COVID-19 Vaccination Responses with Different Vaccine Platforms in Patients with Inborn Errors of Immunity.

Patients with inborn errors of immunity (IEI) in Argentina were encouraged to receive licensed Sputnik, AstraZeneca, Sinopharm, Moderna, and Pfizer vaccines, even though most of the data of humoral and cellular responses combination on available vaccines comes from trials conducted in healthy individuals. We aimed to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the different vaccines in IEI patients in Argentina. The study cohort included adults and pediatric IEI patients (n = 118) and age-matched healthy controls (HC) (n = 37). B cell response was evaluated by measuring IgG anti-spike/receptor binding domain (S/RBD) and anti-nucleocapsid(N) antibodies by ELISA. Neutralization antibodies were also assessed with an alpha-S protein-expressing pseudo-virus assay. The T cell response was analyzed by IFN-γ secretion on S- or N-stimulated PBMC by ELISPOT and the frequency of S-specific circulating T follicular-helper cells (TFH) was evaluated by flow cytometry.No moderate/severe vaccine-associated adverse events were observed. Anti-S/RBD titers showed significant differences in both pediatric and adult IEI patients versus the age-matched HC cohort (p < 0.05). Neutralizing antibodies were also significantly lower in the patient cohort than in age-matched HC (p < 0.01). Positive S-specific IFN-γ response was observed in 84.5% of IEI patients and 82.1% presented S-specific TFH cells. Moderna vaccines, which were mainly administered in the pediatric population, elicited a stronger humoral response in IEI patients, both in antibody titer and neutralization capacity, but the cellular immune response was similar between vaccine platforms. No difference in humoral response was observed between vaccinated patients with and without previous SARS-CoV-2 infection.In conclusion, COVID-19 vaccines showed safety in IEI patients and, although immunogenicity was lower than HC, they showed specific anti-S/RBD IgG, neutralizing antibody titers, and T cell-dependent cellular immunity with IFN-γ secreting cells. These findings may guide the recommendation for a vaccination with all the available vaccines in IEI patients to prevent COVID-19 disease.

Fatty acid oxidation of alternatively activated macrophages prevents foam cell formation, but Mycobacterium tuberculosis counteracts this process via HIF-1α activation.

The ability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) to persist inside host cells relies on metabolic adaptation, like the accumulation of lipid bodies (LBs) in the so-called foamy macrophages (FM), which are favorable to Mtb. The activation state of macrophages is tightly associated to different metabolic pathways, such as lipid metabolism, but whether differentiation towards FM differs between the macrophage activation profiles remains unclear. Here, we aimed to elucidate whether distinct macrophage activation states exposed to a tuberculosis-associated microenvironment or directly infected with Mtb can form FM. We showed that the triggering of signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) in interleukin (IL)-4-activated human macrophages (M(IL-4)) prevents FM formation induced by pleural effusion from patients with tuberculosis. In these cells, LBs are disrupted by lipolysis, and the released fatty acids enter the ß-oxidation (FAO) pathway fueling the generation of ATP in mitochondria. Accordingly, murine alveolar macrophages, which exhibit a predominant FAO metabolism, are less prone to become FM than bone marrow derived-macrophages. Interestingly, direct infection of M(IL-4) macrophages with Mtb results in the establishment of aerobic glycolytic pathway and FM formation, which could be prevented by FAO activation or inhibition of the hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α)-induced glycolytic pathway. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that Mtb has a remarkable capacity to induce FM formation through the rewiring of metabolic pathways in human macrophages, including the STAT6-driven alternatively activated program. This study provides key insights into macrophage metabolism and pathogen subversion strategies.

Host-Derived Lipids from Tuberculous Pleurisy Impair Macrophage Microbicidal-Associated Metabolic Activity.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) regulates the macrophage metabolic state to thrive in the host, yet the responsible mechanisms remain elusive. Macrophage activation toward the microbicidal (M1) program depends on the HIF-1α-mediated metabolic shift from oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) toward glycolysis. Here, we ask whether a tuberculosis (TB) microenvironment changes the M1 macrophage metabolic state. We expose M1 macrophages to the acellular fraction of tuberculous pleural effusions (TB-PEs) and find lower glycolytic activity, accompanied by elevated levels of OXPHOS and bacillary load, compared to controls. The eicosanoid fraction of TB-PE drives these metabolic alterations. HIF-1α stabilization reverts the effect of TB-PE by restoring M1 metabolism. Furthermore, Mtb-infected mice with stabilized HIF-1α display lower bacillary loads and a pronounced M1-like metabolic profile in alveolar macrophages (AMs). Collectively, we demonstrate that lipids from a TB-associated microenvironment alter the M1 macrophage metabolic reprogramming by hampering HIF-1α functions, thereby impairing control of Mtb infection.