[Factor structure and descriptive data from the Attention Profile and the ADHD Questionnaire for school-age children]. / Estructura factorial y datos descriptivos del perfil de atención y del cuestionario TDAH para niños en edad escolar.

Factor structure and descriptive data of Attention profile and ADHD questionnaire for school age children. The factorial structure of Attention profile for teachers and parents ratings was analysed. Descriptive data for two rating scales, the Attention profile and the ADHD questionnaire are presented for a sample of 1019 participants (574 girls, 445 boys), aged between 4 and 12 years, rated by teachers and parents. The Attention profile shows a factor structure of three factors: inattention-school problems, hyperactivity-impulsivity, and inattention-daydream that explained the 61.47% and the 44.19% for teachers and parents ratings respectively. Reliability was higher for teachers' than for parents' ratings. Results for concurrent validity are similar. ANOVAs indicated there were significant differences on teachers' and parents' ratings across gender and school grades.

Ecological Momentary Assessment with smartphones for measuring mental health problems in adolescents.

AIM: To analyze the viability of Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) for measuring the mental states associated with psychopathological problems in adolescents. METHODS: In a sample of 110 adolescents, a sociodemographic data survey and an EMA Smartphone application over a one-week period (five times each day), was developed to explore symptom profiles, everyday problems, coping strategies, and the contexts in which the events take place. RESULTS: The positive response was 68.6%. Over 2250 prompts about mental states were recorded. In 53% of situations the smartphone was answered at home, 25.5% of cases they were with their parents or with peers (20.3%). Associations were found with attention, affective and anxiety problems (P < 0.001) in the participants who took longer to respond to the EMA app. Anxious and depressive states were highly interrelated (rho = 0.51, P < 0.001), as well as oppositional defiant problems and conduct problems (rho = 0.56, P < 0.001). Only in 6.2% of the situations the subjects perceived they had problems, mainly associated with inter-relational aspects with family, peers, boyfriends or girlfriends (31.2%). We also found moderate-high reliability on scales of satisfaction level on the context, on positive emotionality, and on the discomfort index associated with mental health problems. CONCLUSION: EMA methodology using smartphones is a useful tool for understanding adolescents' daily dynamics. It achieved moderate-high reliability and accurately identified psychopathological manifestations experienced by community adolescents in their natural context.

Confirmatory factor analysis of parents' and teachers' ratings of DSM-IV symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in a Spanish sample.

Confirmatory factor analysis examined the factor structure of DSM IV Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder symptoms and analyzed the differences in informants' ratings of ADHD symptoms by children's age and sex. A sample of 1,018 Spanish school children, 574 girls and 444 boys, ages 4 to 12 years, was rated by teachers and parents. Confirmatory factor analysis showed a similar fit for the three-factor model of Inattention, Hyperactivity, and Impulsivity (teachers: CFI = .976, RMR = .041, % of total variance = 83.2; parents: CFI = .969, RMR = .037, % of total variance = 82.7) and for the two-factor model of Inattention and Hyperactivity Impulsivity (teachers: CFI = .958, RMR = .044, % of total variance = 79.3; parents: CFI = .961, RMR = .038, % of total variance, 79.9). The two-factor model was selected as a parsi monious representation of the teachers' and parents' ratings of ADHD symptoms. Analyses of variance indicated significant differences in teachers' and parents' mean ratings across sex and school grades of children.

Los problemas internalizados y externalizados en la competencia académica de escolares / Internalizing and externalizing problems and academic competence of school children / Os problemas internalizados e externalizados na competência acadêmica de escolares

Diversos estudios destacan la elevada prevalencia de problemas internalizados y externalizados (PIyE) en la niñez, así como sus repercusiones en la competencia académica (CA). En México existe poca evidencia empírica al respecto, por lo que resulta relevante analizar esta relación para contar con indicadores que guíen el diseño de intervenciones. El objetivo del trabajo fue comparar los puntajes obtenidos en indicadores de CA en tres grupos de niños con niveles diferenciados de PIyE. Se trabajó con 314 niños con edades entre 8 y 12 años de primarias públicas, 51% niñas y 49% niños. Se aplicaron cuatro instrumentos: Cuestionario de Problemas Internalizados y Externalizados (CPIEN), Ficha Socio-demográfica para Niños, Escala de Inteligencia Coloreada Raven, y Pruebas Académicas. Se realizó un estudio transversal de comparación de grupos. Las pruebas se aplicaron de manera grupal en los salones de clases. El análisis estadístico se realizó mediante el programa SPSS v.20. Se conformaron tres grupos en función de los niveles de PIyE, y se compararon las puntuaciones que cada grupo obtuvo en los indicadores de CA por medio del MANOVA. Los datos mostraron efectos significativos en escritura en los grupos de problemas internalizados (PI), y en lectura en los grupos de problemas externalizados (PE). Se discuten los resultados de la influencia de los PIyE sobre la CA.

Several studies emphasize the high prevalence of internalizing and externalizing problems (I&EP) in childhood and the impact they have on academic competence (AC). In Mexico, there is little empirical evidence about this topic, so it is important to test the relationship between I&EP and AC in school children, in order to have indicators that may guide the design of interventions. The aim of this study was to analyze the scores obtained on AC indicators in three groups of children with differentials levels of I&EP. The sample was composed by 314 children from public schools, aged between 8 and 12 years, 51% girls and 49% boys. The Internalizing and Externalizing Problems Questionnaire (IEPQ), a Checklist of Demographic Data, the Raven's Progressive Matrices Test, and Academic Competence Tests were administered. A cross-sectional study of comparison groups was carried out. The tests were administered in a group manner in the classrooms. The SPSS v.20 was used for data analysis. Three clusters of I&EP were formed and the scores obtained by each cluster on AC indicators were analyzed and compared through MANOVA. Data showed significant effects on writing in the groups of internalizing problems (IP) and on reading in the groups of externalizing problems (EP). Results about the influence of I&EP on AC are discussed.

Diversos estudos destacam a elevada prevalência de problemas internalizados e externalizados (PIyE) na infância, bem como suas repercussões na competência acadêmica (CA). No México existe pouca evidência empírica a respeito, por isso é relevante analisar esta relação para contar com indicadores que guiem o desenho de intervenções. O objetivo do trabalho foi comparar as pontuações obtidas de CA em três grupos de crianças com níveis diferenciados de PIyE. Trabalhou-se com 314 crianças com idades entre 8 e 12 anos de escolas primárias públicas, 51% meninas e 49% meninos. Aplicaram-se quatro instrumentos: Questionário de Problemas Internalizados e Externalizados (CPIEN), Ficha Sócio demográfica para crianças, Escala de Inteligência Raven, e Testes Acadêmicos. Realizou-se um estudo transversal de comparação de grupos. Os testes foram aplicados de maneira grupal nas salas de aula. A análise estatística realizou-se mediante o programa SPSS v.20. Formaram-se três grupos em função dos níveis de PIyE, e compararam-se as pontuações que cada grupo obteve nos indicadores de CA através do MANOVA. Os dados mostraram efeitos significativos em escritura nos grupos de problemas internalizados (PI), e em leitura nos grupos de problemas externalizados (PE). Discutem-se os resultados da influência dos PIyE sobre a CA.

Sistema de codificación y análisis diferencial de los problemas de los adolescentes / Classification system and differential analysis of adolescents’ problems

Se presenta un sistema de codificación que permite analizar los problemas libremente expresados por los adolescentes según cuatro categorías (naturaleza, contenido, participantes y contexto), que pueden combinarse entre sí. Los índices de fiabilidad, Kappa de Cohen, son adecuados. Se han identificado los problemas de 1.362 adolescentes de entre 12 y 16 años, que cursan Enseñanza Secundaria Obligatoria, y se ha analizado su frecuencia, según sexo. La combinación de las cuatro categorías indica que el 50% de problemas se reducen a tres tipos básicos: problemas interpersonales de relación con compañeros, que afectan mayoritariamente a chicas; problemas de rendimiento escolar, cuyo protagonista es el propio individuo, que afectan preferentemente a chicos; y problemas ajenos, relativos a muertes de familiares, que preocupan por igual a ambos sexos. Se argumenta que el estudio de las relaciones entre life events y salud mental debe contemplarse desde una perspectiva multiaxial, como la propuesta en este trabajo (AU)

This study presents a system of classification which allows to analyze the problems expressed by adolescents in four combinable categories (nature of problem, content, participants and context). Cohen’s Kappa offers adequate reliability indexes. This system was applied to the problems expressed by 1362 Secondary School adolescents ranging in age from 12 to 16, and the frequency of these problems was analyzed according to gender. The combination of the four categories indicates that 50% of the problems explained by the sample are: a) interpersonal problems with peers, which mainly affect girls; b) school achievement problems, mainly affecting boys; and c) problems of others, principally related to relatives’s death and which affect both girls and boys. From the results obtained it is advisable to analyze the relationship between life-events and mental health from a multiaxial perspective (AU)