Mucosectomy band ligation as a treatment for in situ esophageal carcinoma.

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remains the most prevalent subtype of esophageal cancer worldwide. Major risk factors include chronic alcohol consumption and heavy smoking. We present the case of a 65-year-old male with chronic alcoholism and a 75 pack-year smoking history, admitted for his first hydropic decompensation of alcoholic cirrhosis. The patient presented with abdominal distension and discomfort. Physical examination confirmed ascites, and further evaluation indicated decompensated cirrhosis. An upper gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed a 15 mm flat mucosal lesion located 35 cm from the dental arcade, classified as IIb according to the Paris Classification. The lesion had a denuded surface, and narrow band imaging (NBI) showed a brownish appearance with abnormal intrapapillary capillary loops (IPCL), suggesting a degenerative squamous lesion of the esophagus. A computed tomography (CT) scan showed no signs of distant metastasis. Histopathological examination of biopsies confirmed high-grade dysplasia (carcinoma in situ).

Gastric variceal bleeding as a form of presentation of a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor.

NETs (neuroendocrine tumors) constitute a heterogeneous group of epithelial-type neoplasms with a predominantly neuroendocrine differentiation. Although the most common locations are the pancreas, digestive tract, and lung, this type of neoplasm can arise in virtually any organ in the body. They are rare tumors with a wide variety of clinical presentations. Symptomatic tumors are more frequent in younger patients and present at more advanced pathological stages. We present the case of a 42-year-old male with idiopathic splenomegaly and bicytopenia (anaemia and thrombocytopenia) under study by haematology department who was admitted due to an episode of melena and hemoglobin of 4.5 mg/dl. Isolated gastric varices (IGV1) with red spots were confirmed at gastroscopy and endoscopic variceal obturation using cyanoacrylate was performed in two sessions. An endoscopic ultrasonography was performed, showing thrombosis of the splenic vein extending towards the splenoportal confluence with anechoic serpiginous structures outside and inside the gastric wall suggestive of collateral circulation with gastric varices (GV). An increase in portal caliber was observed, with no signs of liver cirrhosis. Computed tomography confirms the findings. Two months/week/days later he was readmitted with rebleeding signs after starting anticoagulant treatment, so it was decided to perform a splenectomy due to failure of the endoscopic treatment. Histology revealed infiltration of the spleen by a well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor (NET). Gallium PET/CT and Octreotid scan showed uptake in the body and tail of the pancreas with positivity for somatostatin receptors previously undetected by other means. Finally, treatment was completed with distal pancreatectomy and splenoportal axis trombectomy with vascular esplenic resection and the patient was discharged from hospital.

Upper gastrointestinal bleeding due to duodenum diverticulum: a challenge for the endoscopist.

An 80-year-old female with a mechanic mitral valve treated with acenocumarol was admitted to the hospital due to tarry stools over the last two days and hemoglobin levels of 5.6 g/dl. She had not biliary pathology. An emergency esophagogastroduodenoscopy showed lots of fresh clots over the second part of the duodenum that seemed to come from the major papilla. A duodenoscopy was performed in order to obtain a direct view, showing a huge clot near the papilla. Its removal with a polypectomy snare revealed a large duodenum diverticulum with little saculations inside, one of which showed a visible, actively bleeding vessel. Sclerosis with epinephrine was performed and subsequently, two through-the-scope Cook® 11 mm clips were placed, achieving the cessation of the hemorrhage. Several attempts with different clips were needed since they were separated by the elevator nail of the duodenoscope. No complications developed during the procedure or once anticoagulation was restarted.

Acute neutrophilic gastritis induced by nivolumab used as treatment for non- metastatic malignant melanoma.

We present the case of a 47-year-old male with a personal history of radically removed malignant melanoma (pT3bN2M0) who was receiving adjuvant nivolumab for the prevention of recurrence. He was admitted to our service complaining of epigastric pain and hyporexia after receiving the ninth dose of nivolumab. He underwent a preferential esophagogastroduodenoscopy, which showed intense inflammation limited to the stomach.

What are the odds? Duodenum adenocarcinoma as a primary metachronic neoplasia.

We present the case of an 81-year-old male with a history of surgically resected colorectal and bladder cancer, who was admitted to our hospital with a urinary infection. A routine renal ultrasound showed a pelvic cyst and a CT scan confirmed a non-complicated cyst, but a lesion was observed in the left lung. He underwent a PET-CT in which an unexpected enhancement of the small bowel attracted our attention.

Gastric variceal bleeding as a form of presentation of a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor / Sangrado por varices gástricas como forma de presentación de un tumor neuroendocrino pancreático

NETs (neuroendocrine tumors) constitute a heterogeneous group of epithelial-type neoplasms with a predominantly neuroendocrine differentiation. Although the most common locations are the pancreas, digestive tract, and lung, this type of neoplasm can arise in virtually any organ in the body. They are rare tumors with a wide variety of clinical presentations. Symptomatic tumors are more frequent in younger patients and present at more advanced pathological stages. We present the case of a 42-year-old male with idiopathic splenomegaly and bicytopenia (anaemia and thrombocytopenia) under study by haematology department who was admitted due to an episode of melena and hemoglobin of 4.5 mg/dl. Isolated gastric varices (IGV1) with red spots were confirmed at gastroscopy and endoscopic variceal obturation using cyanoacrylate was performed in two sessions. An endoscopic ultrasonography was performed, showing thrombosis of the splenic vein extending towards the splenoportal confluence with anechoic serpiginous structures outside and inside the gastric wall suggestive of collateral circulation with gastric varices (GV). An increase in portal caliber was observed, with no signs of liver cirrhosis. Computed tomography confirms the findings. Two months/week/days later he was readmitted with rebleeding signs after starting anticoagulant treatment, so it was decided to perform a splenectomy due to failure of the endoscopic treatment. Histology revealed infiltration of the spleen by a well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor (NET). Gallium PET/CT and Octreotid scan showed uptake in the body and tail of the pancreas with positivity for somatostatin receptors previously undetected by other means. Finally, treatment was completed with distal pancreatectomy and splenoportal axis trombectomy with vascular esplenic resection and the patient was discharged from hospital.(AU)