Physical and chemical determinants of colloid transport and deposition in water-unsaturated sand and Yucca Mountain tuff material.

Colloid mobility was determined in a system consisting of quartz sand or crushed Yucca Mountain tuff, simulated groundwater (J-13), and hydrophilic latex particles. Water content (theta) and ionic strength (I; DI water, 0.1x, 1x, 10x groundwater dilution) were manipulated to define limiting conditions for colloid transport atthe Yucca Mountain site. Colloid transport, measured with a centrifuge method at relatively high theta (saturation >36% for sand, >62% for crushed tuff) in DI water, was equivalent to transport at 100% saturation measured with conventional columns. When variables were isolated, increasing I and decreasing theta resulted in a greater extent of colloid deposition; I was more important at higher theta; physical properties were more important at lower theta. I and theta had an interactive effect on colloid deposition whereby synergism was generally observed, especially for simulated groundwater (1x); antagonism was observed at 10x groundwater dilution. At 19% moisture saturation on the crushed tuff, a decreasing rate of colloid deposition was observed. This corresponded to a hydrodynamic condition of 79% immobile water where solute tracers were excluded from a fraction of the pore volume. This suggests that a portion of the favorable sites for deposition were associated with the excluded or immobile water domain and were not accessible to colloids.

Colloid transport and deposition in water-saturated Yucca Mountain tuff as determined by ionic strength.

Colloid mobility and deposition were determined in model systems consisting of quartz sand or crushed Yucca Mountain tuff, latex microspheres (colloidal particles), and simulated groundwater. Ionic strength (I) was manipulated as a first step in defining limiting conditions for colloid transport in a system modeled after geochemical conditions at the Yucca Mountain site. Solutions of deionized water (DI), 0.1x, 1x, and 10x (the ionic strength of simulated groundwater) (I = 0.0116 M) were used in saturated columns under steady-state flow conditions. Separate experiments with conservative tracers indicated stable hydrodynamic conditions that were independent of I. Colloids were completely mobile (no deposition) in the DI and 0.1x solutions; deposition increased to 11-13% for 1x and to 89-97% for 10x treatments with similar results for sand and tuff. Deposition was described as a pseudo-first-order process; however, a decreasing rate of deposition was apparent for colloid transport at the 10x condition through the tuff. A linear dependence of colloid removal (extent and deposition rate coefficient) on I is illustrated for the model Yucca Mountain system and for a glass-KCl system reported in the literature. This simple relationship for saturated systems may be useful for predicting deposition efficiencies under conditions of varying ionic strength.