RESUMEN
The peptidoglycan sensor Nod2 and the autophagy protein ATG16L1 have been linked to Crohn's disease (CD). Although Nod2 and the related sensor, Nod1, direct ATG16L1 to initiate anti-bacterial autophagy, whether ATG16L1 affects Nod-driven inflammation has not been examined. Here, we uncover an unanticipated autophagy-independent role for ATG16L1 in negatively regulating Nod-driven inflammatory responses. Knockdown of ATG16L1 expression, but not that of ATG5 or ATG9a, specifically enhanced Nod-driven cytokine production. In addition, autophagy-incompetent truncated forms of ATG16L1 regulated Nod-driven cytokine responses. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that ATG16L1 interfered with poly-ubiquitination of the Rip2 adaptor and recruitment of Rip2 into large signaling complexes. The CD-associated allele of ATG16L1 was impaired in its ability to regulate Nod-driven inflammatory responses. Overall, these results suggest that ATG16L1 is critical for Nod-dependent regulation of cytokine responses and that disruption of this Nod1- or Nod2-ATG16L1 signaling axis could contribute to the chronic inflammation associated with CD.
Asunto(s)
Autofagia/fisiología , Proteínas Portadoras/fisiología , Citocinas/biosíntesis , Proteína Adaptadora de Señalización NOD1/fisiología , Proteína Adaptadora de Señalización NOD2/fisiología , Animales , Proteína 5 Relacionada con la Autofagia , Proteínas Relacionadas con la Autofagia , Proteínas Portadoras/química , Proteínas Portadoras/genética , Línea Celular , Enfermedad de Crohn/genética , Enfermedad de Crohn/inmunología , Enfermedad de Crohn/patología , Citocinas/genética , Células Epiteliales/inmunología , Células Epiteliales/metabolismo , Células Epiteliales/microbiología , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Técnicas de Silenciamiento del Gen , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Humanos , Inflamación , Mucosa Intestinal/citología , Ratones , Proteínas Asociadas a Microtúbulos/deficiencia , Proteínas Asociadas a Microtúbulos/fisiología , Procesamiento Proteico-Postraduccional , Interferencia de ARN , ARN Interferente Pequeño/farmacología , Proteína Serina-Treonina Quinasa 2 de Interacción con Receptor , Proteína Serina-Treonina Quinasas de Interacción con Receptores/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal , UbiquitinaciónRESUMEN
Lung cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers in Canada and a leading cause of cancer mortality. Lung cancer also affects First Nations, Inuit and Métis peoples significantly in Canada, which deserves further investigation as there is a literature gap on this topic. We sought to develop a deeper understanding of lung cancer diagnosis, incidence, mortality, and survival in First Nations, Inuit, and Métis peoples in Canada. A systematic search was conducted in bibliographic databases to identify relevant studies published between January 2000 and March 2023. Articles were screened and assessed for relevance using the Population/ Concept/ Context (PCC) framework. A total of 22 articles were included in the final analysis, of which 13 were Inuit-specific, 7 were First Nations-specific, and 2 were Métis-specific. The literature suggests that comparative incidence, mortality, and relative risk of lung cancer is higher and survival is poorer in First Nations, Inuit and Métis peoples. Lung cancer also has varying impact on these population depending on sex, age, location and other factors. This review illustrates that more comprehensive quantitative and qualitative lung cancer research is essential to further identify the structural causes for the high incidence of the disease.