Society of Critical Care Medicine Guidelines on Recognizing and Responding to Clinical Deterioration Outside the ICU: 2023.

RATIONALE: Clinical deterioration of patients hospitalized outside the ICU is a source of potentially reversible morbidity and mortality. To address this, some acute care hospitals have implemented systems aimed at detecting and responding to such patients. OBJECTIVES: To provide evidence-based recommendations for hospital clinicians and administrators to optimize recognition and response to clinical deterioration in non-ICU patients. PANEL DESIGN: The 25-member panel included representatives from medicine, nursing, respiratory therapy, pharmacy, patient/family partners, and clinician-methodologists with expertise in developing evidence-based Clinical Practice Guidelines. METHODS: We generated actionable questions using the Population, Intervention, Control, and Outcomes (PICO) format and performed a systematic review of the literature to identify and synthesize the best available evidence. We used the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation Approach to determine certainty in the evidence and to formulate recommendations and good practice statements (GPSs). RESULTS: The panel issued 10 statements on recognizing and responding to non-ICU patients with critical illness. Healthcare personnel and institutions should ensure that all vital sign acquisition is timely and accurate (GPS). We make no recommendation on the use of continuous vital sign monitoring among unselected patients. We suggest focused education for bedside clinicians in signs of clinical deterioration, and we also suggest that patient/family/care partners' concerns be included in decisions to obtain additional opinions and help (both conditional recommendations). We recommend hospital-wide deployment of a rapid response team or medical emergency team (RRT/MET) with explicit activation criteria (strong recommendation). We make no recommendation about RRT/MET professional composition or inclusion of palliative care members on the responding team but suggest that the skill set of responders should include eliciting patients' goals of care (conditional recommendation). Finally, quality improvement processes should be part of a rapid response system. CONCLUSIONS: The panel provided guidance to inform clinicians and administrators on effective processes to improve the care of patients at-risk for developing critical illness outside the ICU.

Executive Summary: Society of Critical Care Medicine Guidelines on Recognizing and Responding to Clinical Deterioration Outside the ICU.

RATIONALE: Clinical deterioration of patients hospitalized outside the ICU is a source of potentially reversible morbidity and mortality. To address this, some acute care facilities have implemented systems aimed at detecting and responding to such patients. OBJECTIVES: To provide evidence-based recommendations for hospital clinicians and administrators to optimize recognition and response to clinical deterioration in non-ICU patients. PANEL DESIGN: The 25-member panel included representatives from medicine, nursing, respiratory therapy, pharmacy, patient/family partners, and clinician-methodologists with expertise in developing evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. METHODS: We generated actionable questions using the Population, Intervention, Control, and Outcomes format and performed a systematic review of the literature to identify and synthesize the best available evidence. We used the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach to determine certainty in the evidence and to formulate recommendations and good practice statements (GPSs). RESULTS: The panel issued 10 statements on recognizing and responding to non-ICU patients with critical illness. Healthcare personnel and institutions should ensure that all vital sign acquisition is timely and accurate (GPS). We make no recommendation on the use of continuous vital sign monitoring among "unselected" patients due to the absence of data regarding the benefit and the potential harms of false positive alarms, the risk of alarm fatigue, and cost. We suggest focused education for bedside clinicians in signs of clinical deterioration, and we also suggest that patient/family/care partners' concerns be included in decisions to obtain additional opinions and help (both conditional recommendations). We recommend hospital-wide deployment of a rapid response team or medical emergency team (RRT/MET) with explicit activation criteria (strong recommendation). We make no recommendation about RRT/MET professional composition or inclusion of palliative care members on the responding team but suggest that the skill set of responders should include eliciting patients' goals of care (conditional recommendation). Finally, quality improvement processes should be part of a rapid response system (GPS). CONCLUSIONS: The panel provided guidance to inform clinicians and administrators on effective processes to improve the care of patients at-risk for developing critical illness outside the ICU.

Evaluation of the Impact of ABCDEF Bundle Compliance Rates on Postintensive Care Syndrome: A Secondary Analysis Study.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to examine the association between ABCDEF bundles and long-term postintensive care syndrome (PICS)-related outcomes. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of the J-PICS study. SETTING: This study was simultaneously conducted in 14 centers and 16 ICUs in Japan between April 1, 2019, and September 30, 2019. PATIENTS: Adult ICU patients who were expected to be on a ventilator for at least 48 hours. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Bundle compliance for the last 24 hours was recorded using a checklist at 8:00 am The bundle compliance rate was defined as the 3-day average of the number of bundles performed each day divided by the total number of bundles. The relationship between the bundle compliance rate and PICS prevalence (defined by the 36-item Short Form Physical Component Scale, Mental Component Scale, and Short Memory Questionnaire) was examined. A total of 191 patients were included in this study. Of these, 33 patients (17.3%) died in-hospital and 48 (25.1%) died within 6 months. Of the 96 patients with 6-month outcome data, 61 patients (63.5%) had PICS and 35 (36.5%) were non-PICS. The total bundle compliance rate was 69.8%; the rate was significantly lower in the 6-month mortality group (66.6% vs 71.6%, p = 0.031). Bundle compliance rates in patients with and without PICS were 71.3% and 69.9%, respectively ( p = 0.61). After adjusting for confounding variables, bundle compliance rates were not significantly different in the context of PICS prevalence ( p = 0.56). A strong negative correlation between the bundle compliance rate and PICS prevalence ( r = -0.84, R 2 = 0.71, p = 0.035) was observed in high-volume centers. CONCLUSIONS: The bundle compliance rate was not associated with PICS prevalence. However, 6-month mortality was lower with a higher bundle compliance rate. A trend toward a lower PICS prevalence was associated with higher bundle compliance in high-volume centers.

An algorithm for PCT-guided antimicrobial therapy: a consensus statement by Japanese experts.

In Japan, a national antimicrobial resistance (AMR) action plan was adopted in 2016, advocating a 20% reduction in antibiotic consumption by 2020. However, there is still room for improvement to accomplish this goal. Many randomized controlled trials have reported that procalcitonin (PCT)-guided antimicrobial therapy could help to reduce antibiotic consumption without negative health effects, specifically in acute respiratory infections. In September 2018, some experts in Europe and the USA proposed algorithms for PCT-guided antimicrobial therapy in mild to moderate infection cases outside the ICU and severe cases in the ICU (the international experts consensus). Thereafter, a group of Japanese experts, including specialists in intensive care medicine, emergency medicine, respiratory medicine and infectious diseases, created a modified version of a PCT-guided algorithm (Japanese experts consensus). This modified algorithm was adapted to better fit Japanese medical circumstances, since PCT-guided therapy is not widely used in daily clinical practice in Japan. The Japanese algorithm has three specific characteristics. First, the target patients are limited to only hospitalized ICU or non-ICU patients. Second, pneumonia due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Legionella species are excluded. Finally, a different timing of PCT follow-up measurement was proposed to meet restrictions of the Japanese medical insurance system. The adapted algorithms has high potential to further improve the safe reduction in antibiotic consumption in Japan, while reducing the spread of AMR pathogens.

Potential Interaction Between Sepsis and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Effect on the 6-Month Clinical Outcomes: A Preliminary Secondary Analysis of a Prospective Observational Study.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the effect of the potential interaction between sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) on the 6-month clinical outcomes. METHODS: This secondary analysis of a prospective multicenter observational study included patients who were expected to receive mechanical ventilation for more than 48 h. Patients were stratified based on the incidence of sepsis and further subdivided according to the presence of ARDS. The primary endpoints for patients whose follow-up information was available included mortality (n = 162) and the occurrence of PICS (n = 96) at six months. The diagnosis of PICS was based on any of the following criteria: (1) decrease ≥ 10 points in the physical component score of the 36-item Short Form (SF36) questionnaire; (2) decrease ≥ 10 points in the mental component score of the SF-36; or (3) decline in the Short Memory Questionnaire (SMQ) score and SMQ score < 40 at six months after ICU admission. We conducted multivariate logistic regression analyses to assess the effect of the potential interaction between ARDS and sepsis on the 6-month clinical outcomes. RESULTS: The mortality in the ARDS sub-group was higher than that in the non-ARDS subgroup [47% (7/15) versus 21% (18/85)] in the non-sepsis group. However, the mortality in the ARDS and non-ARDS subgroups was similar in the sepsis group. Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that ARDS was significantly associated with mortality in the non-sepsis group (adjusted OR: 5.25; 95% CI: 1.45-19.09; p = .012), but not in the sepsis group (P for interaction = .087). Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed ARDS was not associated with PICS occurrence in the non-sepsis and sepsis groups (P-value for the interaction = .039). CONCLUSIONS: This hypothesis-generating study suggested that the effect of ARDS on the 6-month outcomes depended on the presence or absence of sepsis. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Not applicable.

Impact of early initiation of renin-angiotensin blockade on renal function and clinical outcomes in patients with hypertensive emergency: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Hypertensive emergency is a critical disease that causes multifaceted sequelae, including end-stage kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. Although the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) system is enormously activated in this disease, there are few reports that attempt to characterize the effect of early use of RAA inhibitors (RASi) on the temporal course of kidney function. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study was conducted to clarify whether the early use of RASi during hospitalization offered more favorable benefits on short-term renal function and long-term renal outcomes in patients with hypertensive emergencies. We enrolled a total of 49 patients who visited our medical center with acute severe hypertension and multiple organ dysfunction between April 2012 and August 2020. Upon admission, the patients were treated with intravenous followed by oral antihypertensive drugs, including RASi and Ca channel blockers (CCB). Kidney function as well as other laboratory and clinical parameters were compared between RASi-treated and CCB- treated group over 2 years. RESULTS: Antihypertensive treatment effectively reduced blood pressure from 222 ± 28/142 ± 21 to 141 ± 18/87 ± 14 mmHg at 2 weeks and eGFR was gradually restored from 33.2 ± 23.3 to 40.4 ± 22.5 mL/min/1.73m2 at 1 year. The renal effect of antihypertensive drugs was particularly conspicuous when RASi was started in combination with other conventional antihypertensive drugs at the early period of hospitalization (2nd day [IQR: 1-5.5]) and even in patients with moderately to severely diminished eGFR (< 30 mL/min/1.73 m2) on admission. In contrast, CCB modestly restored eGFR during the observation period. Furthermore, renal survival probabilities were progressively deteriorated in patients who had manifested reduced eGFR (< 15 mL/min/1.73 m2) or massive proteinuria (urine protein/creatinine ≥ 3.5 g/gCr) on admission. Early use of RASi was associated with a favorable 2-year renal survival probability (0.90 [95%CI: 0.77-1.0] vs. 0.63 [95%CI: 0.34-0.92] for RASi ( +) and RASi (-), respectively, p = 0.036) whereas no apparent difference in renal survival was noted for CCB. CONCLUSIONS: Early use of RASi contributes to the renal functional recovery from acute reduction in eGFR among patients with hypertensive emergencies. Furthermore, RASi offers more favorable effect on 2-year renal survival, compared with CCB.

Intensive care burden of COVID-19 in tertiary care hospitals during the first year of outbreak in Kawasaki City, Japan: A retrospective cohort study.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to describe the changes in the intensive care burden of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) during the first year of outbreak in Japan. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included COVID-19 patients who received mechanical ventilation (MV) support in two designated hospitals for critical patients in Kawasaki City. We compared the lengths of MV and stay in the intensive care unit (ICU) or high care unit (HCU) according to the three epidemic waves. We calculated in-hospital mortality rates in patients with or without MV. RESULTS: The median age of the sample was 65.0 years, and 22.7% were women. There were 37, 29, and 62 patients in the first (W1), second (W2), and third waves (W3), respectively. Systemic steroids, remdesivir, and prone positioning were more frequent in W2 and W3. The median length of MV decreased from 18.0 days in W1 to 13.0 days in W3 (P = 0.019), and that of ICU/HCU stay decreased from 22.0 days in W1 to 15.5 days in W3 (P = 0.027). The peak daily number of patients receiving MV support was higher at 18 patients in W1, compared to 8 and 15 patients in W2 and W3, respectively. The mortality rate was 23.4%, which did not significantly change (P = 0.467). CONCLUSIONS: The lengths of MV and ICU/HCU stay per patient decreased over time. Despite an increase in the number of COVID-19 patients who received MV in W3, this study may indicate that the intensive care burden during the study period did not substantially increase.

Eleven-year retrospective study characterizing patients with severe brain damage and poor neurological prognosis -role of physicians' attitude toward life-sustaining treatment.

BACKGROUND: Severe brain hemorrhage/infarction and cardiac arrest constitute the most critical situations leading to poor neurological prognosis. Characterization of these patients is required to offer successful end-of-life care, but actual practice is affected by multiple confounding factors, including ethicolegal issues, particular in Japan and Asia. The aim of this study is to evaluate the clinical courses of patients with severe brain damage and to assess the preference of end-of-life care for these patients in Japanese hospitals. METHODS: A retrospective observational study was conducted between 2008 and 2018. All intracranial hemorrhage/infarction and cardiac arrest out-patients (n = 510) who were admitted to our two affiliated hospitals and survived but with poor neurologic outcomes were included. Demographic characteristics as well as prognosis and treatment policies were also assessed. RESULTS: Patients were divided into two categories; cases with absent brainstem reflex (BSR) (BSR[-]) and those with preserved BSR (BSR[ +]). The survival rate was higher and the length of hospitalization was longer in patients with BSR[ +] than in those with BSR[-]. Among three life-sustaining policies (i.e., aggressive treatment, withdrawal of treatment, and withholding of treatment), withholding of treatment was adopted to most patients. In BSR[-], the proportion of three treatment policies performed at the final decision did not differ from that at the initial diagnosis on neurological status (p = 0.432). In contrast, this proportion tended to be altered in BSR[ +] (p = 0.072), with a decreasing tendency of aggressive treatment and a modest increasing tendency of withdrawal of treatment. Furthermore, the requests from patients' families to withdraw life-sustaining treatment, including discontinuation of mechanical ventilation, increased, but actual implementation of withdrawal by physicians was less than half of the requests. CONCLUSIONS: BSR constitutes a crucial determinant of mortality and length of hospitalization in comatose patients with severe brain damage. Although the number of withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment tends to increase over time in BSR[ +] patients, there are many more requests from patients' families for withdrawal. Since physicians has a tendency to desist from withdrawing life-sustaining treatment, more in-depth communication between medical staff and patients' families will facilitate mutual understanding over ethicolegal and religious issues and may thus improve end-of-life care.

Back to normal; serological testing for COVID-19 diagnosis unveils missed infections.

BACKGROUND: The gold standard for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) diagnosis has been the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA by nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT). On the other hand, serological testing for COVID-19 may offer advantages in detecting possibly overlooked infections by NAAT. METHODS: To evaluate seroconversion of NAAT-negative pneumonia patients, immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG targeting the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 were semiquantified by an immunofluorescence assay. Seroconversion was confirmed by another serological method, targeting the nucleocapsid protein. RESULTS: Eight suspected but unconfirmed COVID-19 pneumonia patients (median age, 39 years; range, 21-55) were included. The median period between symptom onset and NAAT sample collection was 6 days (2-27 days). None of them had tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by NAAT. In contrast, all eight patients revealed seropositivity with the two serological methods, indicating actual seroconversion against SARS-CoV-2. The median period between onset and blood sampling was 26.5 days (7-51 days). CONCLUSION: Eight patients with COVID-19 pneumonia, initially tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 by NAAT, were finally confirmed of the diagnosis by serological testing. To cover the whole spectrum of this heterogenous infectious disease, serology testing should be implemented to the multitiered diagnostic algorithm for COVID-19.

Prevalence of post-intensive care syndrome among Japanese intensive care unit patients: a prospective, multicenter, observational J-PICS study.

BACKGROUND: Many studies have compared quality of life of post-intensive care syndrome (PICS) patients with age-matched population-based controls. Many studies on PICS used the 36-item Short Form (SF-36) health survey questionnaire version 2, but lack the data for SF-36 values before and after intensive care unit (ICU) admission. Thus, clinically important changes in the parameters of SF-36 are unknown. Therefore, we determined the frequency of co-occurrence of PICS impairments at 6 months after ICU admission. We also evaluated the changes in SF-36 subscales and interpreted the patients' subjective significance of impairment. METHODS: A prospective, multicenter, observational cohort study was conducted in 16 ICUs across 14 hospitals in Japan. Adult ICU patients expected to receive mechanical ventilation for > 48 h were enrolled, and their 6-month outcome was assessed using the questionnaires. PICS definition was based on the physical status, indicated by the change in SF-36 physical component score (PCS) ≥ 10 points; mental status, indicated by the change in SF-36 mental component score (MCS) ≥ 10 points; and cognitive function, indicated by the worsening of Short-Memory Questionnaire (SMQ) score and SMQ score at 6 months < 40. Multivariate logistic regression model was used to identify the factors associated with PICS occurrence. The patients' subjective significance of physical and mental symptoms was assessed using the 7-scale Global Assessment Rating to evaluate minimal clinically important difference (MCID). RESULTS: Among 192 patients, 48 (25%) died at 6 months. Among the survivors at 6 months, 96 patients responded to the questionnaire; ≥ 1 PICS impairment occurred in 61 (63.5%) patients, and ≥ 2 occurred in 17 (17.8%) patients. Physical, mental, and cognitive impairments occurred in 32.3%, 14.6% and 37.5% patients, respectively. Population with only mandatory education was associated with PICS occurrence (odds ratio: 4.0, 95% CI 1.1-18.8, P = 0.029). The MCID of PCS and MCS scores was 6.5 and 8.0, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Among the survivors who received mechanical ventilation, 64% had PICS at 6 months; co-occurrence of PICS impairments occurred in 20%. PICS was associated with population with only mandatory education. Future studies elucidating the MCID of SF-36 scores among ICU patients and standardizing the PICS definition are required. Trial registration UMIN000034072.

The characteristics, types of intervention, and outcomes of postoperative patients who required rapid response system intervention: a nationwide database analysis.

PURPOSE: Improving the safety of general wards is a key to reducing serious adverse events in the postoperative period. We investigated the characteristics, treatment, and outcomes of postoperative patients managed by a rapid response system (RRS) in Japan to improve postoperative management. METHODS: This retrospective study analyzed cases requiring RRS intervention that were included in the In-Hospital Emergency Registry in Japan. We analyzed data reported by 34 Japanese hospitals between January 2014 and March 2018, mainly focusing on postoperative patients for whom the RRS was activated within 7 days of surgery. Non-postoperative patients, for whom the RRS was activated in all other settings, were used for comparison as necessary. RESULTS: There were 609 (12.7%) postoperative patients among the total patients in the registry. The major criteria were staff concerns (30.2%) and low oxygen saturation (29.7%). Hypotension, tachycardia, and inability to contact physicians were observed as triggers significantly more frequently in postoperative patients when compared with non-postoperative patients. Among RRS activations within 7 days of surgery, 68.9% of activations occurred within postoperative day 3. The ordering of tests (46.8%) and fluid bolus (34.6%) were major interventions that were performed significantly more frequently in postoperative patients when compared with non-postoperative patients. The rate of RRS activations resulting in ICU care was 32.8%. The mortality rate at 1 month was 16.2%. CONCLUSION: Approximately, 70% of the RRS activations occurred within postoperative day 3. Circulatory problems were a more frequent cause of RRS activation in the postoperative group than in the non-postoperative group.

Net Ultrafiltration Prescription and Practice Among Critically Ill Patients Receiving Renal Replacement Therapy: A Multinational Survey of Critical Care Practitioners.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the attitudes of practitioners with respect to net ultrafiltration prescription and practice among critically ill patients with acute kidney injury treated with renal replacement therapy. DESIGN: Multinational internet-assisted survey. SETTING: Critical care practitioners involved with 14 societies in 80 countries. SUBJECTS: Intervention: MEASUREMENT AND MAIN RESULTS:: Of 2,567 practitioners who initiated the survey, 1,569 (61.1%) completed the survey. Most practitioners were intensivists (72.7%) with a median duration of 13.2 years of practice (interquartile range, 7.2-22.0 yr). Two third of practitioners (71.0%; regional range, 55.0-95.5%) reported using continuous renal replacement therapy with a net ultrafiltration rate prescription of median 80.0 mL/hr (interquartile range, 49.0-111.0 mL/hr) for hemodynamically unstable and a maximal rate of 299.0 mL/hr (interquartile range, 200.0-365.0 mL/hr) for hemodynamically stable patients, with regional variation. Only a third of practitioners (31.5%; range, 13.7-47.8%) assessed hourly net fluid balance during continuous renal replacement therapy. Hemodynamic instability was reported in 20% (range, 20-38%) of patients and practitioners decreased the rate of fluid removal (70.3%); started or increased the dose of a vasopressor (51.5%); completely stopped fluid removal (35.8%); and administered a fluid bolus (31.6%), with significant regional variation. Compared with physicians, nurses were most likely to report patient intolerance to net ultrafiltration (73.4% vs 81.3%; p = 0.002), frequent interruptions (40.4% vs 54.5%; p < 0.001), and unavailability of trained staff (11.9% vs 15.6%; p = 0.04), whereas physicians reported unavailability of dialysis machines (14.3% vs 6.1%; p < 0.001) and costs associated with treatment as barriers (12.1% vs 3.0%; p < 0.001) with significant regional variation. CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides new knowledge about the presence and extent of international practice variation in net ultrafiltration. We also identified barriers and specific targets for quality improvement initiatives. Our data reflect the need for evidence-based practice guidelines for net ultrafiltration.

Impact of increased calls to rapid response systems on unplanned ICU admission.

BACKGROUND: Whether hospital bed number and rapid response system (RRS) call rate is associated with the clinical outcomes of patients who have RRS activations is unknown. We test a hypothesis that hospital volume and RRS call rates are associated with the clinical outcomes of patients with RRSs. METHODS: This is a retrospective chart analysis of an existing dataset associated with In-Hospital Emergency Registry in Japan. In the present study, 4818 patients in 24 hospitals from April 2014 to March 2018 were analyzed. Primary outcome variable was an unplanned intensive care unit (ICU) admission after RRS activation. RESULTS: In the primary analysis of the study using a multivariate analysis adjusting potential confounding factors, higher RRS call rate was significantly associated with decreased unplanned ICU admissions (P < 0.0001, Odds ratio [OR] 0.95, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.92-0.98), but there was no significant association of hospital volume with unplanned ICU admissions (P = 0.44). In the secondary analysis of the study, there was a non-significant trend of increased cardiac arrest on arrival at the location of the RRS provider at large-volume hospitals (P = 0.084, OR 1.16, 95% CI 0.98-1.38). Large-volume hospitals had a significantly higher 1-month mortality rate (P = 0.0040, OR 1.10, 95% CI 1.03-1.18). CONCLUSION: Hospitals with increased RRS call rates had significantly decreased unplanned ICU admission in patients who had RRS activations. Patients who had RRS activations at large-volume hospitals had an increased 1-month mortality rate.

Exploratory Observational Study of Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation for Nonshockable Out-Of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Occurring After an Emergency Medical Services Arrival: SOS-KANTO 2012 Study Report.

BACKGROUND: The outcomes of patients with nonshockable out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) are poor, but may be improved by extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (E-CPR). OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of veno-arterial extracorporeal membranous oxygenation (ECMO) as E-CPR in patients with nonshockable OHCA after emergency medical services (EMS) arrival for whom satisfactory cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was immediately performed. METHODS: Among 16,452 patients enrolled in the SOS-KANTO 2012 study, we examined data on 531 patients aged ≥ 18 years who performed activities of daily living (ADL) well or had moderate disability before the onset of cardiac arrest (CA) and those with normal spontaneous respiration or pulse palpation upon EMS arrival. CPR was performed immediately after CA onset, and advanced life support was provided upon hospital arrival for these patients. We divided patients into ECMO and non-ECMO groups. We retrospectively analyzed background factors and clinical outcomes. RESULTS: E-CPR was performed on 38 (7.2%) patients. In the univariate analysis, the mean age of the ECMO group was lower, ADL function before onset was more favorable, mean body weight was higher, and the mean interval from onset until hospital arrival was shorter than those in the non-ECMO group. One-to 3-month survival or favorable cerebral function outcome rates were higher in the ECMO group than in the non-ECMO group. In the multivariate analysis, ECMO use and the interval from onset until hospital arrival were independent prognostic factors for favorable cerebral functional outcomes at 1 and 3 months. CONCLUSION: E-CPR may be associated with favorable outcomes in carefully selected patients with nonshockable OHCA.

Association Between Therapeutic Hypothermia and Outcomes in Patients with Non-shockable Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Developed After Emergency Medical Service Arrival (SOS-KANTO 2012 Analysis Report).

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: The outcomes of patients with non-shockable out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (non-shockable OHCA) are poorer than those of patients with shockable out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (shockable OHCA). In this retrospective study, we selected patients from the SOS-KANTO 2012 study with non-shockable OHCA that developed after emergency medical service (EMS) arrival and analyzed the effect of therapeutic hypothermia (TH) on non-shockable OHCA patients. METHODS: Of 16,452 patients who have definitive data on the 3-month outcome in the SOS-KANTO 2012 study, we selected 241 patients who met the following criteria: age ≥ 18 years, normal spontaneous respiration or palpable pulse upon emergency medical services arrival, no ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia before hospital arrival, and achievement of spontaneous circulation without cardiopulmonary bypass. Patients were divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of TH and were analyzed. RESULTS: Of the 241 patients, 49 underwent TH. Univariate analysis showed that the 1-/3-month survival rates and favorable 3-month cerebral function outcome rates in the TH group were significantly better than the non-TH group (46% vs 19%, respectively, P < 0.001, 35% vs 12%, respectively, P < 0.001, 20% vs 7%, respectively, P = 0.01). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that TH was a significant, independent prognostic factor for cerebral function outcome. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, TH was an independent prognostic factor for the 3-month cerebral function outcome. Even in patients with non-shockable OHCA, TH may improve outcome if the interval from the onset of cardiopulmonary arrest is relatively short, and adequate cardiopulmonary resuscitation is initiated immediately after onset.

Near-infrared spectroscopy monitoring during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: can the initial cerebral tissue oxygenation index predict ROSC?

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Near-infrared spectroscopy is a modality that can monitor tissue oxygenation index (TOI) and has potential to evaluate return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). This study's objectives were to evaluate whether TOI could be associated with ROSC and used to help guide the decision to either terminate CPR or proceed to extracorporeal CPR (ECPR). METHODS: In this observational study, we assessed the patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with non-traumatic cause receiving CPR on arrival at our ED between 2013 and 2016. TOI monitoring was discontinued either on CPR termination after ROSC was reached or on patient death. Patients were classified into two groups: ROSC and non-ROSC group. RESULTS: Out of 141 patients, 24 were excluded and the remaining 117 were classified as follows: ROSC group (n=44) and non-ROSC group (n=73). ROSC group was significantly younger and more likely to have their event witnessed and bystander CPR. ROSC group showed a higher initial TOI than non-ROSC group (60.5%±17.0% vs 37.9%±13.7%: p<0.01). Area under the curve analysis was more accurate with the initial TOI than without it for predicting ROSC (0.88, 95% CI 0.82 to 0.95 vs 0.79, 95% CI 0.70 to 0.87: p<0.01). TOI cut-off value ≥59% appeared to favour survival to hospital discharge whereas TOI ≤24% was associated with non-ROSC. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated an association between higher initial TOI and ROSC. Initial TOI could increase the accuracy of ROSC prognosis and may be a clinical factor in the decision to terminate CPR and select patients who are to proceed to ECPR.

Combined cumulative sum (CUSUM) and chronological environmental analysis as a tool to improve the learning environment for linear-probe endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) trainees: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Cumulative sum (CUSUM) analysis can be used to continuously monitor the performance of an individual or process and detect deviations from a preset or standard level of achievement. However, no previous study has evaluated the utility of CUSUM analysis in facilitating timely environmental assessment and interventions to improve performance of linear-probe endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA). The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of combined CUSUM and chronological environmental analysis as a tool to improve the learning environment for EBUS-TBNA trainees. METHODS: This study was an observational chart review. To determine if performance was acceptable, CUSUM analysis was used to track procedural outcomes of trainees in EBUS-TBNA. To investigate chronological changes in the learning environment, multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to compare several indices before and after time points when significant changes occurred in proficiency. RESULTS: Presence of an additional attending bronchoscopist was inversely associated with nonproficiency (odds ratio, 0.117; 95% confidence interval, 0-0.749; P = 0.019). Other factors, including presence of an on-site cytopathologist and dose of sedatives used, were not significantly associated with duration of nonproficiency. CONCLUSIONS: Combined CUSUM and chronological environmental analysis may be useful in hastening interventions that improve performance of EBUS-TBNA.

Reliability and acceptability of six station multiple mini-interviews: past-behavioural versus situational questions in postgraduate medical admission.

BACKGROUND: The multiple mini-interview (MMI) is increasingly used for postgraduate medical admissions and in undergraduate settings. MMIs use mostly Situational Questions (SQs) rather than Past-Behavioural Questions (PBQs). A previous study of MMIs in this setting, where PBQs and SQs were asked in the same order, reported that the reliability of PBQs was non-inferior to SQs and that SQs were more acceptable to candidates. The order in which the questions are asked may affect reliability and acceptability of an MMI. This study investigated the reliability of an MMI using both PBQs and SQs, minimising question order bias. Acceptability of PBQs and SQs was also assessed. METHODS: Forty candidates applying for a postgraduate medical admission for 2016-2017 were included; 24 examiners were used. The MMI consisted of six stations with one examiner per station; a PBQ and a SQ were asked at every station, and the order of questions was alternated between stations. Reliability was analysed for scores obtained for PBQs or SQs separately, and for both questions. A post-MMI survey was used to assess the acceptability of PBQs and SQs. RESULTS: The generalisability (G) coefficients for PBQs only, SQs only, and both questions were 0.87, 0.96, and 0.80, respectively. Decision studies suggested that a four-station MMI would also be sufficiently reliable (G-coefficients 0.82 and 0.94 for PBQs and SQs, respectively). In total, 83% of participants were satisfied with the MMI. In terms of face validity, PBQs were more acceptable than SQs for candidates (p = 0.01), but equally acceptable for examiners (88% vs. 83% positive responses for PBQs vs. SQs; p = 0.377). Candidates preferred PBQs to SQs when asked to choose one, though this difference was not significant (p = 0.081); examiners showed a clear preference for PBQs (p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: Reliability and acceptability of six-station MMI were good among 40 postgraduate candidates; modelling suggested that four stations would also be reliable. SQs were more reliable than PBQs. Candidates found PBQs more acceptable than SQs and examiners preferred PBQs when they had to choose between the two. Our findings suggest that it is better to ask both PBQs and SQs during an MMI to maximise acceptability.

Past-behavioural versus situational questions in a postgraduate admissions multiple mini-interview: a reliability and acceptability comparison.

BACKGROUND: The Multiple Mini-Interview (MMI) mostly uses 'Situational' Questions (SQs) as an interview format within a station, rather than 'Past-Behavioural' Questions (PBQs), which are most frequently adopted in traditional single-station personal interviews (SSPIs) for non-medical and medical selection. This study investigated reliability and acceptability of the postgraduate admissions MMI with PBQ and SQ interview formats within MMI stations. METHODS: Twenty-six Japanese medical graduates, first completed the two-year national obligatory initial postgraduate clinical training programme and then applied to three specialty training programmes - internal medicine, general surgery, and emergency medicine - in a Japanese teaching hospital, where they underwent the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME)-competency-based MMI. This MMI contained five stations, with two examiners per station. In each station, a PBQ, and then an SQ were asked consecutively. PBQ and SQ interview formats were not separated into two different stations, or the order of questioning of PBQs and SQs in individual stations was not changed due to lack of space and experienced examiners. Reliability was analysed for the scores of these two MMI question types. Candidates and examiners were surveyed on this experience. RESULTS: The PBQ and SQ formats had generalisability coefficients of 0.822 and 0.821, respectively. With one examiner per station, seven stations could produce a reliability of more than 0.80 in both PBQ and SQ formats. More than 60% of both candidates and examiners felt positive about the overall candidates' ability. All participants liked the fairness of this MMI when compared with the previously experienced SSPI. SQs were perceived more favourable by candidates; in contrast, PBQs were perceived more relevant by examiners. CONCLUSIONS: Both PBQs and SQs are equally reliable and acceptable as station interview formats in the postgraduate admissions MMI. However, the use of the two formats within the same station, and with a fixed order, is not the best to maximise its utility as an admission test. Future studies are required to evaluate how best the SQs and PBQs should be combined as station interview formats to enhance reliability, feasibility, acceptability and predictive validity of the MMI.

Antibiotic susceptibility survey of blood-borne MRSA isolates in Japan from 2008 through 2011.

We conducted an antibiotic susceptibility survey of 830 blood-borne methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus collected from nationwide hospitals in Japan over a three-year period from January 2008 through May 2011. Antibiotic susceptibility was judged according to the criteria recommended by the Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute. Over 99% of the MRSA showed to be susceptible to teicoplanin, linezolid, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim and vancomycin, and over 97% of them were susceptible to daptomycin, arbekacin and rifampin. The majority of the MRSA strains showed resistant to minocycline, meropenem, imipenem, clindamycin, ciprofloxacin, cefoxitin, and oxacillin in the rates of 56.6, 72.9, 73.7, 78.7, 89.0, 99.5, and 99.9%, respectively. Among the MRSA strains, 72 showed reduced susceptibility to vancomycin, including 8 strains (0.96%) of vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA), 54 (6.51%) of heterogeneous vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (hVISA), and 55 (5.63%) of ß-lactam antibiotics-induced vancomycin resistant S. aureus (BIVR). Unexpectedly, among the 54 hVISA and 55 BIVR, 45 isolates (83.3% and 81.8%, respectively) showed both hVISA and BIVR phenotypes. A new trend of vancomycin resistance found in this study was that VISA strains were still prevalent among the bacteremic specimens. The high rates of the hVISA/BIVR two-phenotypic vancomycin resistance, and the prevalence of VISA in the bloodborne MRSA call attention in the MRSA epidemiology in Japan.