Endoscopically monitored percutaneous dilational tracheotomy in a residency program.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Endoscopically guided percutaneous dilational tracheotomy (PDT) has become a well-established alternative to the more traditional open tracheotomy, yet its use by otolaryngologists is limited. As airway management specialists, otolaryngologists should be familiar with a wide range of definitive procedures, including PDT. Few otolaryngology programs teach the technique. The objective of the present study was to determine the complication rate and outcome of PDT after its introduction in a residency teaching program. We also wished to evaluate whether the time savings reported by experienced surgeons could be repeated in our setting. SETTING: Tertiary referral teaching hospital. METHODS: We prospectively reviewed our first 54 consecutive PDTs and compared them to 29 consecutive standard open tracheotomies, which were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS: Complications (13% vs. 33%, P = .030), operative time (12 vs. 24 min, P < .0001) and total procedure time (37 vs. 80 min, P < .001) were significantly reduced in the PDT group as compared with standard tracheotomy. Initial outcome data were equal in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: We found that PDT can be safely and effectively taught as part of an otolaryngology residency training program.

Chest radiographs after dilatational percutaneous tracheotomy: are they necessary?

BACKGROUND: The efficacy of routinely obtaining chest radiographs after standard open tracheotomy has been questioned. Recent literature would suggest that after a routine, uncomplicated tracheotomy, chest radiography is a low-yield procedure that incurs unnecessary expense. Percutaneous dilatational tracheotomy (PDT) is rapidly replacing open tracheotomy as the intensive care unit procedure of choice for airway management. Complication rates are equivalent between the two procedures. OBJECTIVE: We examined the value and cost-effectiveness of routine postoperative chest radiographs in patients undergoing PDT. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: The study was a prospective analysis of 54 consecutive PDTs performed at a tertiary care academic institution. RESULTS: Eighteen (33%) patients had chest radiographs obtained within 1 hour of PDT (6 at the request of the otolaryngology service); 35 (66%) underwent radiography more than 2 hours later at the request of the intensive care unit for reasons other than PDT. There were no incidents of pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, or tracheotomy tube malposition in any patient. Patients undergoing chest radiography within 1 hour of the PDT also had chest radiographs within 12 hours at the request of ICU staff for their underlying disease. CONCLUSIONS: Routine chest radiography after PDT is of low yield. Because most of these patients require chest radiographs for their underlying disease within 12 hours, a cost savings of approximately $13,500 would be realized in this patient population. SIGNIFICANCE: Routine chest radiography after PDT is unwarranted in most cases.

Neonatal septoplasty: case report and review of the literature.

Treatment of nasal septal deformity in childhood has received growing acceptance in recent years. Traditionally, concern about the role of the septum in the overall growth of the midface has led otolaryngologists to take a very cautious approach to correction of septal deformities in children. However, a great deal of evidence now suggests that severe traumatic septal deviation can and should be corrected early in childhood to prevent future nasal and systemic complications. Closed manipulation of the septum in the first 1-2 days of an infant's life has been performed by many otolaryngologists with good results. The use of this technique, however, is usually limited to those subluxations of anterior cartilage which are diagnosed immediately or very shortly after birth. We present a case of severe traumatic nasal deformity presenting with obstructive asleep and awake apnea and cyanosis at the age of 8 days. The child underwent limited septoplasty using endoscopic techniques at age 14 days with resolution of both the apneic and cyanotic episodes immediately post-operatively. This unusual presentation and the literature surrounding infant nasal/septal surgery are discussed.

The irritable larynx syndrome.

Muscular tension dysphonia, episodic laryngospasm, globus, and cough may be considered to be hyperfunctional laryngeal symptoms. Suggested etiological factors for these symptoms include gastroesophageal reflux, psychological problems, and/or dystonia. We propose a unifying hypothesis that involves neural plastic change to brainstem laryngeal control networks through which each of the above etiologies, plus central nervous system viral illness, can play a role. We suggest that controlling neurons are held in a "spasm-ready" state and that symptoms may be triggered by various stimuli. Inclusion criteria for the irritable larynx syndrome are episodic laryngospasm and/or dysphonia with or without globus or chronic cough; visible or palpable evidence of tension or tenderness in laryngeal muscles; and a definite symptom-triggering stimulus. thirty-nine patients with irritable larynx syndrome were studied. Gastroesophageal reflux was felt or proven to play a major role in a large number of the group (>90%), and about one third were deemed to have psychological causative factors. Viral illness seemed quite prevalent, with one third of patients able to relate the onset of symptoms to a viral illness that we feel might lead to central nervous system changes. Our proposed hypothesis includes a mechanism whereby acquired plastic change to central brainstem nuclei may lead to this form of hyperkinetic laryngeal dysfunction. It gives structure and reason to an array of therapy measures and suggests direction for basic research.

Treatment of laryngeal contact ulcers and granulomas: a 12-year retrospective analysis.

Multiple etiological factors including gastroesophageal reflux, hyperfunctional voice use, and endotracheal intubation have been implicated in the development of posterior laryngeal ulcers and granulomas. The optimal approach to treatment of these lesions remains controversial. The mainstay of treatment at Vancouver General Hospital has been aggressive medical management of gastroesophageal reflux, with complimentary voice therapy offered to patients suspected of having significant hyperfunctional phonation. The authors reserve Botulinum toxin injection or surgical excision for patients who fail initial therapy. They conducted a retrospective analysis of their voice clinic records from 1985-1997 to examine the efficacy of this approach. They identified 76 patients with the diagnosis of contact ulcer or granuloma. Fifty-two patients had follow-up data available for review. Ninety-four percent of patients were treated nonsurgically: 35 patients were treated solely by dietary and medical therapy to control gastroesophageal reflux, 10 patients were treated by a combination of medical gastroesophageal reflux control and voice therapy, 3 patients had Botox injections, 2 patients had surgical excision of granuloma, 1 patient had a Kenalog injection, and 1 patient underwent laparoscopic fundoplication. Overall, 77% of patients had complete resolution, whereas 11% had partial resolution and another 11% had no significant improvement. The data supports control of gastroesophageal reflux as a central component in treatment of posterior laryngeal ulcers and granulomas.