Long-Term Protective Effects of Single-Dose Cardioplegic Solutions in Cell Culture Models.

Despite the popularity of single-dose cardioplegic techniques, the time window and targeted population for successful reperfusion remain unclear. We tested currently available techniques based on cell viability and integrity to demonstrate long-term cardioprotection and clarify whether these solutions were performed on neonatal/adult endothelium and myocardium by examining different cell lines. Cell viability with 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test proliferation assay and membrane integrity with the lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) cytotoxicity test were documented in a cell culture/microscopy setting on adult (human umbilical vein endothelium [HUVEC]), neonatal (H9C2-cardiomyocytes), and myofibroblast (L929) cell lines. Apoptotic cell activity and necrosis were evaluated by acridine orange/propidium iodide (AO/PI) staining. Twenty-four hours after seeding, cells were incubated in control (Dulbecco's modified Eagle), St. Thomas and blood cardioplegia (4:1), histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate (HTK), and del Nido solutions at 32°C followed by an additional 6, 24, and 48 hours in standard conditions (37°C, 5% CO2). Experiments were repeated eight times. In MTT cell viability analysis, HTK protection was significantly better than the control medium in L929 cell lines at 48th hours follow-up and acted markedly better on the HUVEC cell line at 24th and 48th hours. del Nido and HTK provided significantly better protection on H9C2 (at 24th and 48th hours). Apoptotic and necrotic cell scoring as a result of AO/PI staining was found consistent with MTT results. The LDH test demonstrated that the level of cell disruption was significantly higher for St. Thomas and blood cardioplegia in H9c2 cells. Experimental studies on cardioplegia aimed at assessing myocardial protection use time-consuming and often expensive approaches that are unrealistic in clinical practice. We have focused on identifying the most effective cell types and the direct consequences of different cardioplegia solutions to document long-term effects that we believe are the most underestimated ones in the cardioplegia literature.

Minimally Invasive Aortic Valve Replacement on Minimally Invasive Extracorporeal Circulation: Going beyond Aesthetics.

We present our multidisciplinary and multistep strategy in patients undergoing minimally invasive aortic valve replacement (mAVR) on minimally invasive extracorporeal circulation (MiECC) compared with control groups of a single strategy and conventional techniques. This cohort study included high-risk patients (Society of Thoracic Surgeons [STS] risk score >8%) undergoing aortic valve surgery under different strategies during the period from January 2017 until March 2019. Patients were matched for age, gender, body mass index, and STS score: group 1 (MiAVR) based on a minimally invasive technique with J-mini-sternotomy, rapid deployment valve (RDV), and type IV customized MiECC; group 2 (control-mAVR) consisted of minimally invasive technique with only J mini-sternotomy and RDV on a conventional extracorporeal system; group 3 (control-MiECC): full sternotomy and type IV customized MiECC; and group 4 (control): full sternotomy on a conventional extracorporeal system. The MiAVR group had significantly less duration of x-clamp time (35.4 ± 11 minutes), postoperative respiratory support (4.1 ± 1 hour), postoperative hemorrhage (250 ± 50 mL), and intensive care unit stay (1 ± .5 days) than the control-conventional (group 4) group. Seventy-six percent of patients did not receive any blood products in MiAVR (p = .025 vs. group 4). Incidence of atrial fibrillation (8%) and low cardiac output (14%) in MiAVR were significantly better than control. Critics of minimally invasive techniques sustain that potential advantages are offset by a longer cross-clamp and cardiopulmonary bypass duration, which may translate into inferior clinical outcomes. We advocate that our multidisciplinary approach supported by multiple technologies may be associated with faster recovery and superior outcomes than conventional minimally/conventional techniques.

Evaluation of endovascular treatment of chronic limb-threatening ischemia for patients in the PLAN gray zone.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the results of endovascular therapy for chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) in patients categorized under the gray and yellow zones of the patient risk, limb severity, and anatomic pattern (PLAN) concept over a 2-year follow-up period. METHODS: Patients who underwent endovascular therapy for peripheral artery disease and presented with CLTI from February 2017 to February 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. The patients were grouped into yellow and gray zones based on the PLAN concept. Preoperative and postoperative walking distances, Rutherford classes, and postoperative target vessel patency rates were recorded and compared between the groups. Follow-up evaluations were performed at 1, 6, 12, and 24 months post-procedure. RESULTS: Of the 387 patients evaluated, the yellow and gray groups comprised 88 patients each. The overall patency rates were similar between the groups (84 (95.45%) vs. 81 (92.05%), respectively). The occlusion-/stenosis-free survival times, amputation-free survival time, and mean survival time were not significantly different. However, the gray group had a significantly higher number of atherectomy interventions (74 vs. 59) and crosser devices used (62 vs. 42). CONCLUSION: Endovascular therapy is an effective treatment option for patients in the gray zone of the PLAN color coding system.

Pharmacomechanical catheter-directed thrombolysis for acute iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis in a large study population.

BACKGROUND: We have analyzed our single-center immediate and follow-up results in the management of acute iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis (IFDVT) using pharmacomechanical catheter-directed thrombolysis (PMCDT) to determine the safety, accuracy, and effects on quality of life and whether this treatment strategy prevents post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS). METHODS: The cases of 230 patients who had undergone PMCDT to treat IFDVT from January 2017 to December 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. The preoperative, operative, and postoperative variables, Marder scores, outcomes, and follow-up assessments with the Villalta score and venous clinical severity score were investigated. RESULTS: Anatomic success was achieved for 95.2% of the 230 patients. The mean Marder score had decreased from 12.65 ± 2.1 to 2.4 ± 1.3 postoperatively (P < .01). Early recurrent thrombosis had developed in 13 patients (5.65%). The primary patency at the 1-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up visits was 94.0%, 87.2%, and 81.7%, respectively. From 1 to 6 months, the Villalta score had decreased from 8.32 ± 4.14 to 3.43 ± 0.61 and the venous clinical severity score had decreased from 4.0 ± 1.8 to 1.82 ± 0.36 (P < .05). No statistically significant difference was found in the PTS severity scores at 12 months of follow-up compared with at 6 months. The mean change in the venous disease-specific quality of life from baseline to 12 months was 29.41 ± 1.99 (P = .029). The total recurrence rate was 19.63% at 1 year. CONCLUSIONS: For a select group of patients with acute IFDVT, the use of PMCDT and postoperative anticoagulation therapy offered significant reductions in clot burden, leg pain, and swelling, achieving a significant reduction in PTS severity scores at 6 months.

Clinical outcomes of single-dose cardioplegia in high-risk coronary bypass.

BACKGROUND: Despite the increasing popularity of single-dose cardioplegia techniques in coronary artery bypass grafting, the time window for successful reperfusion remains unclear. This study aimed to compare different cardioplegic techniques based on early and 30-day clinical outcomes via thorough monitoring. METHODS: This prospective cohort study included high-risk patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting and receiving 3 different types of cardioplegia between January 2017 and June 2019. Group 1 (n = 101) had a single dose of del Nido cardioplegia, group 2 (n = 92) had a single dose of histidine-tryptophane-ketoglutarate, and group 3 (n = 119) had cold blood cardioplegia. Patients were examined perioperatively by memory loop recording and auto-triggered memory loop recording for 30 days, with documentation of predefined events. RESULTS: Interleukin-6 and cardiac troponin levels in group 1 were significantly higher than those in groups 2 and 3. The incidence of predefined events as markers of inadequate myocardial protection was significantly higher group 1, with more frequent atrial fibrillation attacks and more hospital readmissions. The readmission rate was 17.6% in group 1, 9% in group 2, and 8% in group 3. CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrate the long-term efficacy of cardioplegic techniques, which may become more crucial in high-risk patients who genuinely have a chance to benefit from adjunct myocardial protection. Patients given del Nido cardioplegia had a significantly more prominent inflammatory response and higher troponin levels after cardiopulmonary bypass. This group had issues in the longer term with significantly more cardiac events and a higher rehospitalization rate.

Comparative Effects of Single-Dose Cardioplegic Solutions Especially in Repeated Doses During Minimally Invasive Aortic Valve Surgery.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to compare del Nido cardioplegia (DNC) and histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate (HTK) cardioplegic solutions in minimally invasive aortic valve replacement (mini-AVR) surgery to discuss the safety level of myocardial protection and rationale for redosing intervals. METHODS: During the period from January 2017 to June 2019, 200 patients undergoing mini-AVR (solely or with concomitant procedures) were prospectively randomized to DNC (n = 100) andHTK (n = 100), both up to 90 minutes ischemic time. Patients with ischemic time over 90 minutes, needing a redosing, were further analyzed in 2 subgroups with DNC-R (n = 30) and HTK-R (n = 36). Sensitive biomarkers, in addition to routine biochemistry, were also documented at baseline (T1), after cessation of cardiopulmonary bypass (T2), and on the first postoperative day (T3). Transmural myocardial biopsies were sampled for staining. RESULTS: No statistical differences could be demonstrated in DNC and HTK groups with up to 90 minutes cross-clamp times in routine biochemical measurements and basic perioperative clinical outcomes. DNC-R showed significantly more arrhythmia/AV block incidence resulting in more extended intensive care unit (ICU) stay. Interleukin-6 and syndecan-1 in DNC and DNC-R groups were substantially higher at T2. Aquaporin-4 levels were significantly lower in the DNC-R group, demonstrating unsatisfactory response of cells to an excessive volume at T2. CONCLUSIONS: DNC and HTK provided acceptable myocardial protection as single-dose applications. DNC-R had significantly unbalanced levels of biomarkers, and more arrhythmia/AV block incidence resulting in more extended ICU stay. For patients who may need redosing HTK may be preferable to DNC.

Relationship of admission neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio with in-hospital mortality in patients with acute type I aortic dissection.

AIM: Acute aortic dissection is a life-threatening cardiovascular emergency. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is proposed as a prognostic marker and found to be related to worse clinical outcomes in various cardiovascular diseases. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between admission neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and in-hospital mortality in acute type I aortic dissection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 123 consecutive patients who had undergone emergent surgery for acute type I aortic dissection. Patients were divided into 2 groups as patients dying in the hospital (Group 1) and those discharged alive (Group 2). All parameters, including neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, were compared between the 2 groups and predictors of mortality was estimated by using multivariate analysis. RESULTS: A total of 104 patients (79 males, mean age: 55.2 + 14 years) were included in the final analysis. In multivariate analyses, cross- clamp time, cardiopulmonary bypass time, intensive care-unit duration, platelet count, and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio were found to be independent predictors of mortality. Patients with higher neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratios had a significantly higher mortality rate (hazard ratio: 1.05; 95% CI: 1.01-1.10; P = 0.033). Receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed that using a cut-off point of 8, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio predicts mortality with a sensitivity of 70% and specificity of 53%. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that admission neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is a potential predictive parameter for determining the in-hospital mortality of acute type I aortic dissection.