IoT-Based Assessment of a Driver's Stress Level.

Driver Monitoring Systems (DMSs) play a key role in preventing hazardous events (e.g., road accidents) by providing prompt assistance when anomalies are detected while driving. Different factors, such as traffic and road conditions, might alter the psycho-physiological status of a driver by increasing stress and workload levels. This motivates the development of advanced monitoring architectures taking into account psycho-physiological aspects. In this work, we propose a novel in-vehicle Internet of Things (IoT)-oriented monitoring system to assess the stress status of the driver. In detail, the system leverages heterogeneous components and techniques to collect driver (and, possibly, vehicle) data, aiming at estimating the driver's arousal level, i.e., their psycho-physiological response to driving tasks. In particular, a wearable sensorized bodice and a thermal camera are employed to extract physiological parameters of interest (namely, the heart rate and skin temperature of the subject), which are processed and analyzed with innovative algorithms. Finally, experimental results are obtained both in simulated and real driving scenarios, demonstrating the adaptability and efficacy of the proposed system.

Forecasting Air Temperature on Edge Devices with Embedded AI.

With the advent of the Smart Agriculture, the joint utilization of Internet of Things (IoT) and Machine Learning (ML) holds the promise to significantly improve agricultural production and sustainability. In this paper, the design of a Neural Network (NN)-based prediction model of a greenhouse's internal air temperature, to be deployed and run on an edge device with constrained capabilities, is investigated. The model relies on a time series-oriented approach, taking as input variables the past and present values of the air temperature to forecast the future ones. In detail, we evaluate three different NN architecture types-namely, Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks, Recurrent NNs (RNNs) and Artificial NNs (ANNs)-with various values of the sliding window associated with input data. Experimental results show that the three best-performing models have a Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) value in the range 0.289÷0.402∘C, a Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) in the range of 0.87÷1.04%, and a coefficient of determination (R2) not smaller than 0.997. The overall best performing model, based on an ANN, has a good prediction performance together with low computational and architectural complexities (evaluated on the basis of the NetScore metric), making its deployment on an edge device feasible.

Ultrasonic-Based Environmental Perception for Mobile 5G-Oriented XR Applications.

One of the sectors that is expected to significantly benefit from 5G network deployment is eXtended Reality (XR). Besides the very high bandwidth, reliability, and Quality of Service (QoS) to be delivered to end users, XR also requires accurate environmental perception for safety reasons: this is fundamental when a user, wearing XR equipment, is immersed in a "virtual" world, but moves in a "real" environment. To overcome this limitation (especially when using low-cost XR equipments, such as cardboards worn by the end user), it is possible to exploit the potentialities offered by Internet of Things (IoT) nodes with sensing/actuating capabilities. In this paper, we rely on ultrasonic sensor-based IoT systems to perceive the surrounding environment and to provide "side information" to XR systems, then performing a preliminary experimental characterization campaign with different ultrasonic IoT system configurations worn by the end user. The combination of the information flows associated with XR and IoT components is enabled by 5G technology. An illustrative experimental scenario, relative to a "Tourism 4.0" IoT-aided VR application deployed by Vodafone in Milan, Italy, is presented.

Bionic for Training: Smart Framework Design for Multisensor Mechatronic Platform Validation.

Home monitoring supports the continuous improvement of the therapy by sharing data with healthcare professionals. It is required when life-threatening events can still occur after hospital discharge such as neonatal apnea. However, multiple sources of external noise could affect data quality and/or increase the misdetection rate. In this study, we developed a mechatronic platform for sensor characterizations and a framework to manage data in the context of neonatal apnea. The platform can simulate the movement of the abdomen in different plausible newborn positions by merging data acquired simultaneously from three-axis accelerometers and infrared sensors. We simulated nine apnea conditions combining three different linear displacements and body postures in the presence of self-generated external noise, showing how it is possible to reduce errors near to zero in phenomena detection. Finally, the development of a smart 8Ws-based software and a customizable mobile application were proposed to facilitate data management and interpretation, classifying the alerts to guarantee the correct information sharing without specialized skills.

LoRaFarM: A LoRaWAN-Based Smart Farming Modular IoT Architecture.

Presently, the adoption of Internet of Things (IoT)-related technologies in the Smart Farming domain is rapidly emerging. The ultimate goal is to collect, monitor, and effectively employ relevant data for agricultural processes, with the purpose of achieving an optimized and more environmentally sustainable agriculture. In this paper, a low-cost, modular, and Long-Range Wide-Area Network (LoRaWAN)-based IoT platform, denoted as "LoRaWAN-based Smart Farming Modular IoT Architecture" (LoRaFarM), and aimed at improving the management of generic farms in a highly customizable way, is presented. The platform, built around a core middleware, is easily extensible with ad-hoc low-level modules (feeding the middleware with data coming from the sensors deployed in the farm) or high-level modules (providing advanced functionalities to the farmer). The proposed platform has been evaluated in a real farm in Italy, collecting environmental data (air/soil temperature and humidity) related to the growth of farm products (namely grapes and greenhouse vegetables) over a period of three months. A web-based visualization tool for the collected data is also presented, to validate the LoRaFarM architecture.

An Integrated Multi-Sensor Approach for the Remote Monitoring of Parkinson's Disease.

The increment of the prevalence of neurological diseases due to the trend in population aging demands for new strategies in disease management. In Parkinson's disease (PD), these strategies should aim at improving diagnosis accuracy and frequency of the clinical follow-up by means of decentralized cost-effective solutions. In this context, a system suitable for the remote monitoring of PD subjects is presented. It consists of the integration of two approaches investigated in our previous works, each one appropriate for the movement analysis of specific parts of the body: low-cost optical devices for the upper limbs and wearable sensors for the lower ones. The system performs the automated assessments of six motor tasks of the unified Parkinson's disease rating scale, and it is equipped with a gesture-based human machine interface designed to facilitate the user interaction and the system management. The usability of the system has been evaluated by means of standard questionnaires, and the accuracy of the automated assessment has been verified experimentally. The results demonstrate that the proposed solution represents a substantial improvement in PD assessment respect to the former two approaches treated separately, and a new example of an accurate, feasible and cost-effective mean for the decentralized management of PD.

Improving UWB-Based Localization in IoT Scenarios with Statistical Models of Distance Error.

Interest in the Internet of Things (IoT) is rapidly increasing, as the number of connected devices is exponentially growing. One of the application scenarios envisaged for IoT technologies involves indoor localization and context awareness. In this paper, we focus on a localization approach that relies on a particular type of communication technology, namely Ultra Wide Band (UWB). UWB technology is an attractive choice for indoor localization, owing to its high accuracy. Since localization algorithms typically rely on estimated inter-node distances, the goal of this paper is to evaluate the improvement brought by a simple (linear) statistical model of the distance error. On the basis of an extensive experimental measurement campaign, we propose a general analytical framework, based on a Least Square (LS) method, to derive a novel statistical model for the range estimation error between a pair of UWB nodes. The proposed statistical model is then applied to improve the performance of a few illustrative localization algorithms in various realistic scenarios. The obtained experimental results show that the use of the proposed statistical model improves the accuracy of the considered localization algorithms with a reduction of the localization error up to 66%.

Optimizing Detection Rate and Characterization of Subtle Paroxysmal Neonatal Abnormal Facial Movements with Multi-Camera Video-Electroencephalogram Recordings.

Objectives We retrospectively analyze the diagnostic accuracy for paroxysmal abnormal facial movements, comparing one camera versus multi-camera approach. Background Polygraphic video-electroencephalogram (vEEG) recording is the current gold standard for brain monitoring in high-risk newborns, especially when neonatal seizures are suspected. One camera synchronized with the EEG is commonly used. Methods Since mid-June 2012, we have started using multiple cameras, one of which point toward newborns' faces. We evaluated vEEGs recorded in newborns in the study period between mid-June 2012 and the end of September 2014 and compared, for each recording, the diagnostic accuracies obtained with one-camera and multi-camera approaches. Results We recorded 147 vEEGs from 87 newborns and found 73 episodes of paroxysmal facial abnormal movements in 18 vEEGs of 11 newborns with the multi-camera approach. By using the single-camera approach, only 28.8% of these events were identified (21/73). Ten positive vEEGs with multicamera with 52 paroxysmal facial abnormal movements (52/73, 71.2%) would have been considered as negative with the single-camera approach. Conclusions The use of one additional facial camera can significantly increase the diagnostic accuracy of vEEGs in the detection of paroxysmal abnormal facial movements in the newborns.

Air quality dataset from an indoor airport travelers transit area.

The experimental dataset (organized in a semicolon-separated text format) is composed by air quality records collected over a 1-year period (October 2022-October 2023) in an indoor travelers' transit area in the Brindisi airport, Italy. In detail, the dataset consists of three CSV files (ranging from 7M records to 11M records) resulting from the on-field data collection performed by three prototypical Internet of Things (IoT) sensing nodes, designed and implemented at the IoTLab of the University of Parma, Italy, featuring a Raspberry Pi 4 (as processing unit) which three low-cost commercial sensors (namely: Adafruit MiCS5524, Sensirion SCD30, Sensirion SPS30) are connected to. The sensors sample the air in the monitored static indoor environment every 2 s. Each collected record composing the experimental dataset contains (i) the identifier of the IoT node that sampled the air parameters; (ii) the presence of gases (as a unified value concentration); (iii) the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the travelers' transit area, together with air temperature and humidity; and (iv) the concentration of particulate matter (PM) in the indoor monitored environment - in terms of particles' mass concentration (µg/m3), number of particles (#/cm3), and typical particle size (µm) - for particles with a diameter up to 0.5 µm (PM0.5), 1 µm (PM1), 2.5 µm (PM2.5), 4 µm (PM4), and 10 µm (PM10). Therefore, on the basis of the monitored air parameters in the indoor travelers' transit area, the experimental dataset might be expedient for further analyses - e.g., for calculating Air Quality Indexes (AQIs) taking into account the collected information - and for comparison with information sampled in different contexts and scenarios - examples could be indoor domestic environments, as well as outdoor monitoring in smart cities or public transports.

Software-defined traffic light preemption for faster emergency medical service response in smart cities.

Proper management of rescue operations following an accident is one of the most fundamental challenges faced by today's smart cities. Taking advantage of vehicular communications, in this paper we propose novel mechanisms for the acceleration of the rescue operation resulting in a reduction in fatalities in accidents. We propose a Software-Defined Traffic Light Preemption (SD-TLP) mechanism that enables Emergency Medical Vehicles (EMVs) to travel along the rescue route with minimal interruptions. The SD-TLP makes preemption decisions based on global knowledge of the traffic conditions in the city. We also propose mechanisms for the selection of the nearest emergency center and fast discharge of the route of EMVs. Furthermore, depending on the dynamic traffic conditions on the streets at the time of the accident, an appropriate rescue route is selected for the EMV before its departure. The proposed approach is evaluated using the OMNET++ and SUMO tools over part of the Megacity of Tabriz, Iran. The simulation results demonstrate that the method can reduce the average rescue time significantly. The proposed approach keeps the resulting disruption in city traffic acceptably low while trying to shorten the rescue time as much as possible.

Adjacency matrix-based transmit power allocation strategies in wireless sensor networks.

In this paper, we present an innovative transmit power control scheme, based on optimization theory, for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) which use carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) with collision avoidance (CA) as medium access control (MAC) protocol. In particular, we focus on schemes where several remote nodes send data directly to a common access point (AP). Under the assumption of finite overall network transmit power and low traffic load, we derive the optimal transmit power allocation strategy that minimizes the packet error rate (PER) at the AP. This approach is based on modeling the CSMA/CA MAC protocol through a finite state machine and takes into account the network adjacency matrix, depending on the transmit power distribution and determining the network connectivity. It will be then shown that the transmit power allocation problem reduces to a convex constrained minimization problem. Our results show that, under the assumption of low traffic load, the power allocation strategy, which guarantees minimal delay, requires the maximization of network connectivity, which can be equivalently interpreted as the maximization of the number of non-zero entries of the adjacency matrix. The obtained theoretical results are confirmed by simulations for unslotted Zigbee WSNs.

Feedback power control strategies in wireless sensor networks with joint channel decoding.

In this paper, we derive feedback power control strategies for block-faded multiple access schemes with correlated sources and joint channel decoding (JCD). In particular, upon the derivation of the feasible signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) region for the considered multiple access schemes, i.e., the multidimensional SNR region where error-free communications are, in principle, possible, two feedback power control strategies are proposed: (i) a classical feedback power control strategy, which aims at equalizing all link SNRs at the access point (AP), and (ii) an innovative optimized feedback power control strategy, which tries to make the network operational point fall in the feasible SNR region at the lowest overall transmit energy consumption. These strategies will be referred to as "balanced SNR" and "unbalanced SNR," respectively. While they require, in principle, an unlimited power control range at the sources, we also propose practical versions with a limited power control range. We preliminary consider a scenario with orthogonal links and ideal feedback. Then, we analyze the robustness of the proposed power control strategies to possible non-idealities, in terms of residual multiple access interference and noisy feedback channels. Finally, we successfully apply the proposed feedback power control strategies to a limiting case of the class of considered multiple access schemes, namely a central estimating officer (CEO) scenario, where the sensors observe noisy versions of a common binary information sequence and the AP's goal is to estimate this sequence by properly fusing the soft-output information output by the JCD algorithm.

Enhanced recovery pathway in elderly patients undergoing colorectal surgery: is there an effect of increasing ages? Results from the perioperative Italian Society Registry.

Previous studies reported that enhanced recovery pathway (ERP) is safe in elderly who did not require a specifically tailored protocol. In previous studies, elderly have been considered as a homogeneous cohort and the cut-off value to identify them was different. The aim of the present study is to assess the compliance to ERP and its impact on postoperative outcome in three subgroups of elderly patients with increasing ages. Prospectively collected data entered in an electronic Italian registry specifically designed for ERP were reviewed. 315 elderly patients undergoing elective colorectal resection were divided into three groups. Group 1: 71-75 years (n = 105), Group 2: 76-80 years (n = 117), Group 3: over 80 years (n = 93). Primary endpoints of the study were adherence to ERP and time to readiness for discharge (TRD). Compliance to ERP was similar in the three groups. No difference among groups was found for mortality, overall morbidity, major complications, reoperation rate and readmission rate. Median TRD and length of hospital stay (LOS) were progressively longer with increasing age (p = 0.018 and p = 0.078, respectively). Increasing age did not impact on adherence to ERP and postoperative morbidity, but delayed both TRD and LOS.

Monitoring infants by automatic video processing: A unified approach to motion analysis.

A unified approach to contact-less and low-cost video processing for automatic detection of neonatal diseases characterized by specific movement patterns is presented. This disease category includes neonatal clonic seizures and apneas. Both disorders are characterized by the presence or absence, respectively, of periodic movements of parts of the body-e.g., the limbs in case of clonic seizures and the chest/abdomen in case of apneas. Therefore, one can analyze the data obtained from multiple video sensors placed around a patient, extracting relevant motion signals and estimating, using the Maximum Likelihood (ML) criterion, their possible periodicity. This approach is very versatile and allows to investigate various scenarios, including: a single Red, Green and Blue (RGB) camera, an RGB-depth sensor or a network of a few RGB cameras. Data fusion principles are considered to aggregate the signals from multiple sensors. In the case of apneas, since breathing movements are subtle, the video can be pre-processed by a recently proposed algorithm which is able to emphasize small movements. The performance of the proposed contact-less detection algorithms is assessed, considering real video recordings of newborns, in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves, with respect to medical gold standard devices. The obtained results show that a video processing-based system can effectively detect the considered specific diseases, with increasing performance for increasing number of sensors.

Body-Sensor-Network-Based Kinematic Characterization and Comparative Outlook of UPDRS Scoring in Leg Agility, Sit-to-Stand, and Gait Tasks in Parkinson's Disease.

Recently, we have proposed a body-sensor-network-based approach, composed of a few body-worn wireless inertial nodes, for automatic assignment of Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) scores in the following tasks: Leg agility (LA), Sit-to-Stand (S2S), and Gait (G). Unlike our previous works and the majority of the published studies, where UPDRS tasks were the sole focus, in this paper, we carry out a comparative investigation of the LA, S2S, and G tasks. In particular, after providing an accurate description of the features identified for the kinematic characterization of the three tasks, we comment on the correlation between the most relevant kinematic parameters and the UPDRS scoring. We analyzed the performance achieved by the automatic UPDRS scoring system and compared the estimated UPDRS evaluation with the one performed by neurologists, showing that the proposed system compares favorably with typical interrater variability. We then investigated the correlations between the UPDRS scores assigned to the various tasks by both the neurologists and the automatic system. The results, based on a limited number of subjects with Parkinson's disease (PD) (34 patients, 47 clinical trials), show poor-to-moderate correlations between the UPDRS scores of different tasks, highlighting that the patients' motor performance may vary significantly from one task to another, since different tasks relate to different aspects of the disease. An aggregate UPDRS score is also considered as a concise parameter, which can provide additional information on the overall level of the motor impairments of a Parkinson's patient. Finally, we discuss a possible implementation of a practical e-health application for the remote monitoring of PD patients.

Automatic UPDRS Evaluation in the Sit-to-Stand Task of Parkinsonians: Kinematic Analysis and Comparative Outlook on the Leg Agility Task.

In this study, we first characterize the sit-to-stand (S2S) task, which contributes to the evaluation of the degree of severity of the Parkinson's disease (PD), through kinematic features, which are then linked to the Unified Parkinson's disease rating scale (UPDRS) scores. We propose to use a single body-worn wireless inertial node placed on the chest of a patient. The experimental investigation is carried out considering 24 PD patients, comparing the obtained results directly with the kinematic characterization of the leg agility (LA) task performed by the same set of patients. We show that i) the S2S and LA tasks are rather unrelated and ii) the UPDRS distributions (for both S2S and LA tasks) across the patients have a direct impact on the observed system performance.

Real-time automated detection of clonic seizures in newborns.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to apply a real-time algorithm for clonic neonatal seizures detection, based on a low complexity image processing approach extracting the differential average luminance from videotaped body movements. METHODS: 23 video-EEGs from 12 patients containing 78 electrographically confirmed neonatal seizures of clonic type were reviewed and all movements were divided into noise, random movements, clonic seizures or other seizure types. Six video-EEGs from 5 newborns without seizures were also reviewed. Videos were then separately analyzed using either single, double or triple windows (these latter with 50% overlap) each of a 10s duration. RESULTS: With a decision threshold set at 0.5, we obtained a sensitivity of 71% (corresponding specificity: 69%) with double-window processing for clonic seizures diagnosis. The discriminatory power, indicated by the Area Under the Curve (AUC), is higher with two interlaced windows (AUC=0.796) than with single (AUC=0.788) or triple-window (AUC=0.728). Among subjects without neonatal seizures, our algorithm showed a specificity of 91% with double-window processing. CONCLUSIONS: Our algorithm reliably detects neonatal clonic seizures and differentiates them from either noise, random movements and other seizure types. SIGNIFICANCE: It could represent a low-cost, low complexity, real-time automated screening tool for clonic neonatal seizures.

Low-complexity image processing for real-time detection of neonatal clonic seizures.

In this paper, we consider a novel low-complexity real-time image-processing-based approach to the detection of neonatal clonic seizures. Our approach is based on the extraction, from a video of a newborn, of an average luminance signal representative of the body movements. Since clonic seizures are characterized by periodic movements of parts of the body (e.g., the limbs), by evaluating the periodicity of the extracted average luminance signal it is possible to detect the presence of a clonic seizure. The periodicity is investigated, through a hybrid autocorrelation-Yin estimation technique, on a per-window basis, where a time window is defined as a sequence of consecutive video frames. While processing is first carried out on a single window basis, we extend our approach to interlaced windows. The performance of the proposed detection algorithm is investigated, in terms of sensitivity and specificity, through receiver operating characteristic curves, considering video recordings of newborns affected by neonatal seizures.