurrence (LRR)-free survival was noted between the PMRT and no-PMRT groups (P = 0.3625). The 8-year LRR-free survival rates of the PMRT and no-PMRT groups were 98.2% and 95.3%, respectively. After matching patients by propensity scores, the PMRT group, compared to the no-PMRT group, exhibited significantly better locoregional control (P = 0.0366) in the entire cohort. The 10-year LRR-free survival rates were 97.8% and 88.4% in the PMRT and no-PMRT groups, respectively. In contrast, no significant difference in LRR-free survival was noted between the PMRT and no-PMRT groups in the modern era (P = 0.5298). The 8-year LRR-free survival rates of patients treated in the modern era were approximately the same between the groups (98.0% and 95.7% in the PMRT and no-PMRT groups, respectively). Particularly, LRR-free survival of HER2 positive breast cancer significantly improved in the modern treatment era, compared with that of the old treatment era (P = 0.0349). CONCLUSION: PMRT had minimal impact on LRR for breast cancer patients with 1-3 positive ALN in the modern treatment era.

Changes in Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes in the nasopharynx of Japanese children after inoculation with a heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.

In this study, we prospectively investigated changes in Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes among Japanese children after heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) inoculation. We acquired nasopharyngeal swabs from the children at each routine PCV7 inoculation and again at least 2 months after the last PCV7 inoculation. We defined 2 periods with regard to each culture: the inoculation period as "the period of pre- or incomplete vaccination" and post-inoculation as "the period of post- or completed vaccination." The prevalence of vaccine-type (VT) pneumococci was significantly reduced from 9.5% in the inoculation-period cultures to 2.9% in the post-inoculation cultures (P < 0.01). There was no statistical difference in the prevalence of non-vaccine-type pneumococci between the inoculation-period and post-inoculation cultures (24.1% versus 23.4%). The protection of PCV7 against nasopharyngeal colonization was inferred from the decrease in VT carriage post-inoculation. The decrease in VT carriage may be conducive to reducing VT transmission within the study area.

BUB1 immunolocalization in breast carcinoma: its nuclear localization as a potent prognostic factor of the patients.

Mitotic checkpoint is a fundamental mechanism involved in fidelity mitotic chromosome segregation, and its alteration results in progression of human malignancies. In this study, we examined expression profiles of seven mitotic checkpoint genes in 20 breast carcinomas using microarray analysis. Results demonstrated that BUB1 expression level was closely correlated with the proliferation activity evaluated by Ki-67 labeling index (LI) of individual cases. Therefore, we further immunolocalized BUB1 in 104 breast carcinoma tissues in order to evaluate its clinicopathological significance. BUB1 immunoreactivity was detected in the nucleus and/or cytoplasm of carcinoma cells, and nuclear and cytoplasmic BUB1 status were positive in 40% and 58% of the cases examined, respectively. In particular, nuclear BUB1 status was significantly associated with stage, pathological tumor factors, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, histological grade, and Ki-67 LI, but cytoplasmic BUB1 status was not significantly associated with any of the parameters examined. Subsequent multivariate analysis revealed that nuclear BUB1 status turned out an independent prognostic factor for both disease-free and breast cancer-specific survival of the patients examined. These results all indicated that BUB1 played important roles in the proliferation and/or progression of the breast carcinoma, and nuclear BUB1 immunohistochemical status is also considered a potent prognostic factor in human breast cancer patients.

Intratumoral estrogen concentration and expression of estrogen-induced genes in male breast carcinoma: comparison with female breast carcinoma.

It is speculated that estrogens play important roles in the male breast carcinoma (MBC) as well as the female breast carcinoma (FBC). However, estrogen concentrations or molecular features of estrogen actions have not been reported in MBC, and biological significance of estrogens remains largely unclear in MBC. Therefore, we examined intratumoral estrogen concentrations, estrogen receptor (ER) α/ERß status, and expression profiles of estrogen-induced genes in MBC tissues, and compared these with FBC. 17ß-Estradiol concentration in MBC (n = 4) was significantly (14-fold) higher than that in non-neoplastic male breast (n = 3) and tended to be higher than that in FBC (n = 7). Results of microarray analysis clearly demonstrated that expression profiles of the two gene lists, which were previously reported as estrogen-induced genes in MCF-7 breast carcinoma cell line, were markedly different between MBC and FBC. In the immunohistochemistry, MBC tissues were frequently positive for aromatase (63 %) and 17ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (67 %), but not for steroid sulfatase (6.7 %). A great majority (77 %) of MBC showed positive for both ERα and ERß, and its frequency was significantly higher than FBC cases. These results suggest that estradiol is locally produced in MBC tissue by aromatase. Different expression profiles of the estrogen-induced genes may associate with different estrogen functions in MBC from FBC, which may be partly due to their ERα/ERß status.

Prevalence and risk factors of nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in healthy children in Japan.

The findings of this study revealed a 22% prevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae among healthy children in Japan; the prevalence tended to increase with age. We identified attendance at day-care facilities and the presence of older siblings as the major risk factors associated with pneumococcal carriage. A significant decrease in pneumococcal colonization was observed among children during the summer; however, a seasonal variation was independent of various factors. Our findings suggest that prior immunization with heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine within the current recommended schedule is required for children exposed to these risk factors.

Identification of androgen-responsive microRNAs and androgen-related genes in breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Androgen receptors (ARs) are expressed in many breast cancer cells, but the mechanism of action of androgens is not as well-characterized as in other cell types. The study of microRNAs has recently provided with important insights into the biology of hormone-dependent cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We attempted to identify microRNAs induced by dihydrotestosterone in an AR-positive cell line. We examined a possible correlation among microRNAs, target genes, and ARs in breast cancer tissues using immunohistochemistry and laser capture microscopy. RESULTS: Our analysis demonstrated that miR-363 and its possible target IQ motif and WD repeats-1 (IQWD1) are involved in a microRNA-mRNA pathway related to the mechanism of action of androgens. Our analyses showed that a high tumor level of IQWD1 in patients with breast cancer was significantly associated with adverse clinical outcomes. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicated that the recruitment of IQWD1 to ARs may be a prerequisite for the growth stimulation by androgens through ARs in breast cancer cells.

Oestrogen-induced genes in ductal carcinoma in situ: their comparison with invasive ductal carcinoma.

It is well known that oestrogens play important roles in both the pathogenesis and development of invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) of human breast. However, molecular features of oestrogen actions have remained largely unclear in pure ductal carcinoma in situ (pDCIS), regarded as a precursor lesion of many IDCs. This is partly due to the fact that gene expression profiles of oestrogen-responsive genes have not been examined in pDCIS. Therefore, we first examined the profiles of oestrogen-induced genes in oestrogen receptor (ER)-positive pDCIS and DCIS (DCIS component (DCIS-c)) and IDC (IDC component (IDC-c)) components of IDC cases (n=4 respectively) by microarray analysis. Oestrogen-induced genes identified in this study were tentatively classified into three different groups in the hierarchical clustering analysis, and 33% of the genes were predominantly expressed in pDCIS rather than DCIS-c or IDC-c cases. Among these genes, the status of MYB (C-MYB), RBBP7 (RBAP46) and BIRC5 (survivin) expressions in carcinoma cells was significantly higher in ER-positive pDCIS (n=53) than that in ER-positive DCIS-c (n=27) or IDC-c (n=27) by subsequent immunohistochemical analysis of the corresponding genes (P<0.0001, P=0.03 and P=0.0003 respectively). In particular, the status of C-MYB immunoreactivity was inversely (P=0.006) correlated with Ki67 in the pDCIS cases. These results suggest that expression profiles of oestrogen-induced genes in pDCIS may be different from those in IDC; and C-MYB, RBAP46 and survivin may play important roles particularly among oestrogen-induced genes in ER-positive pDCIS.