Clinical manifestations and expression of CD18 to guide the diagnosis of leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 1: Mexico experience.

BACKGROUND: Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 1 (LAD-1) is an inborn error of immunity characterized by a defect in leukocyte trafficking. METHODS: Patients with clinical suspicion of LAD-1 were referred to our institution. Complete blood count and flow cytometric analysis, to identify the expression of CD18, CD11b, and the lymphocyte population phenotyping, were performed, and statistical analysis was completed. RESULTS: We report clinical manifestations and immunological findings of six Mexican patients diagnosed with LAD-1. The diagnosis was based on typical clinical presentation, combined with laboratory demonstration of leukocytosis, and significant reduction or near absence of CD18 and its associated molecules CD11a, CD11b, and CD11c on leukocytes. We found atypical manifestations, not described in other countries, such as early-onset autoimmunity or infections caused by certain microorganisms. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with LAD-1 may present with atypical manifestations, making flow cytometry an indispensable tool to confirm the diagnosis. We present the first report of LAD-1 patients in a Latin American country.

Cyclosporin for treatment of refractory multisystemic inflammatory syndrome in a child.

Multisystemic inflammatory syndrome in children is an inflammatory condition with multiorgan dysfunction that manifest late in the course of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. We present a 12-year-old boy with a history of fever, vomiting, diarrhoea, and abdominal pain. He developed shock with ventricular dysfunction and pericardial effusion. He was diagnosed with multisystemic inflammatory syndrome in children and treatment with intravenous immunoglobulins, corticosteroids, and tocilizumab proved to be ineffective. Eventually, the patient responded to cyclosporin-A treatment. Multisystemic inflammatory syndrome in children has been treated with immunoglobulins and glucocorticoids and in refractory cases biologics and cyclosporin-A have been used. Intravenous and oral cyclosporin-A seems to be a safe and effective alternative treatment for refractory multisystemic inflammatory syndrome in children patients.

Adenoviral-induced rash and mucositis: Expanding the spectrum of reactive infectious mucocutaneous eruption.

Mucocutaneous eruptions associated with respiratory pathogens, specifically Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP), has recently been described as a MIRM (MP-induced rash and mucositis). The term reactive infectious mucocutaneous eruption (RIME) has been proposed, since non-MP pathogens may also cause a similar rash and mucositis. We report two cases with clinical manifestations suggestive of MIRM/RIME, both with documented adenovirus infection.

Kawasaki disease mimickers.

BACKGROUND: Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute systemic vasculitis that predominantly affects patients younger than 5 years. In the absence of an available, affordable diagnostic test, detailed clinical history and physical examination are still fundamental to make a diagnosis. METHODS: We present five representative cases with KD-like presentations: systemic onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis, mycoplasma-induced rash and mucositis, staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, BCGosis, and the recently described multisystemic inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) associated with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) virus. RESULTS: Rash, fever, and laboratory markers of inflammation can be present in several childhood diseases that may mimic KD. CONCLUSION: The term 'Kawasaki syndrome' instead of 'Kawasaki disease' may be more appropriate. Physicians should consider an alternative diagnosis that may mimic KD, particularly considering MIS-C during the present pandemic, as an aggressive diagnostic and therapeutic approach is needed.

Kawasaki disease shock syndrome: Unique and severe subtype of Kawasaki disease.

BACKGROUND: Kawasaki disease shock syndrome (KDSS) is an uncommon presentation of Kawasaki disease (KD). KDSS has been associated with more severe markers of inflammation, coronary abnormalities and i.v. immunoglobulin (IVIG) resistance. METHODS: A retrospective, descriptive study of children with KDSS in two hospitals was performed. Relevant articles about KD and shock were collected, and demographic data, clinical presentation, laboratory variables, echocardiogram findings, treatment and special features were analyzed when available. Twelve patients diagnosed with KDSS were retrospectively reviewed from two centers in Mexico, along with 91 additional cases from the literature. RESULTS: Seventy-two patients presented with complete KD (69.9%), and 30.1% (31/103) had unusual KD manifestations. The most frequent diagnosis at the time of admission was toxic shock syndrome (TSS; n = 20). Sixteen of the 20 had coronary artery abnormalities. Overall, abnormalities in the coronary arteries were documented in 65% of the patients. The mortality rate was 6.8%. CONCLUSION: The presence of coronary aneurysms was significantly and positively correlated with male gender, IVIG resistance, inotrope treatment, cardiac failure, abdominal pain and neurological symptoms. IVIG-resistant patients had higher neutrophil : lymphocyte ratio. Abdominal symptoms, hypoalbuminemia and elevated C-reactive protein were present in almost all of the patients. Multisystem involvement with atypical presentation in KDSS is frequent. An important differential diagnosis is TSS. Mechanical ventilation, gastrointestinal and neurological symptoms were associated with IVIG resistance and the presence of coronary aneurysms. The first line of treatment includes IVIG and pulse corticosteroids; in severe cases, infliximab, anakinra, cyclosporine or plasmapheresis are alternative treatment options.

Clinical manifestations associated with Kawasaki disease shock syndrome in Mexican children.

UNLABELLED: Recently, there have been increasing reports of severe forms of Kawasaki disease (KD) associated with shock that have been managed in pediatric intensive care units. It has been suggested that KD is more severe in the Hispanic population. We conducted a study to determine the frequency of Kawasaki disease shock syndrome (KDSS) in our population and compared characteristics between patients with KD without shock and patients with KDSS. Data from 214 patients with KD treated in a tertiary pediatric hospital were collected during a 12-year period. We compared clinical and laboratory features of KD patients without shock and KDSS patients. Of 214 consecutive patients with KD, 11 (5 %) met the definition for KDSS. All of these patients received fluid resuscitation, seven (64 %) required inotropic treatment, and six (54 %), ventilatory support. On admission, seven of these patients (64 %) had an incomplete presentation of the disease, whereas in the group of patients without shock, the relative frequency of an incomplete presentation was 29 %. Twenty percent (3/11) of patients with KDSS presented giant coronary aneurysms versus none of 203 KD patients without shock (p = 0.001); myocardial infarction, 27 % (3/11), versus 1 % (2/203) (p = 0.001); and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) resistance, 60 % (6/11), versus 12 % (24/203). Gastrointestinal manifestations in the acute phase occurred in 91 % of KDSS patients versus 30 % patients without shock (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Patients with KD presenting in shock seem to have an increase in gastrointestinal manifestations, incomplete presentation, IVIG resistance, and worse cardiac outcomes. Larger, prospective, multicentre studies should be carried out to corroborate these findings.

Kawasaki Disease Associated with SARS-CoV2 in a Pair of Triplets.

The etiology of Kawasaki disease (KD) and its precise genetic basics remain unknown. Genetic variants affecting immunity have been found in some patients. The occurrence of KD in siblings is rare, but KD pedigrees with multiple affected members have been described in Japan and North America. Cases in twins have been documented. We report 2 pairs of trizygotic triplets who developed KD associated with SARS-CoV2 infection from 2 different families. Our cases show that KD is multifactorial in origin, and both infectious etiology (particularly SARS-CoV2 as in our cases) and genetic factors are relevant in the disease.

IgG levels in Kawasaki disease and its association with clinical outcomes.

Previous studies have suggested an association of IgG levels (before and after IVIG infusion) with clinical outcomes in Kawasaki disease. A retrospective analysis was performed that included 418 patients with KD admitted to Tokyo Women's Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center to evaluate pre- and post-IVIG IgG levels and its relation to outcomes. All patients received an initial IVIG infusion and aspirin; IgG levels were measured in 350 patients before IVIG (pre-IVIG IgG levels) and in 373 patients 48 h after starting IVIG infusion (post-IVIG IgG levels). Media and standard deviation of the pre- and post-IVIG IgG levels were reported and classified according to age. Also, IgG z-scores were calculated according to normal values of IgG by age. The number of cases and corresponding percentage of non-responders were reported by age and total patients. The association of pre-IVIG, post-IVIG IgG levels and post-IVIG IgG level/pre-IVIG IgG level ratio with no-response was evaluated by simple logistic regression model based on the IgG z-score, and regression coefficient, X2 value, p, and R2 of Nagelkerke were reported. Pre-IVIG and post-IVIG IgG levels presented an association with non-responders with statistical significance. This association was more evident between post-IVIG IgG levels and non-responders. Regarding coronary alterations, it was not possible to perform an adequate statistical analysis due the small number of patients. Pre- and post-IVIG infusion IgG levels could be an important biomarker in KD as well as in other inflammatory conditions. Higher IgG levels could be associated with a more effective immunomodulatory action and associated with better clinical outcomes.

Vital Signs as Predictor Factors of Intravenous Immunoglobulin Resistance in Patients With Kawasaki Disease.

Kawasaki disease (KD) is the most common cause of acquired heart disease in children. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) may significantly lower the frequency of coronary artery complications. However, some patients do not respond to initial therapy and are at higher risk of developing coronary artery lesion. A retrospective analysis of data from 419 KD patients was performed. The patients were divided into IVIG responders (n = 318) and IVIG nonresponders (n = 101). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed neutrophil percentage, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase, heart rate, and body temperature were independent predictors of IVIG resistance. We generated a predictive scoring system by assigning 1 point for the presence of these parameters (neutrophil >80%, albumin <3.4 g/dL, aspartate aminotransferase >100 IU/L, heart rate >146 bpm, and body temperature >38.8°C). This scoring system had a sensitivity of 76.2% and specificity of 64.8%, and a positive predictive value of 40.1% and a negative predictive value of 89.4%. Vital signs may be helpful to detect KD patients with IVIG resistance.

Clinical manifestations and expression of CD18 to guide the diagnosis of leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 1

Background: Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 1 (LAD-1) is an inborn error of immunity characterized by a defect in leukocyte trafficking. Methods: Patients with clinical suspicion of LAD-1 were referred to our institution. Complete blood count and flow cytometric analysis, to identify the expression of CD18, CD11b, and the lymphocyte population phenotyping, were performed, and statistical analysis was completed. Results: We report clinical manifestations and immunological findings of six Mexican patients diagnosed with LAD-1. The diagnosis was based on typical clinical presentation, combined with laboratory demonstration of leukocytosis, and significant reduction or near absence of CD18 and its associated molecules CD11a, CD11b, and CD11c on leukocytes. We found atypical manifestations, not described in other countries, such as early-onset autoimmunity or infections caused by certain microorganisms. Conclusions: Patients with LAD-1 may present with atypical manifestations, making flow cytometry an indispensable tool to confirm the diagnosis. We present the first report of LAD-1 patients in a Latin American country (AU)

BCG and Kawasaki disease in Mexico and Japan.

Dr. Tomisaku Kawasaki was the first to describe BCG reactivation in Kawasaki Disease (KD), and this sign is present in about 30-50% of KD patients. It is a very specific early sign of the disease and although it has been recognized for decades, its pathophysiology continues to be an enigma. Recently, Yamada et al. reported a severe BCG reaction with tuberculid in 2 Japanese KD patients. We present 2 cases with KD and severe BCG reaction, one from Japan and the other from Mexico and review the policies of administration of BCG in both countries. The BCG vaccine has a worldwide coverage of 88%. Differences in BCG strains and methods of administration may influence BCG reactions in KD. The BCG reaction in the inoculation site may represent the most useful sign in KD.

[Neurological manifestations in atypical Kawasaki disease]. / Manifestaciones neurológicas en la enfermedad de Kawasaki atípica.

BACKGROUND: Kawasaki disease (KD) is a type of systemic vasculitis of unknown etiology. Atypical Kawasaki disease is defined as that where there are signs and symptoms not corresponding to the classical criteria for this nosological entity. Children with atypical Kawasaki disease may present with acute abdominal symptoms, meningeal irritation, pneumonia or renal failure. CLINICAL CASES: We describe 4 children with ages ranging from 2 to 12 years who had atypical Kawasaki disease, with neurological and gastrointestinal symptoms as part of the systemic presentation of the disease. Treatment consisted of immunoglobulin and corticosteroids with good evolution. CONCLUSIONS: KD is a systemic vasculitis that can involve many territories. Atypical manifestations can mislead the clinician and delay diagnosis. Pediatricians and sub-specialists should be aware of these neurological manifestations in order to provide adequate and opportune treatment.

Antecedentes: La enfermedad de Kawasaki es una vasculitis sistémica de etiología desconocida. La modalidad atípica se define como aquella en la cual hay signos y síntomas que no corresponden a los criterios clásicos de esta entidad nosológica. Los niños con enfermedad de Kawasaki atípica pueden presentar síntomas abdominales agudos, irritación meníngea, neumonía o falla renal. Casos clínicos: Describimos 4 niños con edades que oscilaron entre los 2 y 12 años que presentaron enfermedad de Kawasaki atípica, con síntomas neurológicos y gastroinstetinales como parte de la presentación sistémica de la enfermedad. El tratamiento se llevó a cabo con corticosteroides e inmunoglobulina, con los cuales los pacientes evolucionaron satisfactoriamente. Conclusiones: La enfermedad de Kawasaki es una vasculitis sistémica que puede involucrar numerosos aspectos. Las manifestaciones atípicas pueden confundir al clínico y retrasar el diagnóstico. Los pediatras y subespecialistas deben estar conscientes de estas manifestaciones neurológicas, con el fin de proporcionar tratamiento adecuado y oportuno.

[Kawasaki Disease and Henoch-Schönlein Purpura: Frequent Vasculitis in an Infrequent Association]. / Enfermedad de Kawasaki y p˙rpura de Henoch-Schˆnlein: vasculitis frecuentes en una asociaciÛn infrecuente.

Henoch-Schönlein Purpura (HSP) and Kawasaki disease (KD) are the most frequent systemic vasculitis in childhood. Both diseases are clearly distinct and easily distinguishable. Despite their high frequency, the coexistence of both diseases in the same patient is very rare. The diagnosis of these two diseases is based on clinical features, but sometimes it may be difficult, since signs and symptoms can be atypical and occasionally there are overlapping features among different forms of vasculitis. We present a 5 year-old boy who showed KD and three years later he developed HSP. We discuss similarities and differences between these two systemic vasculitic diseases and make a review of the literature of the few cases reported where KD and PHS have coexisted. Although rare, these two diseases can be present in the same patient and should be treated accordingly.