Cultural Adaptation of the Evaluation in Ayres Sensory Integration® (EASI) for Spanish-Speaking Populations.

IMPORTANCE: Spanish-speaking populations represent a significant percentage of occupational therapy clientele globally. Culturally appropriate Spanish translations of assessments are therefore imperative. This study describes the process of a culturally adapted translation of a set of tests for use with Spanish-speaking pediatric populations. OBJECTIVE: To produce a culturally adapted Spanish translation of the Evaluation in Ayres Sensory Integration® (EASI) for international use. METHOD: We used cultural adaptation methodology that included direct and back translations of the EASI by bilingual translators and interviews with pediatric occupational therapists and children ages 3-6 yr from Spain. Linguistic experts helped revise the translations, and pediatric occupational therapy leaders in five Spanish-speaking North and South American countries reviewed the translations for comprehensibility and cultural appropriateness. RESULTS: Back translations demonstrated equivalence with the original EASI tests except for a few test instructions and scoring criteria. Interviews with occupational therapists and children in Spain revealed some comprehension difficulties for several tests, which were revised in consultation with a linguistic expert. Additional adaptations were made on the basis of recommendations to address cultural differences by occupational therapy leaders from five North and South American countries. Most changes in wording were made in one EASI test (Praxis: Following Directions) that is heavily dependent on language comprehension. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: We used currently recommended methodologies to develop and adapt a Spanish translation of the EASI for use across diverse cultures. What This Article Adds: A Spanish translation of the EASI has been developed for use in culturally diverse Spanish-speaking countries around the world.

Reference Values for the Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile in Spain.

IMPORTANCE: In Spain, only one culturally adapted assessment tool is available for children between ages 3 and 11 yr. There are no assessments of adolescent and adult sensory processing, and no normative data. OBJECTIVE: To obtain reference values for the Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile (AASP) in Spain for adolescents (aged 11-17) and adults (aged 18-64 and ≥65). DESIGN: A multivariate analysis of variance was used to compare specific mean values (-2, -1, +1, and +2 standard deviation [SD]) by age group, gender, geographic area, education level, and employment status. PARTICIPANTS: We randomly recruited 787 participants (55.8% female) aged 11 yr or older (mean age = 32.1, SD = 21.1) in Spain. We excluded those with a diagnosis of depression, chronic disease (e.g., diabetes, cancer, neurological disease), or cognitive disability and those who used medication that could affect the central nervous system. RESULTS: Quadrant mean (SD) scores ranged from 29.3 (6.6) for low registration to 49.1 (8.3) for sensory seeking, with significant differences by age group (p < .001) in all quadrants. Significant differences were also found for scores in different quadrants by gender, geographic area, education level, and employment status. Although statistically significant, the differences between scores were not clinically relevant; the mean scores fell within the typical range for sensory processing. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: We offer reference values for the cultural adaptation to Spain of the AASP and recommend its use for the typically developing Spanish population ages 11 and older. WHAT THIS ARTICLE ADDS: We provide normative data for the AASP for three age groups of the Spanish population: adolescents, adults, and older adults.

Cultural Adaptation of the Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile for Spain.

IMPORTANCE: In Spain, culturally adapted tools are needed to assess sensory processing in adolescents and adults. OBJECTIVE: To adapt the Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile (AASP) so that it is culturally appropriate for use in Spain. DESIGN: Following standard procedures for cultural adaptation, we completed direct and back translation, conducted cognitive interviews, and examined test-retest reliability. PARTICIPANTS: Cognitive interviews were conducted with 18 participants ages 11-13 yr. Test-retest reliability was calculated with different samples of 30 participants who were Spanish speaking only and 30 who were Spanish and English speaking. RESULTS: The cognitive interviews revealed no serious difficulties in comprehension. The linguistic expert made necessary adjustments, and test-retest reliability of items showed low intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs; i.e., <.50) for two items in the monolingual group and five items in the bilingual group. These items were reviewed and revised by the linguistic expert, and subsequent test-retest reliability showed only one item with an ICC of <.50. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The cultural adaptation of the AASP for Spain is conceptually and semantically equivalent to the original version and provides a culturally sensitive measure of sensory processing for adolescent and adult Spanish populations. WHAT THIS ARTICLE ADDS: The cultural adaptation of assessment tools is an essential part of occupational therapy clinical intervention. We describe the cultural adaptation to Spain of the Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile.

Convergent Validity of Two Sensory Questionnaires in Spain: Sensory Profile-2 and Sensory Processing Measure.

(1) Background: Several sensory questionnaires aimed at analyzing sensory reactivity problems in children are available in Spain; however, knowledge about whether these questionnaires can obtain equivalent results is lacking. The purpose of this study was to examine the convergent validity of two sensory questionnaires available for the Spanish population (Spain): Sensory Profile-2 (SP-2) and Sensory Processing Measure (SPM). (2) Methods: This study involved a sample of 116 children between the ages of 5 and 12 years with sensory integration differences and concerns with participation in daily activities. A Pearson's correlation coefficient was calculated along with the significance for this test. (3) Results: Correlations between SP-2 and SPM subscales ranged from r = 0.127 (p. 174) to r = 0.674 (p < 0.001). Correlations between sensory factors analyzing the same sensory systems ranged from r = 0.401 (p < 0.001) to r = 0.674 (p < 0.001) for body position/body awareness and hearing, respectively. (4) Conclusions: There is adequate convergent validity between the SPM and the SP-2 for the Spanish population in most sensory factors. The results support the use of both sensory questionnaires with the Spanish population.

Individual and Environmental Factors Associated with Tobacco Smoking, Alcohol Abuse and Illegal Drug Consumption in University Students: A Mediating Analysis.

Substance abuse is a major and prevalent public health concern among university students. Tobacco smoking, risky alcohol behavior, and illegal drug consumption may lead to health problems and behavioral and academic issues. Several individual and environmental factors associate with substance abuse in this population, and the mediating effect of alcohol abuse in the relationship between tobacco smoking and drug consumption is yet to be explored. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the association of individual and environmental factors and substance use, and to analyze the relationship between tobacco smoking, alcohol abuse, and drug consumption, considering alcohol abuse as a possible mediator. A total of 550 Spanish undergraduate and postgraduate students completed several questionnaires regarding their smoking status, alcohol use, and drug consumption during the last six months. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to explore associations between factors. Direct, indirect and mediating effects were tested using a partial least squares approach (PLS-SEM). The results indicated that substance abuse is associated with being male, living with other students, and combined substance consumption. PLS-SEM showed a significant effect of tobacco smoking and alcohol abuse on drug consumption. Alcohol abuse plays a mediating role in the relationship between tobacco smoking and drug use.